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Topic: Oslo process

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	U.S. Ambassador Daniel C. Kurtzer - "The American Role in the Oslo Process"
		As we approached the period of Oslo, both before the Madrid Conference and immediately after, of course, it was also imperative to understand that the United States had joined with Israel in working to exclude the PLO from the Peace Process.
		At the time of the Oslo Process, we were still under a stricture in which we had committed to the Government of Israel not to talk to or negotiate with the PLO.
		Throughout the Oslo process there were tensions in the negotiations and implementation of the agreement based on the fact that it was a state negotiating with an authority and an authority in some early respect that was still coming into being.
	usembassy-israel.org.il /publish/mission/amb/120601.html (2736 words)

	[No title]
		The article by Herbert C. Kelman examines the elements of the Oslo process that allowed the parties to reach agreement and the events over the 25 years before the Oslo negotiations that made the parties ready for the formula that was negotiated at Oslo.
		Process analysis shows neither a formula-detail nor a concession-convergence process but a hybrid constructed substantive process with two turning points of toughness, alongside a two-phased procedural process created by the need to officialize the proceedings.
		The Oslo experience and the signing of an agreement between Israel and the PLO is used as an empirical case study to highlight the nature of successful mediation in international conflicts.
	interneg.org /in/volumes/2/2/abstracts.html (1772 words)

	Palestine Center - The Failure of the Oslo Process
		The Arab consensus prior to Oslo was that a resolution of the conflict must be based on the exchange of land for peace.
		A quick glance at the Oslo Accords reveals that the failure at the Camp David summit was due largely to structural defects in the Declaration of Principles (DOP).
		The Oslo process demonstrated that the so-called peace partners were hopelessly divided over interpretations and their desired end results.
	www.palestinecenter.org /cpap/pubs/20001207pb.html (1273 words)

	Workshop 262 - Alpher
		An exploration of the flaws of the Oslo process is not meant to denigrate from the historical importance of the Oslo breakthrough and the net gains of the past eight years of the peace process.
		The Oslo language on settlements is yet another example of the dangerous ambiguities that were tolerated in the DOP in the interest of reaching a deal that advanced the process.
		The Israeli signers of the Oslo DOP held the false expectation that Israel was exchanging land for strict Palestinian enforcement of security for Israelis; and that settlement expansion during the interim period would be tolerated by Palestinians.
	www.pugwash.org /reports/rc/rc9d.htm (5114 words)

	Middle East Report Online: THE DEMISE OF THE OSLO PROCESS, by Joel Benin
		The negotiations set in motion by the 1991 Madrid Conference and the 1993 Palestinian-Israeli Declaration of Principles (the Oslo Accords) did not occur because the PLO suddenly decided to pursue a diplomatic resolution to the conflict with Israel.
		The Oslo Declaration of Principles was not a peace treaty between Israel and the PLO.
		The Oslo process consigned Palestinians to an inferior status for at least the five-year interim period and established no countervailing mechanism to prevent Israel from taking unilateral measures to extend its domination indefinitely.
	www.merip.org /mero/mero032699.html (1585 words)

	Choosing Stalemate: The Paradox of the Middle East (Israeli-Palestinian) Peace Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		An explanation of the negotiation process that has produced the Oslo accords is therefore possible only if we complement the strategic action approach with the theory of communicative action, which focuses on the social relationship between the participants in the bargaining process.
		The latter describes the process of continued dialogue between citizens from the conflicting parties outside the government who take steps in the political arena to change perceptions and stereotypes regarding the other group, and create a sense that peace may be possible.
		After the conclusion of the Oslo accords and the return of the established PLO leadership to Gaza and the West Bank, they had to integrate in the hierarchical and authoritarian political structure of the PLO, which is dominated by close associates of Arafat.
	www.isanet.org /noarchive/soetendorp.html (7904 words)

