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Topic: Ossicles

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	Ossicles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ossicles are, in order from the eardrum to the inner ear, the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, so named because of the shape of the bones.
		The ossicles give the eardrum mechanical advantage via lever action and a reduction in the area of force distribution; the resulting vibrations would be much smaller if the sound waves were transmitted directly from the outer ear to the oval window.
		It is believed that these muscles can contract to dampen the vibration of the ossicles, in order to protect the inner ear from excessively loud noise (theory 1) and that they give better frequency resolution at higher frequencies by reduing the transmission of low frequencies (theory 2) (see acoustic reflex).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ossicles (408 words)

	X. The Organs of the Senses and the Common Integument. 1d. 3. The Auditory Ossicles. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Articulations of the Auditory Ossicles (articulationes ossiculorum auditus).
		—The ossicles are connected with the walls of the tympanic cavity by ligaments: three for the malleus, and one each for the incus and stapes.
		It invests the auditory ossicles, and the muscles and nerves contained in the tympanic cavity; forms the medial layer of the tympanic membrane, and the lateral layer of the secondary tympanic membrane, and is reflected into the tympanic antrum and mastoid cells, which it lines throughout.
	www.bartleby.com /107/231.html (1910 words)

	Station Information - Ossicles
		The ossicles (also called auditory ossicles) are the three small bones in the middle ear which transmit sounds from the outer ear to the labyrinth (cochlea).
		As sound waves vibrate the eardrum (tympanic membrane), it in turn moves the nearest ossicle, the malleus to which it is attached.
		The ossicles give the eardrum mechanical advantage; the resulting vibrations would be much smaller if the sound waves were transmitted directly from the outer ear to the oval window.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/o/os/ossicles.html (229 words)

	TPOS - The Middle Ear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The shape of the tympanic membrane is maintained by the attachment of one of the auditory ossicles (the malleus).
		The auditory ossicles are the smallest bones in the body, and they are named after their shape — the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup).
		The ossicles transmit the vibratory motion of the eardrum to the oval window, which sets the fluids of the inner ear in motion to stimulate the hearing receptors.
	www.alumni.ca /~zhan4m1/midear.htm (503 words)

	Ear - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The middle ear includes the eardrum (tympanum or tympanic membrane), the ossicles (three tiny bones), two muscle tendons (of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles), and two nerve bundles (the horizontal portion of the facial nerve and a branch of the facial nerve called the chorda tympani).
		The Latin names of the ossicles are the malleus, incus, and stapes, but they are also referred to by their English translations: the hammer, anvil, and stirrup respectively.
		The ossicles in turn transmit the vibrations through the membrane of the oval window into the fluid of the inner ear.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ear (1145 words)

	Echinodermata
		Ossicles are not solid, but have a sponge-like microstructure called stereom that is unique to the phylum.
		The ossicles of echinoderms are connected by ligaments composed predominantly of collagen.
		The lack of a clear understanding of homologies among ossicles in various extinct classes has hampered attempts to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships (Mooi and David 1997), and it is fair to say that much work remains to be done.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Echinodermata&contgroup=Metazoa (2168 words)

	* Ossicle - (Disease): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The three tiny bones of the ear (ossicles) may fail to conduct sound to the cochlea or the eardrum may fail to vibrate in response to sound...
		The ossicles are small bones which connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
		The ossicles amplify the sound and send the sound waves to the inner ear and into the fluid filled hearing organ (cochlea)...
	www.bestknows.com /disease/ossicle.html (333 words)

	Auditory ossicles prosthesis - Patent 5104401
		An auditory ossicles prosthesis as defined in claim 1, wherein said prosthesis as a whole is composed of a wire, said wire having a portion forming said abutment surface.
		When the auditory ossicles prosthesis is formed in accordance with the present invention, it can be made very thin and composed of a material which is known for its high compatibility with bodies.
		While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in an auditory ossicles prosthesis formed as a vibration transmitting element, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5104401.html (1652 words)

