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	Oskar MORGENSTERN
		Oskar Morgenstern was groomed in the Austrian tradition, but was considerably less dogmatic in his tastes.
		A professor at the University of Vienna in 1935, Morgenstern was also an active participant in Karl Menger's Vienna Colloquium and employed Abraham Wald in his institute.
		Morgenstern continued working on a variety of themes, notably a reworking of the von Neumann multi-sector growth model (with Kemeny and Thompson, 1956, 1976), on national defense (1959), on economic data (1950) and on finance, notably the testing of the emerging random walk hypothesis (with Granger, 1970).
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/profiles/morgenst.htm (376 words)

	Morgenstern, Oskar -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Morgenstern taught at the University of Vienna (1929–38) and at Princeton University (1938–70) and New York University (1970–77).
		In the early portraits of Austrian painter and writer Oskar Kokoschka, gestures and miming intensify the psychological penetration of character.
		Oskar Schindler was born in the Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9053740?tocId=9053740 (665 words)

	Oskar Morgenstern - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oskar Morgenstern (January 24, 1902 - July 26, 1977) was an Austrian- American economist who, working with John von Neumann, helped found the mathematical field of game theory.
		In 1944, he and von Neumann co-wrote Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, recognized as the first book on game theory.
		Morgenstern also wrote the book "On the accuracy of economic observations".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oskar_Morgenstern (104 words)

	Oskar Morgenstern, Biography: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Oskar Morgenstern is best known for his book, coauthored with physicist John von Neumann, titled Theory of Games and Economic Behavior.
		Morgenstern was also known for his skepticism about economic measurement.
		Morgenstern reasoned that one cannot reach any conclusions based on small shifts that are well within the margin of error.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/bios/Morgenstern.html (276 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Question of National Defense, by Oskar Morgenstern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		...Morgenstern's book with the uncomfortable feeling that many of those who have the greatest influence in molding American public opinion have made it their own...
		...Morgenstern is very much of General Thomas S. Power's opinion, that in the very near future the Soviets will have the ability to destroy our retaliatory force completely and in a trice if war comes...
		...Morgenstern writes, "the lack of a limited war capability that matches that of the opponent increases the danger of all-out war...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V29I3P84-1.htm (1768 words)

	OSKAR MORGENSTERN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Whereas Simon Kuznets has conscientiously warned of the incompleteness of national income data, Oskar Morgenstern was a persistent critic of the accuracy of economic observations.
		Morgenstern argued that there are several reasons why data problems in the social sciences are essentially different from data problems in the physical sciences.
		Despite his persistence as a critic of measurements used in modern economics, Oskar Morgenstern was admired and respected by the members of his profession.
	fol.math.sdu.edu.cn /old/issue5/tingyu/qyh/OSKARMORGENSTERN.htm (411 words)

	Economics Interactive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Whereas Simon Kuznets conscientiously warned of the incompleteness of national income data, Oskar Morgenstern was a persistent critic of the accuracy of economic observations.
		Accuracy is extremely important in national income data, according to Morgenstern, because errors that creep into the data at different levels of collection have a way of compounding.
		If Morgenstern was correct in this assertion, it seriously undermines the reliance usually placed on GDP as a predictor of booms and recessions.
	www.unc.edu /depts/econ/byrns_web/HET/Notables/morgenstern.htm (341 words)

	Historia Matematica: By Thread
		[HM] Oskar Morgenstern (was: Minimax) Julio Gonzalez Cabillon
		Re: [HM] Coauthorship (was: Oskar Morgenstern) Moshe' Machover
		Re: [HM] Coauthorship (was: Oskar Morgenstern) Julio Gonzalez Cabillon
	sunsite.utk.edu /math_archives/.http/hypermail/historia/dec99 (687 words)

	Expected utility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Arrow (1963) attributes to Daniel Bernoulli (1738) the earliest known written statement of this hypothesis.
		Neumann and Morgenstern proved that any "normal" preference relation over a finite set of states can be written as an expected utility.
		Therefore, it is also called von-Neumann Morgenstern utility.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Expected_utility (232 words)

	John von Neumann, Biography: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		In their book, von Neumann and Morgenstern asserted that any economic situation could also be defined as the outcome of a game between two or more players.
		But the semicompetitive/semicooperative nature of most economic situations, in which the value of the outputs is greater than the value of the inputs, increased the complexity, and consequently, the two were unable to offer solutions.
		Together, von Neumann and Morgenstern revived and mathematically structured the idea that individuals appear to be choosing among alternatives with probabilistic outcomes to maximize the expected amount of some measure of value termed "utility." This made clearer Knight's concept of risk.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/bios/Neumann.html (554 words)