	AEI - Events
		MR.Wurmser: [in progress] this panel on the Oslo process, on the negotiations between the Arabs, between Israel and the Palestinians, and the larger question of Arab-Israel peace.
		On the one hand, it is said that the slow movement of Oslo, which did, indeed, place all Palestinians, or almost all Palestinians under Palestinian rule, nevertheless, left Palestinian territory very much divided, and that this produced a host of difficulties and indignities, and led to the frustration we find expressed in the current intifada.
		The Oslo process was the fruit of Israeli impatience.
	www.aei.org /events/filter.all,eventID.439/transcript.asp (11883 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Clintonian Cynicism by Martin Krossel
		Ross admits, "At no time during the Oslo process were those who carried out acts of terror against Israelis treated as enemies of the cause by the Palestinian leadership.
		The road map, like Oslo before it, makes no effort to de-legitimize terror and violence." The very least that Israelis should have been able to expect from a "peace process" was a cessation of Palestinian terrorism.
		Oslo's provisions for the arming of a Palestinian "police force" were used to assemble what amounts to a Palestinian army that has already engaged Israelis in fighting, and may have an important role in any larger war.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=6653 (1108 words)

	National Interest, The: Mayday for Oslo - Norway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		On another level the Oslo Agreement - now, with its various supplements and implementing agreements, better understood as the Oslo process - involved a very specific set of mutual commitments and reciprocal obligations, the core of which was the old bargain of land for peace and security.
		He would prefer the Oslo process to continue forward as before, and is using bluster to gain leverage in negotiations and boost his popularity among Palestinian hardliners.
		Furthermore, in Section 31(7) of the Oslo II Agreement, both parties undertook not to change unilaterally the status of the West Bank and Gaza even after the end of the interim period, "pending the outcome of the permanent status negotiations"; in other words, until a permanent status agreement is reached.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2751/is_55/ai_54336463 (1147 words)

	israelinsider: From Helsinki to Oslo
		But by far, the assumption underlying the Oslo process that troubled me the most was the pervasive belief that the undemocratic nature of Arafat's regime would serve Israel's interests.
		Despite Rabin's promises to abort the peace process if the guns supplied the Palestinians were ever turned against Israel, and despite mounting evidence that the Palestinian Authority (PA) was complicit in attacks against us - or at the very least was giving a green light to terror - the Oslo process continued.
		Conversely, the Oslo process recognized the PLO and transferred land to its authority without demanding the one concession that might lead to the genuine reconciliation of our peoples and an end to our conflict the liberalization of the newly emerging Palestinian state.
	israelinsider.com /views/articles/views_0161.htm (2376 words)

	JMCC / Public Opinion Polls
		Moderate support for the peace process and Oslo agreements was recorded at the beginning of the peace process, because Palestinians believed that it would help them achieve their national aspiration of ending the occupation and building an independent Palestinian state.
		Moreover, Palestinian support for the peace process and Oslo agreements is highly correlated with whether they believe that the peace process and Oslo agreements will actually lead to peace and to the achievement of their national aspirations.
		The level of support for the peace process and Oslo agreements is also associated with several personal characteristics including age, gender, socioeconomic conditions, level of education, and area of residence.
	www.jmcc.org /publicpoll/pop/01/jun/pop4.htm (1670 words)

	MERIP Op-Eds: Ten Years after Oslo, by Catherine Cook
		The Oslo agreements, which were to be implemented in phases, made no mention of occupation and postponed, until the final stage, negotiations over the most contentious issues, including borders, refugees, Jerusalem and settlements.
		Palestinians hoped that the Oslo process would lead to an end of occupation and the creation of an independent state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
		But Oslo's phased process, and the absence of an effective enforcement mechanism or a clear end goal, allowed Israel, as the more powerful party, to continue a policy of territorial expansion, leaving Palestinians with little recourse.
	www.merip.org /newspaper_opeds/oped_cook092403.html (849 words)

	Review Essay: The Oslo Peace Process through Three Lenses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Tragically, the once-promising Oslo peace process has been moribund for the past 18 months, and the prospects for its revival appear to be very dim as Israel and the Palestinian Authority currently haggle over the magnitude and timing of a second and long-overdue Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank.
		The PLO's determination to break the deadlocked Washington negotiations was further reinforced by the heavy toll inflicted on the Palestinians by harsh Israeli policies and by the rapidly deteriorating economic and social conditions in the West Bank and Gaza.
		Makovsky notes that at the very beginning of the process in January 1993, all participants agreed not to delve into historical grievances and to maintain total secrecy in order to maximize opportunities for uninhibited exchange of views that could be retracted without incurring political costs.
	www.mepc.org /public_asp/journal_vol6/9810_rubner.asp (4658 words)

