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Topic: Osmolarity

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	Calculating Osmolarity
		As described under Units of Measure, the osmolarity of a simple solution is equal to the molarity times the number of particles per molecule.
		Proteins with many equivalents/L may only contribute a small amount to the osmolarity, since they consist of a few very large "particles".
		Osmolarity measures the effective gradient for water assuming that all the osmotic solute is completely impermeant.
	physioweb.med.uvm.edu /bodyfluids/calculat.htm (444 words)

	Osmolarity definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms
		Osmolarity definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms
		Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution, which may be quantitatively expressed in osmoles of solute per liter of solution.
		MedicineNet does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24595 (96 words)

	Calculating Osmolarity of an IV Admixture
		Normal osmolarity of blood/serum is about 300-310 mOsm/L. The tonicity of an IV fluid dictates whether the solution should be delivered via the peripheral or central venous route.
		The generally accepted upper limit for a peripheral IV is 900 mOsm/L. When the osmolarity exceeds 900 mOsm/L, the ability of the peripheral veins to dilute parenteral infusions sufficiently is compromised, and chemical irritation of the vein intima occurs.
		Osmolarity is most often used when referring to blood, and tonicity is most often used when referring to IV fluid, but the terms may be used interchangeably.
	www.rxkinetics.com /iv_osmolarity.html (596 words)

	Tonicity & Osmolarity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Osmolarity is an easily measurable characteristic, by e.g.
		Osmolarity is a measure of one of the colligative properties (osmotic
		osmolarities between a cell and the solution to which it is exposed.
	www.biotech.ufl.edu /EM/data/osmos.html (1055 words)

	Volume changes and whole cell membrane currents activated during gradual osmolarity decrease in C6 glioma cells: ...
		extent as in SOR at all osmolarities (Fig.
		Cells were superfused with isosmotic medium, and then (at the arrow) sudden reduction in osmolarity was made by isosmotic medium dilution with distilled water until reaching –15% (H-15%), –30% (H-30%), and –50% (H-50%) hyposmotic medium.
		After a basal collection period of 6 min with isosmotic medium, the external osmolarity was decreased at a rate of 1.8 mosM/min and superfusion continued until –50% reduction in osmolarity was achieved (final osmolarity 150 mosM).
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/286/6/C1399 (4982 words)

	Dextrose (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Osmolarity is dependent on the number of particles in a solution.
		Osmolarity will be decreased, and glucose will still enter the blood stream at a proficient rate, thus maintaining its anabolic nature (1,3).
		This means that if one were to inject a solution with a greater concentration of solute into their blood, it would cause water from inside their red blood cells to leave by Osmosis (water always travels down its concentration gradient) and move into the plasma, in turn shrinking the erythrocytes (red blood cells).
	www.abcbodybuilding.com /magazine03/dextrose.htm (2869 words)

	Functional Significance of Cell Volume Regulatory Mechanisms -- LANG et al. 78 (1): 247 -- Physiological Reviews
		Decreasing extracellular osmolarity activates Na channels in the frog skin (126, 226), urinary bladder (329, 740), and A6 cells (234), an effect, however, not related to cell volume regulation.
		adaptation to the excessive osmolarities in kidney medulla (714).
		Extracellular osmolarity is increased in hypernatremia, due to excessive oral intake and/or renal retention of Na and/or renal and extrarenal loss of water (325, 553, 858, 1142).
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/78/1/247 (8345 words)

	Estimating Osmolarity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		By experience, the expected osmolarity derived from using this table correlates closely with actual osmolarity.1 It is however, important to test for actual osmolarity whenever possible.
		Osmolarity: the concentration of the solute in a solution per unit of solvent.
		Actual Osmolarity tests of three unique large volume protocols were used to validate this method of determining estimated osmolarity.
	mcguffmedical.com /Customer_Knowledge/estimating_osmolarity.htm (990 words)

	CYCLING PERFORMANCE TIPS - osmolarity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Their are several ways that the body attempts to protect the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid compartment.
		The kidneys can either excrete free water (if overall osmolarity is low) or retain free water as sodium, potassium, and other molecules are excreted in the urine (if overall body osmolarity is high).
		The body will also avoid rapidly absorbing too many particles (high osmolarity fluids) and upsetting the concentration balance in the body (homeostasis) by slowing down emptying of the stomach if high concentration fluids are ingested.
	www.cptips.com /osmotic.htm (361 words)

	Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
		Regulation of osmolarity is achieved by balancing the intake and excretion of sodium with that of water.
		An important concept is that regulation of osmolarity must be integrated with regulation of volume, because changes in water volume alone have diluting or concentrating effects on the bodily fluids.
		The net effect on urine excretion is a decrease in the amount of urine excreted, with an increase in the osmolarity of the urine.
	mcb.berkeley.edu /courses/mcb135e/kidneyfluid.html (840 words)