	Coffin Bone Fractures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fractures or ossicles in the developing wings of the coffin bone (third phalanx or P3) appear to be common in young horses.
		So whenever these wing fractures or ossicles are found in sucklings, weanlings, or yearlings, they should simply be given time to heal; surgery, confinement, and shoeing changes are usually unnecessary.
		These ossicles are probably not part of the normal development of the equine coffin bone, so they could be a form of traumatic developmental bone disease (i.e.
	www.sporthorsemedicine.com /coffin_bone_fractures.htm (866 words)

	Chapter 28 On the Ossicles Which Resemble a Sesame Seed
		Professors of anatomy have mentioned certain ossicles (these will be seen in the figures that I have included at the beginning of the chapter) which some say fill out the joints, tighten them, and strengthen them to make them less prone to dislocation.
		Since these ossicles are strongly attached to that bone of the thumb, they are convex on the outside and resemble the part of a bone which puts forth ligaments and receives the insertion of tendons.
		That this ossicle was called Albadaran by the Arabs and by the truly occult and shadowy philosophers is better known by superstitious men than by students of anatomy, who may also be able to compare the fourth bone of the carpus [os pisiforme] to a chickpea.
	vesalius.northwestern.edu /chapters/FA.1.28.html (2528 words)

	Strongylocentrotus Laboratory Exercise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In addition, slender curved ossicles, resembling the spicules of sponges, are present in the tube foot to support its walls.
		The ossicles are not fused together, however, and the membrane is flexible.
		The periproct is surrounded by a ring of five large ossicles, the genital plates, and five smaller ocular plates that are part of the rigid test and are fused to it (Fig 1, 28-31A).
	www.lander.edu /rsfox/310strongylLab.html (5800 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Hearing Works"
		This is the job of the ossicles, a group of tiny bones in the middle ear.
		The ossicles are actually the smallest bones in your body.
		When air-pressure compression pushes in on the eardrum, the ossicles move so that the faceplate of the stapes pushes in on the cochlear fluid.
	www.howstuffworks.com /hearing4.htm (490 words)

	Symptomatic ossicles of the lateral malleolus in children - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		All three were aged 8 to 10 years at the time of the initial injury, had suffered recurrent ankle sprains and had well localised and consistent tenderness precisely at the site of the anomalous ossific centre.
		All their symptoms were relieved by excision of the ossicle with reconstitution of the fibular collateral ligament.
		Whilst a separate secondary centre of ossification at the lower [1mfibula [m is present in 1% of healthy children between the ages of 6 and 12 years, the condition described is extremely uncommon.
	www.wheelessonline.com /j1/179.htm (153 words)

	Sclerodactyla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is unusual in that its longitudinal muscles are in five longitudinal bands and the ossicles are microscopic plates scattered in the dermis.
		Dermal ossicles can sometimes be found by digesting a bit of a buccal or an other podium in a drop or two of bleach on a slide.
		The radial canals are supported by the ambulacral ossicles and the canals to the buccal podia lie between adjacent ambulacral and interambulacral ossicles.
	www.lander.edu /rsfox/310SclerodactylaLab.html (4211 words)

	Asterozoans
		The carinals in the center are bounded on either side by the superomarginals, outside of which are the inferomarginals which border the rays.
		The adambulacral ossicles are aligned one-for-one with the ambulacral ossicles.
		Proximal ambulacrals within the disk are beveled to accommodate the overriding action of the ossicles of the mouth frame during opening of the mouth aperture.
	www.mcz.harvard.edu /Departments/InvertPaleo/Trenton/Intro/PaleoPage/TrentonFauna/Echinodermata/Asterozoa/Asterozoa.htm (3523 words)

	Dysmorphogenesis of the mandible, zygoma, and middle ear ossicles in hemifacial microsomia and mandibulofacial ...
		Dysmorphogenesis of the mandible, zygoma, and middle ear ossicles in hemifacial microsomia and mandibulofacial dysostosis.
		Dysmorphogenesis of the mandible, zygoma, and middle ear ossicles in hemifacial microsomia and mandibulofacial dysostosis.Errors in chondrogenesis may have been primarily responsible for the HFM phenotype.
		We conclude that although the mandible, zygomatic arch, and middle ear ossicles appear to form a "developmental field," the association between structures varies for HFM and MFD.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/6308629.html (274 words)