	Sample Chapter for von Neumann, J. and Morgenstern, O.: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior.
		This paper, elegant though it is, might have remained a footnote to the history of mathematics were it not for collaboration of von Neumann with Oskar Morgenstern in the early '40s.
		On balance, I agree with Leonard that "had von Neumann and Morgenstern never met, it seems unlikely that game theory would have been developed." If von Neumann played both father and mother to the theory in an extraordinary act of parthenogenesis, then Morgenstern was the midwife.
		Morgenstern's research project consisted of himself assisted by Maurice Peston, Tom Whitin, and Ed Zabel, who concentrated on areas of operations research such as inventory theory, but did not work on game theory as such.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/i7802.html (2852 words)

	games
		Present from time to time were von Neumann, Morgenstern, and other members of the Princeton faculty, visitors to the Institute for Advanced Study, including Ky Fan and Irving Kaplansky, Columbia statistician Abraham Wald, and newly arrived graduate students John Nash, Lloyd Shapley, and Martin Shubik.
		While the jury is still out on the success or failure of game theory as an attempted palace coup within the economics community, few would deny that interest in the subject---as measured in numbers of journal pages---is at or near an all-time high.
		For that reason alone, this handsome new edition of von Neumann and Morgenstern's still controversial classic should be welcomed by the entire research community.
	www.siam.org /siamnews/10-04/games.htm (833 words)

	Kokoschka, Oskar -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		He studied and taught at the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts but was dissatisfied because the school omitted study of the human figure, his primary artistic interest.
		More results on "Kokoschka, Oskar" when you join.
		The first issue of Der Sturm, published in 1910 as a weekly for literature and criticism, contained drawings by Oskar Kokoschka; the following year, the works of Die Brücke artists were featured; and in...
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9369345?tocId=9369345 (725 words)

	Oskar Morgenstern Article, OskarMorgenstern Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Oskar Morgenstern (1902 - 1977)was a U.S. German -born) economist.
		oskar mrgenstern, economic, oskar omrgenstern, behavior, oskar morgentern, book, okar morgenstern, accuracy, oskar mrogenstern, neumann, sokar morgenstern, applied, oskar morgens...
		We take no responsibility for the content, accuracy and use of this article.
	www.anoca.org /he/economic/oskar_morgenstern.html (103 words)

	IHS\|IHStory
		Morgenstern was the director of the former Austrian Institute for Economic Research, when he was driven out from Austria in 1938.
		By establishing an international institute for postgraduate courses and theoretical and empirical research programmes it was intended to overcome the post-war anti-intellectual attitude and the dreary status of Austrian universities.
		According to Morgenstern's vision, mathematical game theory should play a crucial role as an interdisciplinary theory.
	www.ihs.ac.at /index.php3?id=122 (835 words)

	Alfred schutz, Austrian Economists and the Knowledge Problem -- Knudsen 16 (1): 45 -- Rationality and Society
		Morgenstern, O. ‘Volkommene voraussicht und wirtschaftliches gleichgewicht.’ Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie 6 (Translated by F. Knight with the title: ‘Perfect Foresight and Economic Equilibrium’ and published in Selected Economic Writings of Oskar Morgenstern, ed.
		Morgenstern, O. ‘The Collaboration between Oskar Morgenstern and John von Neumann on the Theory of Games’.Journal of Economic Literature 15: 805–816.
		Schotter, A. ‘Oskar Morgenstern’s Contribution to the Development of the Theory of Games.’; In Toward a History of Game Theory.
	rss.sagepub.com /cgi/content/refs/16/1/45 (1343 words)

	OSKAR MORGENSTERN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The book argues strongly that traditional models and methods are unsuited to develop a general theory of rational behavior, and it proposes an alternative based on game theory.
		Morgenstern also worked and wrote on economic growth, on predictability of stock prices, on the accuracy of economic observations, and on methodological issues.
		In this entry, we describe Morgenstern’s work and influence, focusing on his work in game theory.
	208.164.121.55 /reference/SOME/Outlines/oskar_morgenstern.htm (319 words)

	Oskar Morgenstern -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Oskar Morgenstern -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Morganstern was born in (Click link for more info and facts about Görlitz) Görlitz, (A republic in central Europe; split into East German and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990) Germany.
		He died in (Click link for more info and facts about Princeton, New Jersey) Princeton, New Jersey, in the United States.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/os/oskar_morgenstern.htm (127 words)