	AJCongress Statement on Anniversary of Oslo Accords (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		After the terrible disappointments and tragedies of the past five years, the reality that Oslo still remains viable in the minds of much of the Israeli public should be a source of encouragement to those of us who observe from a distance.
		Those who would abandon the process and the pursuit of peace and doom Israel to perpetual conflict with its Arab neighbors with the accompanying ostracism by the world community are outnumbered by those who are still willing to give the peace process a chance.
		Five years from today, on the tenth anniversary of Oslo, Israel and the Palestinians may be well along on the process of reconciliation that remains at the heart of the Oslo process.
	www.ajcongress.org /pages/RELS1998/sep98rel/sep98_01.htm (630 words)

	The Jewish Journal Of Greater Los Angeles
		Some believed the Oslo agreement was the harbinger of peace and the guarantor of Israel’s future as a Jewish and democratic state.
		The failure of the parties to see the Oslo process through led to two significant conclusions on the Israeli side: If there are new agreements, there must be scrupulous third-party monitoring to ensure implementation.
		Israel’s close relationship with Turkey, developed in the wake of the Oslo process, has survived the intifada; U.S. control of Iraqi oil means a significant decline in the weight of the Arab oil card, and the weakness of the Arab League reflects a decline in the sense of a collective Arab identity.
	www.jewishjournal.com /home/preview.php?id=11029 (1186 words)

	Palestine Center - Human Rights Violations Resulting from the Oslo Process: Part Two
		Under the Oslo process, the PNA was assigned the unenviable task of protecting Israeli security (defined as the personal safety of every Israeli) without sufficient political and economic control to pursue real self-determination or development for the Palestinian population.
		The final chapter of the Oslo process is imminent, with final status negotiations due to conclude by the end of this year.
		Opposition to Oslo is equated with opposition to peace, without recognition that any “peace process” built on a foundation of human rights violations and economic exploitation is not sustainable except through increasing levels of repression.
	www.palestinecenter.org /cpap/pubs/20000113ib.html (1281 words)

	Starting Over After Oslo - Gerald M. Steinberg
		During the Oslo experience, Israelis learned that any territory that is provided to the Palestinians (at least under Arafat) is used as a base for terrorist attacks, and goodwill gestures, such as exempting vehicles used by VIPs from inspection, are exploited for smuggling weapons and explosives.
		Beyond these immediate measures, extension of this process requires a major reduction in friction (the third key element in the conflict management structure), and this will be facilitated by the barrier being constructed by the Israeli government to separate the populations.
		As the Oslo experience clearly demonstrated, efforts to tackle these issues prematurely, before the development of Palestinian civil society and democratic institutions, and in an environment of conflict and fanatical rejection of Israeli legitimacy, are counterproductive and serve to exacerbate the conflict.
	www.jcpa.org /brief/brief2-6.htm (2811 words)

	Background Resource: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict \| MADRE: An International Women's Human Rights Organization
		The Oslo Accords were intended as a framework to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
		A maze of roadblocks and permanent military checkpoints is used to police Palestinian movement and to bar Palestinians from reaching their jobs, schools, hospitals and places of worship in Israel proper and Jerusalem.
		The failure of the peace process to guarantee basic Palestinian human rights and political independence fueled frustration and despair that ignited a second Palestinian Intifada in September 2000.
	www.madre.org /articles/me/palbackground.html (1950 words)

	The Floundering Olso Peace Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		If the dying Oslo peace negotiations are to be revived, the Palestinians must abide fully by their commitments.
		In its obsession with advancing the peace "process," the Administration tends to treat as moral equivalents both Israel, a long-time ally, and Arafat's Palestinian forces that have been responsible for numerous terrorist attacks against Americans.
		The Oslo accords established a five-year period of Palestinian self-government that would allow the two sides to build confidence in each other before tackling the most contentious issues in the final status talks.
	www.heritage.org /Research/Europe/EM528.cfm (970 words)