	EXPERT CONSULTATION ON ORAL REHYDRATION
		In a combined analysis of this study and studies with other reduced osmolarity ORS solutions (osmolarity 210-268 mOsm/l, sodium 50-75 mEq/l) stool output was also reduced by about 20% and the incidence of vomiting by about 30%.
		The reduced osmolarity ORS containing 75 mEq/l sodium, 75 mmol/l glucose (total osmolarity of 245 mOsm/l) is as effective as standard ORS in adults with cholera.
		This reduced osmolarity ORS may be used in place of standard ORS for treating adults with cholera, but careful monitoring is advised to better assess the risk, if any, of symptomatic hyponatraemia.
	who.int /child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/NEWS/Statement.htm (558 words)

	Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin)
		Osmolarity is sensed in the hypothalamus by neurons known as an osmoreceptors, and those neurons, in turn, simulate secretion from the neurons that produce antidiuretic hormone.
		When osmolarity increases above the threshold, the ever-alert osmoreceptors recognize this a the cue to stimulate the neurons that secrete antidiuretic hormone.
		Changes in blood pressure and volume are not nearly as sensitive a stimulator as increased osmolarity, but are nonetheless potent in severe conditions.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/adh.html (781 words)

	Osmolarity-Dependent Glycine Accumulation Indicates a Role for Glycine as an Organic Osmolyte in Early Preimplantation ...
		The rate of glycine uptake was measured in medium of the same osmolarity as the culture medium, so that there was no change in volume.
		Volumes of zygotes transferred to KSOM of various osmolarities in the presence or absence of glycine.
		accumulation by osmolarity or cell volume remains to be elucidated.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/59/2/225 (5577 words)

	A Case of Diabetes Insipidus - Case Study Collection - National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		After two hours of not being able to drink water, the osmolarity of her plasma and urine were measured a second time.
		This time her urine osmolarity was unchanged; however, the osmolarity of her plasma increased to 315 mOsm/L. She was then injected with a drug called DDAVP.
		One hour after the injection, the osmolarity of her plasma decreased to 290 mOsm/L and the osmolarity of her urine increased to 425 mOsm/L. Based upon the results above, Amanda’s medical history, and the results of the MRI, a diagnosis of idiopathic pituitary diabetes insipidus was made.
	www.sciencecases.org /diabetes_insipidus/diabetes_insipidus.asp (536 words)

	Influence of hyperpnea on airway surface fluid volume and osmolarity in normal humans -- Kotaru et al. 93 (1): 154 -- ...
		Osmolarity is displayed on the ordinate, and the standards are on the abscissa.
		The effect of hyperpnea on ASF osmolarity is shown in Fig.
		Osmolarity and the ionic environment of pulmonary secretions from patients with cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and laryngectomy.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/93/1/154 (4989 words)

	How external osmolarity affects the activity of the contractile vacuole complex, the cytosolic osmolarity and the water ...
		How external osmolarity affects the activity of the contractile vacuole complex, the cytosolic osmolarity and the water permeability of the plasma membrane in Paramecium multimicronucleatum -- Stock et al.
		How external osmolarity affects the activity of the contractile vacuole complex, the cytosolic osmolarity and the water permeability of the plasma membrane in Paramecium multimicronucleatum
		osmolarity increased to a new higher level in 12 h, so that the cytosol
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/204/2/291 (588 words)

	Osmolarity and pH Growth Conditions Regulate fim Gene Transcription and Type 1 Pilus Expression in Uropathogenic ...
		Osmolarity and pH Growth Conditions Regulate fim Gene Transcription and Type 1 Pilus Expression in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli -- Schwan et al.
		Osmolarity effects were tested by using NaCl as the osmolyte.
		Osmolarity was another environmental factor which we examined.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/3/1391 (8508 words)

	Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating dehydration caused by acute diarrhoea in children (Cochrane ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In a meta-analysis of 8 trials, reduced osmolarity ORS was associated with fewer unscheduled intravenous fluid infusions compared with WHO standard ORS (Mantel Haenzel odds ratio 0.59, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 0.79) with no evidence for heterogeneity between trials.
		Vomiting was less frequent in the reduced osmolarity group in the six trials reporting this.
		Authors' conclusions: In children admitted to hospital with diarrhoea, reduced osmolarity ORS when compared to WHO standard ORS is associated with fewer unscheduled intravenous fluid infusions, lower stool volume post randomization, and less vomiting.
	www.update-software.com /abstracts/ab002847.htm (458 words)

	Similar Effects of Osmolarity, Glucose, and Phosphate on Cleavage past the 2-Cell Stage in Mouse Embryos from Outbred ...
		Effect of osmolarity and presence of glycine on development of CF1-derived fertilized eggs in KSOM medium.
		Osmolarity was varied using raffinose to obtain osmolarities shown on the horizontal axis.
		Development of fertilized eggs as a function of osmolarity in the presence or absence of glycine.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/72/1/179 (5763 words)

