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	Osroes I of Parthia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Coin of Osroes I. The date Î—ÎÎ¥ is year 428 of the Seleucid era, corresponding to 116 â“ 117.
		Osroes I of Parthia ruled the Parthian Empire c.
		In Mesopotamia Osroes' brother Mithridates IV and his son Sanatruces II took the diadem and fought against the Romans, but Trajan marched southward to the Persian Gulf, defeated them, and declared Mesopotamia a new province of the empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Osroes_I_of_Parthia (325 words)

	History of Iran: Parthian Empire
		After the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, Parthia, northeastern Iran, was governed by the Seleucid kings: a Macedonian dynasty that ruled in the Asian territories of the former Persian Empire.
		In the confusion, Parthia was overrun by the Parni, a nomad tribe from the Central-Asian steppe.
		Parthia, now impoverished and without any hope to recover the lost territories, was demoralized.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/parthians/parthians.php (1968 words)

	Travel Guide - Online Reservation - Warsaw Accommodation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the East and it limited Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia).
		Parthia controlled the Silk Road, the trade route between the Merranean Sea and China.
		In 41 BCE, Parthia, led by Labienus, invaded Syria, Cilicia, and Caria and attacked Phrygia and Asia Minor.
	www.warsaw-hotel.info /poland-guide/Parthia (2997 words)

	Articles - Parthia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Parthia controlled the Silk Road, the trade route between the Mediterranean Sea and China.
		In his accounts Parthia is named "ÄnxÄ«", a transliteration of " Arsacid ", the name of the Parthian dynasty.
		According to a modern estimate, the gold and silver were sufficient to postpone a European economic crisis for three or four decades, and the consequences of the looting for Parthia were dire.
	www.kamero.net /articles/Parthia (2656 words)

	Rome, from Golden Age to Political Chaos
		Then Trajan captured Osroes' capital, Ctesiphon, his troops taking the Parthian throne of gold and making a prisoner of a daughter of Osroes.
		Osroes escaped east, and Trajan conquered to the Persian Gulf, where he saw ships setting sail to India and must have thought of Alexander's great empire.
		He sent Osroes' daughter back to her family and began a peace with the Parthians that was to last forty years.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch21.htm (7205 words)

	Parthia [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman state in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Caesar Augustus.
		Their realm is also called Parthia, which included the Iranian plateau and intermittently Mesopotamia, from 253 BC until their overthrow by the Sassanid Dynasty in AD 226....
		In 41 BCE, Parthia, led by Labienus, invaded Syria The Syrian Arab Republic is a country in the Middle East, bordering (from south to north) on Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq and Turkey.
	www.wikimirror.com /Parthia (10276 words)

	Parthia: Definition and Much More From Answers.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the East and it limited Roman's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia).
		In his accounts Parthia is named "Anxi", a transliteration of " Arsacid ", the name of the Parthian dynasty.
		Coin of Mithridates I of Parthia (ruled 171 BC – 138 BC) from the mint at Seleucia.
	www.answerbar.com /topic/parthia (3198 words)

	Articles - Trajan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Elsewhere in the empire, the great bridge at Alcantara in Hispania, spanning the Tagus River, which is still in use, testifies to the significant attention the emperor gave to the improvement of communication throughout the entire empire.
		When Trajan departed Rome for Antioch, in a leisurely tour of the eastern empire while his army was being mustered, he probably intended to destroy at last Parthia's capabilities to rival Rome's power and to reduce her to the status of a province.
		In mid 117, Trajan, now a sick man, was slowly returning to Italy, having left Hadrian in command in the east, when he died in Selinus of Cilicia on August 9 at the age of 64, having adopted Hadrian as his son and successor while on his death bed.
	www.free-biz.org /articles/Trajan (3029 words)

	EDESSA - LoveToKnow Article on EDESSA
		Moreover, although the Syriac of the Story of A~iqgr is of a late type, the sources of the story, traces of which are to be found in the Hebrew Tobit (q.v.), go back to the-pre-Helienistic period.
		When L. Verus (163165) recovered Mesopotamia from Parthia, it was not Edessa but Uarran that was chosen as the site of a Roman colony, and made the metropolis by Marcus Aurelius (172).
		To one of the native kings doubtless is to be ascribed the Syriac inscription1 on one of the pair of pillars, 50 ft. high, which stood, no doubt, in front of a temple connected with some local cult.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /E/ED/EDESSA.htm (5116 words)

	The Glory of Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The nation was under the influence of Parthia at the time, so a Parthian candidate,Tiridates, who happened to the nephew of the Parthian King, Osroes.
		South of Parthia Inferior and north of Persia Inferior lay the province of Carmania.
		East of Parthia Superior was Margiana, with Aria to the south of that.
	www.changingthetimes.co.uk /samples/prechrist/glory_of_rome.htm (9710 words)