	"Indict the Oslo Criminals" (Nadav Shragai) January, 2002
		Their common denominator is profound anger at the architects of the agreement, not only for the agreement itself but also for what the right regards as a lack of remorse on the part of those who shepherded the agreement from the start.
		So, he uses the term "unforgivable negligence" to describe Oslo saying it was "an experiment that was practically guaranteed to fail." But he is opposed in principle to trials or commissions of inquiry when it comes to politicians.
		He's the one who ideologically reached the conclusion that Oslo was a bad mistake, but he lied to the public in 1996 by saying he supported Oslo so that he'd be elected.
	www.freeman.org /m_online/jan02/shragai.htm (1834 words)

	israelinsider: Views: The Sudan and the Oslo peace process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		For the ten years of the Oslo peace process, Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Authority repeatedly violated the agreement he signed with Rabin in the Rose Garden at the White House.
		While violating the letter and spirit of the Oslo Accords, the PA trained a generation of Palestinian children to hate Jews, Christians and Americans through schools, textbooks and the state-controlled media.
		Democracies respect process and written agreements because of their adherence to the rule of law, due process, and transparency.
	web.israelinsider.com /bin/en.jsp?enPage=ViewsPage&enDisplay=view&enDispWhat=object&enDispWho=Article^l2891&enZone=Views&enVersion=0& (1417 words)

	Martin Krosell on Dennis Ross on National Review Online
		In the July-August 2002 edition of Foreign Policy, he wrote, "Through the Oslo peace process everybody involved — Palestinians, Israelis, Americans, Egyptians, Saudis, and other Arab leaders — shared the belief that Arafat wanted peace with Israel.
		Instead, he led the Palestinians to believe the peace process would produce everything that they ever wanted — and he implicitly suggested a return to armed struggle if negotiations fell short of those unattainable goals.
		The people of the Middle East, particularly Israelis, have paid dearly for the "peace process." The creation of the Palestinian Authority, really the single tangible product of Oslo, has only provided a safe haven for the planning and execution of suicide bombing — a form of warfare that the Palestinians never employed before Oslo.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/comment-krossel031203.asp (1171 words)

	Puff Peace - How the Middle East peace process killed itself. By Anne Applebaum
		It is from that vantage point that she draws her conclusions, which appear in her book Drinking the Sea at Gaza, in her journalism, and in recent interviews she has given, including one I happened to see over the weekend in the Polish newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza.
		According to the terms of the accords, the Palestinian Authority was given two zones of territory to rule in Gaza and the West Bank.
		That difference in status helped compound another strange side effect of the Oslo accords, which gave the Palestinian leadership the responsibility for keeping order in the PA zones but didn't give them the means to stop Israel from building settlements—or even to insure that students from Gaza could attend their universities on the West Bank.
	www.slate.com /?id=2063002 (1211 words)

	Special Committee on Israeli practices....
		To save the Oslo process and reach peace with justice, it must pressure Israel to abide by international law and discontinue the construction of settlements in the territories or face a cut-off of United States aid, he said.
		He said the sponsors and supporters of the Oslo agreement should intervene before it was too late and exert pressure on the Israeli Government to state clearly its intentions concerning Palestinian statehood and to work genuinely for partnership and peace.
		At Oslo, it was the Israeli thesis being interpreted by the Israeli representatives.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/ofm/curr/TSdoc21.html (2193 words)

	TIME.com: A Peace-Process Primer
		The heady days of that first Israeli-Palestinian handshake on the White House lawn are ancient history, and seven years later the peace process that has consumed much of President Clinton's foreign policy focus now looks unlikely to be concluded on his watch.
		Last year's election of Ehud Barak over Benjamin Netanyahu, who had always opposed the peace process and whose tenure saw it grind to a halt, revived optimism over the prospects for peace agreements between Israel and Syria, Lebanon and the Palestinians.
		But a year later, the Syrian track is all but dead (and with it chances of a formal deal with Lebanon, despite Israel's withdrawal of troops) and Barak looks hardly more likely than Netanyahu to conclude a final deal with the Palestinians.
	www.time.com /time/daily/special/mideast (634 words)

	The Oslo Process and Its Failure
		Once the terms of the Oslo process are understood, it's not surprising that the negotiations failed to deliver a lasting peace.
		As the following articles show, Oslo neglected the core issues of the conflict -- the refugee problem, Palestinian sovereignty, the status of Jerusalem -- while consolidating Israeli control over the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip.
		"The Oslo negotiations did not occur because the PLO suddenly decided to pursue a diplomatic resolution to the conflict with Israel.
	www.is-pal.net /oslo.htm (439 words)

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