	Game theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These authors look at several games including the Prisoner's Dilemma, Stag hunt, and the Nash bargaining game as providing an explanation for the emergence of attitudes about morality (see e.g.
		Though touched on by earlier mathematical results, modern game theory became a prominent branch of mathematics in the 1940s, especially after the 1944 publication of The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern.
		Morgenstern, Oskar and John von Neumann: The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, 3rd ed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Game_theory (3130 words)

	"The History Of The Prediction Paradox" (1970)
		While in the received opinion the prediction paradox is still a consideration, it appears that it has been sufficiently resolved to permit the scholar to continue his work.
		Oskar Morgenstern, "Volkommene Voraussicht und wirtschaftliches Gleichgewicht," Zeitschrift fur Nationalokonomie, VI:3 (1935), pp.
		Oskar Morgenstern, Wirtschaftsprognose, Wien: Julius Springer (1928), pp.
	www.wright.edu /~gordon.welty/Prediction_70.htm (3088 words)

	Analog VLSI Systems Lab ISL Stanford University
		Chapter 24 of Essays in Honor of Oskar Morgenstern, ed.
		Morgenstern made many contributions, most prominently his collaboration with John von Neumann on The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior.
		Morgenstern mentioned a RAND report that he had written, "Prolegomena to a Theory of Organization." I read the report and asked him if it would ever be published.
	qss.stanford.edu /~godfrey/other_res.html (1263 words)

	Alibris: Oskar Morgenstern
		In it, John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern...
		A mathematician and an economist have evolved a mathematical theory of economic and social organization, based on a theory of games of strategy.
		Their book gives a detailed account of this theory of games, and applies it to various fundamental questions of economic and social theory.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/author/Oskar_Morgenstern (241 words)

	games, theory of on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Von Neumann and Morgenstern restricted their attention to zero-sum games, that is, to games in which no player can gain except at another's expense.
		This restriction was overcome by the work of John F. Nash during the early 1950s.
		It is applicable to many fields, including military problems and economics; the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Nash, John Harsanyi, and Reinhard Selten for their work in applying game theory to economics.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/g1/games-th.asp (626 words)

	Morgenstern and Aumann (1981) Essays in game theory and mathematical economics in honor of Oskar Morgenstern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Morgenstern and Aumann (1981) Essays in game theory and mathematical economics in honor of Oskar Morgenstern
		Essays in game theory and mathematical economics in honor of Oskar Morgenstern
		presented at the Oskar Morgenstern Memorial Symposium held at the University of Mannheim June 11-13, 1979.".
	www.getcited.org /pub/102174333 (44 words)

	Game Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Game Theory is a special branch of mathematics which has been developed for studying decision-making in complex circumstances.
		However, the contemporary codification is attributed to John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern.
		A rapid rise in theoretical developments led to the founding of the first academic magazine devoted to the field by Oskar Morgenstern in 1972.
	www.12manage.com /methods_game_theory.html (613 words)

	Oskar Morgenstern, John von Neumann - Theory of Games and Economic Behavior - Perlentaucher.de, Kultur und Literatur ...
		Oskar Morgenstern (1902 — 1977) war von 1930 bis 1938 Direktor des Österreichischen Instituts für Konjunkturforschung in Wien.
		Morgensterns Forschungsschwerpunkte lagen auf der Methodologie und der Rationalität von Wirtschaftsprognosen; als Berater war er für mehrere amerikanische Regierungsstellen tätig.
		Der Mathematiker John von Neumann und der Ökonom Oskar Morgenstern haben das mit ihrem Band "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior", in dem sie die Spieltheorie vorstellten, vor sechzig Jahren zuwege gebracht, so der Rezensent.
	www.perlentaucher.de /buch/9497.html (294 words)

	Game Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		However, its contemporary codification is credited to John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern who, in 1944, published Theory of Games and Economic Behavior.
		In the early 1950s, John Nash generalized these results and provided the basis of the modern field.
		A rapid rise in theoretical developments led to the founding of the first academic journal devoted to the field by Oskar Morgenstern in 1972.
	www.valuebasedmanagement.net /methods_game_theory.html (608 words)

	The von Neumann-Morgenstern Axiomatization of Expected Utility
		The expected utility hypothesis of John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern (1944), while formally identical, has nonetheless a somewhat different interpretation from Bernoulli's.
		One of von Neumann and Morgenstern's major contributions to economics more generally was to show that if an agent has preferences defined over lotteries, then there is a utility function U: that assigns a utility to every lottery p
		The essence of von Neumann and Morgenstern's expected utility hypothesis, then, was to confine themselves to preferences over distributions and then from that, deduce the implied preferences over the underlying outcomes.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/essays/uncert/vnmaxioms.htm (2847 words)

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