	G301 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Vologeses was one of the rival claimants to the throne of the Parthian king Pacorus II.
		He first presented himself as the ruler of Parthia in 105/106 and seems to have been able to persist in his claim throughout the reign of Osroes (c.
		On the death of Osroes, Vologeses was able to overcome another rival, Mithradates IV, and to secure the greater part of the Parthian realm, which he ruled until his death.
	www.aoti76.dsl.pipex.com /coins/g1/g301.htm (74 words)

	SOME COMMENTS ON PARTHIAN HISTORY by Robert M. Harlick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Parthia did not spring up full-blown-- in the 7th century the Assyrians raided an area called Parthia, and 100 years later Cyrus the Great included Parthia in the Persian empire.
		During 95-57 "Dark Ages" of Parthia the succession the throne was always in doubt and contested.
		Crassus invaded Parthia probably in support of Mithradates III, and at a meeting with the Parthians, Crassus was murdered.
	ancient-coins.com /articles/parthia/parthia2.htm (851 words)

	Iranica.com - ELYMAIS
		In about 155 B.C.E. Mithradates I, king of Parthia, took Media from the Seleucids, and by 141 B.C.E. most of Mesopotamia had fallen to the Arsacid forces.
		These similarities and the fact that Chosroes and Osroes are forms of the same name has led to the suggestion that both names identify the same Parthian king, who may have ruled sometimes from Susa.
		But it is equally possible that a king of Elymais copied the portrait of Osroes for his own coins (Le Rider, pp.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v8f4/v8f427.html (2545 words)

	regnasale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Osroes I, ruler of Parthia, placed a king on the Armenian throne, an act which angered Trajan.
		What followed was a military action in which Trajan annexed Armenia, invaded Mesopotamia, and then conquered Parthia.
		This reverse depicts Trajan seated on platform with attendants receiving 3 kings---presumablely Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Parthia.
	www.trajancoins.com /regnasale.htm (77 words)

	Vologases III of Parthia - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		Vologases III of Parthia claimed the throne of the Parthian Empire from about 105 to 147.
		The period was one of civil war in the Parthian kingdom; for the early part of his reign Vologases contended with Osroes I ( 105 – 129) who ruled Mesopotamia.
		Following the death of Osroes his rule extended through most of Parthia but had to contend with incursions of the nomadic Alans into Cappadocia, Armenia, and Media and with rebellions in Iran of Mithridates IV ( 129 – 140) and an unknown usurper, c.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Vologases_III_of_Parthia (122 words)

	parthian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the 3rd century B.C.E. the Parni, a tribe of the Dahae confederation, occupied the old Achaemenid satrapy of Parthia.
		Parthia remained a major world power until 228 C.E. Most of our current knowledge of the Parthians comes from Greek and Roman historians.
		There is underway a project to translate Parthian royal documents written in Akkadian, the traditional language of state in the ancient middle east.
	www.ece.iit.edu /~prh/coins/t/june.rw/parthian.html (345 words)

	Iranica.com - HADRIAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		After Trajan's death in Cilicia, his wife Plotina announced that he had adopted Hadrian on his deathbed, and he was at once recognized as emperor by the army and later by the Senate.
		He later returned to King K¨osrow (Osroes) a daughter whom Trajan had held in Rome as a hostage.
		He traveled extensively through the provinces and was known for his lavish building activity and for his favorable disposition toward Greek culture, and particularly toward Athens.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f5/v11f5002.html (294 words)

	Mike R Vosper, Coins - View Greek coin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Vologases III entered the field of contenders for the kingship late in the reign of Pakoros II, and achieved dominance by 105 AD.
		His reign, long by the standards of this period of Parthian history, was primarily consumed with defending his position from a number of challengers, many of whom struck their own coins: Osroes I, Mithradates V, and an unknown king.
		Osroes proved a strong challenge, securing Mesopotamia for himself, and relegating Vologases to his base in Iran.
	www.vosper4coins.co.uk /Hellenistic/GR-BWJW.htm (156 words)

	Rome's Persian Mirage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In a sense, Augustus' treaty with Parthia was a victory for Rome.
		The Parthian king Osroes' deposing a pro-Roman king in Armenia and installing a Parthian puppet had provoked the emperor.
		Having shattered Parthia's post-Carrhae mystique, Trajan opened the door to new Roman adventurism in Iraq.
	www.thehistorynet.com /mhq/blromespersianmirage/index2.html (1279 words)

	My Lines - Person Page 91 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Vologaesus III, King of Parthia was one of the rival claimants to the throne of the Parthian king Pacorus II.
		Princess of Parthia Arakuni was born 0009 B.C..
		She was the daughter of King of Parthia Vologaeses II Arakuni.
	homepages.rootsweb.com /~cousin/html/p91.htm (8813 words)