	EXPERT CONSULTATION ON ORAL REHYDRATION
		Reduced osmolarity ORS significantly reduces stool output and duration of diarrhoea when compared to treatment with standard ORS for children with acute non-cholera diarrhoea, but there were insufficient data to reach firm conclusions with regard to the possible risks and benefits of reduced osmolarity ORS for treatment of patients with cholera, especially adults.
		Moreover, the compositions of the reduced osmolarity ORS solutions differed with regard to concentrations of sodium and glucose, and in total osmolarity, and it was not possible to recommend one formulation as being superior to the others.
		This reduced osmolarity ORS may be used in place of standard ORS for treatment of adults with cholera, but further monitoring is required to better assess the risk, if any, of symptomatic hyponatraemia.
	www.who.int /child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/NEWS/Expert_consultation.htm (4232 words)

	New formulation of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) with reduced osmolarity
		One successful approach is based on reducing the osmolarity of ORS solution to avoid possible adverse effects of hypertonicity on net fluid absorption.
		Studies to evaluate this approach were reviewed at a meeting in July 2001, and technical recommendations were made to WHO and UNICEF on the efficacy and safety of reduced osmolarity* ORS in children with acute non-cholera diarrhoea, and in adults and children with cholera.
		At UNICEF Supply Division, a bid for Reduced Osmolarity ORS was launched in September 2003 and two manufacturers were approved for the supply of new ORS formulation.
	www.supply.unicef.dk /Catalogue/bulletin9.htm (803 words)

	Omega-3 \| News and Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Increased tear osmolarity is the link between changes in the lacrimal glands and lids, and disease of the ocular surface.
		First, given the importance of lowering elevated tear film osmolarity, studies were performed to determine how hypotonic an eye drop needed to be to lower tear film osmolarity in dry eye patients.
		This important study shows that it is elevated tear film osmolarity that induces the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in dry eye, just as elevated tear film osmolarity has been shown to produce all the morphological ocular surface changes described in dry eye.
	www.omega-3info.com /dryeyes.htm (7043 words)

	Effect of osmolarity on LDL binding and internalization in hepatocytes -- Krämer-Guth et al. 273 (4): 1409 -- AJP ...
		Effect of osmolarity on LDL binding and internalization in hepatocytes -- Krämer-Guth et al.
		Effect of osmolarity on LDL binding and internalization in hepatocytes
		1), a 25% decrease of extracellular osmolarity significantly decreased calcein
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/273/4/C1409 (2786 words)

	Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating cholera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Reduced osmolarity formulations are safe and more effective than standard ORS for treating non-cholera diarrhea.
		In the reduced osmolarity group, duration of diarrhea was shorter (WMD -16.85 hours, CI -21.22 to -12.48; 102 participants, 2 trials).
		In people with cholera, reduced osmolarity ORS is associated with biochemical hyponatremia when compared with standard ORS, although there are similar benefits in terms of other outcomes.
	www.cochrane.org /reviews/english/ab003754.html (561 words)

	The Downstream Regulatory Element of the proU Operon of Salmonella typhimurium Inhibits Open Complex Formation by RNA ...
		osmolarity of the environment must be compensated for by an increase
		to the osmolarity of the environment (13, 17-19).
		The DRE is required for full repression by H-NS at low osmolarity.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/275/16/12123 (4069 words)

	Bronchial vasodilation evoked by increased lower airway osmolarity in dogs -- Zimmerman and Pisarri 88 (2): 425 -- ...
		Changes in osmolarity in the airway might be detected by sensory nerve endings, by cells of the immune system, or directly
		Alteration in osmolarity of inhaled aerosols cause bronchoconstriction and cough, but absence of a permeant anion causes cough alone.
		Effects of pH and osmolarity on aerosol-induced cough in normal volunteers.
	www.jap.org /cgi/content/full/88/2/425 (4288 words)

	Unique and Redundant Roles for HOG MAPK Pathway Components as Revealed by Whole-Genome Expression Analysis -- O'Rourke ...
		ORF microarrays were cohybridized with two samples: one derived from treated yeast and one derived from an untreated wild-type strain growing in normal osmolarity YEPD medium.
		osmolarity (0.125 or 0.25 M KCl, Figure 6; our unpublished data).
		Hot1p and Msn2p/Msn4p are required for the induction of subsets of high osmolarity glycerol pathway-dependent genes.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/15/2/532 (6982 words)

	Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating dehydration due to diarrhoea in children: systematic review ...
		Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating dehydration due to diarrhoea in children: systematic review -- Hahn et al.
		Multicenter randomized double blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a reduced osmolarity oral rehydration salts solution in children with acute watery diarrhoea.
		Efficacy and safety of oral rehydration solution with reduced osmolarity in adults with cholera: a randomised double-blinded clinical trial.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/323/7304/81 (2749 words)

	Activation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Filamentation/Invasion Pathway by Osmotic Stress in High-Osmolarity Glycogen ...
		to increases in osmolarity are absent in pbs2
		Upstream components of the filamentation/invasion pathway are required for the inhibition of growth on high-osmolarity and FRE::lacZ expression by high osmolarity in a pbs2-3 strain.
		The formation of long projections by pbs2-3 strains on high osmolarity is prevented by deletion of filamentation/invasion pathway genes.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/153/3/1091 (6760 words)

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