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Topic: Osmeterium

	Osmeterium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Second or third instar caterpillar of Papilio glaucus showing osmeterium
		The osmeterium is a fleshy organ found in the larvae (caterpillars) of Swallowtail butterflies.
		Normally hidden, this forked structure can be everted when the caterpillar is threatened, and used to emit a foul-smelling secretion containing terpenes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Osmeterium (78 words)

	Terpene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many terpenes are derived from conifer resins, here a pine.
		Terpenes are a large and varied class of hydrocarbons, produced primarily by a wide variety of plants, particularly conifers, though also by some insects such as swallowtail butterflies, which emit terpenes from their osmeterium.
		They are the major components of resin, and of turpentine produced from resin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Terpene (577 words)

	Caterpillars of Eastern Forests
		All possess an eversible forked structure called an osmeterium immediately behind the head on the dorsum of the first thoracic segment.
		When roughly handled, attacked by ants, or buzzed by a yellow jacket, the bright orange to red, sickeningly sweet smelling tentacles of the osmeterium (shown extruded in orange dog) can be everted and flailed about.
		The caterpillars are broadest near the thoracic abdominal juncture; the head is held beneath the thorax.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/insects/cateast/swallow.htm (131 words)

	Papilio anactus
		When disturbed, all instars evert an orange osmeterium from just behind the head producing a decaying citrus smell.
		The smell is produced by a fluid secreted from glands near the base of the osmeterium.
		The Caterpillar aims the osmeterium towards the disturbance, and the secretion may be more effective when applied directly to a predators skin.
	www.usyd.edu.au /macleay/larvae/papi/anactus.html (303 words)

	Papilio aegeus data sheet
		osmeterium from behind the head that emits a distinct citrus-like pungent odoriferous secretion, smelling like rotting oranges on the ground beneath an orange tree.
		It is more effective if the chemical can be deposited on the predator, hence the larvae will attempt to throw their heads (and osmeterium) either backwards or sideways if a predator attacks from the rear or side.
		The osmeterium is present in all stages of the larvae, and is found in all the Papilionidae group of butterflies.
	users.chariot.net.au /~erg/aegeus_ds.htm (760 words)

	Butterflies of Canada
		The larvae generally lack spines, but have an osmeterium, a strong-smelling forked organ that can be protruded from the thorax to repel predators.
		They share the osmeterium, a retractable organ that has a musky predator-repelling smell.
		When disturbed, the larva extends its osmeterium, a special organ on the body just behind its head that looks like a fleshy pair of feelers.
	www.scib.gc.ca /spp_pages/butterflies/families/papilionidae_e.php (762 words)

	Zebra Swallowtail, Pawpaw butterfly, Kite Swallowtail, Ajax Eurytides marcellus (Cramer) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Full-grown larva of zebra swallowtail, Eurytides marcellus (Cramer), with osmeterium extruded.
		Larvae have an extrusible osmeterium that is coated with strongly smelling chemicals (isobutyric and 2-methyl butyric acids).
		Other defensive measures utilized by the larvae are to drop off the host plant when disturbed by a potential predator and for third, fourth, and fifth instar larvae to rest off the plant in leaf litter when not feeding.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /IN215 (945 words)

	The Hidden World - Caterpillars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The eyes spots and orange osmeterium (the forked organ on its head) makes it an effective snake mimic.
		The osmeterium emits a foul odor, to further frighten would be predators.
		The osmeterium remains hidden until the caterpillar is startled, and then it sticks out just like a snake's tongue.
	www.thehiddenworld.net /swallowtail.html (93 words)

	Giant Swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		We fed this one Rue during its first few instars, moving it to a tangerine tree for its last instar.
		The larva is often called "Orange Dog" and is considered a pest by many citrus growers in the southern U.S. It mimics a bird dropping, and like many swallowtails displays a red-orange osmeterium from behind its headwhen disturbed.
		The osmeterium has a foul smell that is designed to scare enemies away.
	cse-ferg41.unl.edu /pub/leps/giant-swallowtail (238 words)

	Foredragsresumé, Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In addition, some genera have an odor-producing gland on the hind-tibia ("osmeterium") and brush-like projections on ven-tral sclerites.
		In order to study the evolution of all these peculiar features, the phylogenetic relationships of the Sepsidae were reconstructed based on egg, larval, adult and molecular characters.
		Sexual dimorphism evolved several times independently, and there is little support for a functional relationship between the osmeterium gland and the brushes on the ventral sclerites of males.
	www.aki.ku.dk /dnf/rudolf_meier.html (317 words)