	Vologeses III -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He first presented himself as the ruler of Parthia in 105/106 and seems to have been able to persist in his claim throughout the reign of Osroes ( c.
		On the death of Osroes, Vologeses was able to overcome another rival, Mithradates IV, and to secure the greater part of the Parthian realm, which he ruled until…
		The period from 51 to 122 is one in which the Parthian state slowly dissolved and decomposed into several small countries, and various parties lay claim to the throne—an inevitable result of the...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9075688 (635 words)

	Ethics of Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Empires by Sanderson Beck
		Persian historians recorded that the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia was founded by a descendant of Persian kings called Ashk or Arsaces in 247 BC.
		Pompey replaced Lucullus and negotiated with Parthia's Phraates III, granting him Corduene and Adiabene in exchange for Parthia as an ally against Armenia, which had taken them; but when Pompey later expelled the Parthians from these two provinces and gave them back to Armenia, the Parthians resented the betrayal.
		Parthia was ruled by a hereditary monarchy, and the king was crowned by the hereditary military commander called the Surena.
	www.san.beck.org /1-6-Persia.html (22284 words)

	Osroene -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The name of the kingdom appears to have been ultimately derived from a certain Osroes of Orhai, who founded the state about 136
		Little is known of his reign, which seems to have been filled with rebellions and the rule of counterkings (Artabanus IV, Osroes, and Vologases II).
		king of Parthia (reigned 70–58/57 BC), the son and successor of Sanatruces (Sinatruces).
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?eu=59006&source=SEO (227 words)

	Ancient coins of Parthia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		[W. Wroth, B. Parthia, 1903 (with references to the works of Prokesch, Longpérier, Markoff, and, especially, P. Gardner’s Parthian Coinage, 1877); Ritter A. von Petrowicz, Arsaciden-Münzen, Wien, 1904 (a Catalogue of the Petrowicz Coll.).
		A minute study of the monograms and fabric and a careful record of finds and provenance are much needed to throw light on the obscure subject of Parthian mint-places (cf.
		The classification of the Arsacid coinage is far from certain, more especially in the period before Phraates IV, when the coins are, as a rule, undated, and only the dynastic name (‘Arsaces’) of each sovereign is recorded.
	www.snible.org /coins/hn/parthia.html (720 words)

	ZENOBIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The daughter of Osroes and the golden throne were captured.
		Palmyra had suffered the attentions of the Empire as far back as the days of Marcus Antonius who laid siege to the city but failed to seize its fabulous wealth which was spirited away across the dunes on camel-back.
		The region between the sourthern flanks of the Elburz Mountains and the terrible desolation of the Black Desert is called Parthia, a wind-blown steppe of wild horses and wild nomads who settled here five centuries ago, and once controlled the entire Persian kingdom.
	www.eyeballkid.co.za /zenobia/zen11.html (20240 words)

	Civilization Fanatics' Forums - The History of ancient Iran
		Darius was born in about 550 BC as the son of the noble man Hystaspes, who was the son of Arsames who later became satrap of Parthia.
		He was educated at the royal Court, and became a member of the royal staff of Cambyses II.
		In 20 BC, negotiations between Rome and Parthia were successful; the credit for this goes to emperor Augustus.
	forums.civfanatics.com /printthread.php?t=58785&pp=40 (10778 words)

	[No title]
		The Gorgon's {35} eyes are blue, and fl, and white; the serpents twine about his hair, and his belt has all the colours of the rainbow.
		How many thousand lines does it cost him to describe Vologesus's breeches and his horse's bridle, and how Osroes' hair looked when he swam over the Tigris, what sort of a cave he fled into, and how it was shaded all over with ivy, and myrtle, and laurel, twined together.
		The title, which is almost as long as the work, runs thus: "A narrative of everything done by the Romans in Armenia, Media, and Mesopotamia, by Antiochianus, who gained a prize in the sacred games of Apollo." I suppose, when he was a boy, he had conquered in a running match.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/10430/10430.txt (13407 words)

	ROMAN TIMELINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Hermundiri and the Chatti at war in Germany.
		63 - Treaty with Parthia and settlement of the Armenian question under Tiridates.
		Peace treaty between Hadrian and Osroes of Parthia.
	www.themage.net /Romans/RomanTime.htm (1126 words)

	Guy Clark Ancient Coins and Antiquities- Eastern Coinages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Parthia, Gotarzes I, 95-87 BC, AR Drachm (4.17g).
		Parthia, Orodes I, 90-77 BC, AR Drachm, fouree (2.7g).
		Parthia, Orodes I, 90-77 BC, AR Drachm (3.7g).
	www.ancient-art.com /east.htm (12374 words)

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