	Family Papilionidae
		The young caterpillars of Swallowtails often look like a bird dropping while older caterpillars are often greenish and marked with large eyespots.
		osmeterium, a Y-shaped gland located behind the head which can be pushed out to emit a chemical disagreeable to potential predators.
		The Parnassian caterpillars vary in appearance but are often fl, and they may be equipped with an osmeterium.
	imnh.isu.edu /digitalatlas/bio/insects/butrfly/fampap/fampap.htm (328 words)

	Papilionidae
		All swallowtail caterpillars possess a forked, eversible organ behind the head known as an osmeterium.
		The osmeterium secretes a foul-smelling terpene-based defensive compound (Eisner and Meinwald 1965).
		When molested, a caterpillar will evert its osmeterium and rear its head back in an attempt to dissuade its antagonist.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Papilionidae&contgroup=Papilionoidea (1504 words)

	Wildlife of Sydney - Fact File - Blue Triangle Butterfly
		If the plant is disturbed, you are more likely to smell them before you see them.
		Many caterpillars in this family (Papilionidae) have an 'osmeterium', which looks like a fleshy horn that pops up from a slit behind their head and emits a strong smell.
		In this species the osmeterium is yellow, but in other species it may be red.
	www.faunanet.gov.au /wos/factfile.cfm?Fact_ID=188 (163 words)

	Niches - comments on 'Papilio cresphontes' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		I ran into the same frustration when I tried to photograph the osmeterium.
		On a fifth instar larva, the fully extended osmeterium is a pretty impressive sight - especially contrasted with the earth-tones of the poo-poo camo.
		The large caterpillar (at least 2") that were the subjects of these photographs was gone today; there are several other smaller ones.
	sparkleberrysprings.com /v-web/b2/b2commentspopup.php?p=270&c=1 (434 words)

	giant swallowtail - Papilio cresphontes Cramer
		Larvae defend themselves against predators (both insects and vertebrates) and parasitic insects by being less visible through cryptic coloration and pattern (i.e., by resembling bird droppings).
		In addition, larvae possess an osmeterium, an orange or reddish Y-shaped eversible gland that is located mid-dorsally behind the head.
		The osmeterium of fourth and fifth instars contains a highly noxious, pungent mixture of chemicals (40:60 mixture of isobutyric acid and 2-methyl butyric acid) that smells like rancid butter.
	creatures.ifas.ufl.edu /citrus/giantswallowtail.htm (990 words)

	Swallowtail Butterfly Project
		Notice the red "horns" or osmeterium on this caterpillar's head.
		When something bothers or frightens the caterpillar these osmeterium extend themselves from it's head giving off an objectionable scent that frightens the preditor away.
		I kept one caterpillar at home and took the other one to school.
	queenbjan.com /swallowtail_butterfly_project.htm (1078 words)

	Butterfly Defense - Enchanted Learning Software
		They have an osmeterium, an orange, y-shaped gland on their neck which gives off a strong, unpleasant odor when the caterpillar is threatened.
		This keeps away dangerous wasps and flies that try to lay eggs in the caterpillar; these eggs would eventually kill the caterpillar as they hatch inside its body and eat its tissues.
		Many swallowtails have an osmeterium, including the Zebra Swallowtail.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/butterfly/allabout/Defense.shtml (680 words)

	What is an orange dog? - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Hidden behind the head is a Y-shaped structure, the osmeterium, which exserts from the body to slap at predators like ants and spiders.
		The osmeterium exudes a foul smelling liquid containing forty percent isobutyric acid and sixty percent 2-methyl butyric acid.
		Bob Wilson has a photograph of the orange dog with the osmeterium extended.
	www.killerplants.com /renfields-garden/20030212.asp (601 words)

	SNOMNH - Kids Pages Main
		Once they are about an inch and a half long, caterpillars form a green or brown chrysalis, or cocoon, then emerge as a butterfly in about two weeks, or they may overwinter and emerge in the spring.
		When they are bothered they push out bright orange “horns” from their heads, called osmeterium (OZ-ma-TEER-ee-um).
		The osmeterium gives off a very bad smell (similar to latex paint), which probably convinces animals to leave the caterpillar alone.
	www.snomnh.ou.edu /kids (473 words)

	Giant Swallowtail Butterflies
		A caterpillar extends its osmeterium, a forked gland
		The color of the osmeterium of each swallowtail
		Along with the normal silk pad a caterpillar uses
	www.butterfliesetc.com /gst.html (148 words)

	Citrus - Zanthoxylum Capense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		with an extraordinary defense mechanism - the osmeterium.
		This fleshy bright Y-shaped organ situated behind the head is normally hidden,
		but when threatened, it shoots out the osmeterium suddenly,
	users.iafrica.com /j/je/jetse/trees2.htm (206 words)

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