	Ear Ossicles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The auditory ossicles consist of three small bones found within a space (the tympanic cavity) in the temporal bone of the skull.
		Resting against the oval window of inner ear is the stapes (stirrup), which articulates with the middle ossicle called the incus (anvil).
		The incus articulates with the malleus (hammer), whose "handle" is attached to the internal surface of the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
	bioweb.uwlax.edu /aplab/Table_of_Contents/Lab_03/Ear_Ossicles/ear_ossicles.html (124 words)

	TAPHONOMY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although sorting appears minimal, with abraded and fresh ossicles found together, sediment analysis indicates that both calices and fine pinnulars are depleted relative to expected values.
		In a series of laboratory treatments of ossicles, Lewis and Peebles (1988) and Lewis et al (1990) generated distinctive patterns of abrasion and dissolution similar to those found in sediments.
		Abrasion of ossicles appears to increase relative to distance from dense living populations, an observation also recorded for modern stalked crinoids (Llewellyn and Messing, 1993).
	www.nova.edu /ocean/messing/crinoids/w19taphonomy.html (702 words)

	SYMBOLS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Basal ossicles are abbreviated B (pl. BB) and radials R (pl. RR).
		Ossicles of the first through fourth brachitaxes, or division series, are often referred to as primibrachs (or primibrachials), secundibrachs, tertibrachs and tetrabrachs.
		Individual cirrus ossicles are indicated by c and are numbered sequentially from the base of the cirrus (c1, c2, etc.).
	www.nova.edu /ocean/messing/crinoids/w8symbols.html (651 words)

	American Zoologist: class asteroidea (Echinodermata): Fossils and the base of the crown group, The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Accessory ossicles are seldom preserved in a manner that allows ready comparative analysis, and where they are in place they obscure the taxonomically important features of the underlying ossicles.
		Ossicles can be obscured by infilling or replacement with foreign mineral material, or they can recrystallize and fuse with each other or with enclosing lime mud, becoming impossible to extract from the rock.
		Many of the best-preserved specimens were buried in fine mudstones or muddy sandstones, although ossicles are leached from many such settings, leaving molds whose fidelity depends in part on grain size of enclosing sediments, and in part on sediment compaction about the ossicles; compaction must be intimate and yet not disruptive.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3746/is_200006/ai_n8882221 (1353 words)

	Natural History Research Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ossicle slides were prepared by the method described in Lambert (1985).
		The first thirty ossicles were measured on a transect across a slide prepared from the mid-dorsal region of each specimen.
		4 Dorsal ossicles of holotype (RBCM 982-84-3), Psolidium bidiscum.
	www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca /nh_papers/psolidpaper/psolid.html (4245 words)

	ossicles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ossicles is a non profit recording studio located in Portland Oregon.
		Ossicle is also the name of the three bones found in the middle ear.
		The studio is intended to fill the existing void or need for affordable and quality recording in the DIY (Do It Yourself) music / art scene that has come to define the cultural fabric of the City of Portland.
	www.ossicles.com (165 words)

	Hotchkiss, F.H.C.: Cheiropterasteridae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The presence of isolated ophiuroid ossicles in washings from the so-called "white beds" (weathered portions of Lower Devonian limestone beds at Praha-Holyne, Praha-Klukovice and Praha-Podoli) was previously mentioned by Jirova and Nekvasilova (1959) but only very briefly (in a Czech-written preliminary report), without description or illustration.
		We have verified again by these washings that isolated ossicles should present a better fossil record of echinoderms than the relatively rare whole body fossils, which are sometimes extremely rare as in the Bohemian Devonian.
		Superficially, the ossicles resemble biserial arm plates of crinoids but have a distinct channel for RWV, a pore for the lateral branch from RWV to the tube foot, and a large podial basin.
	www.natur.cuni.cz /~vpetr/Cheiropterasteridae.htm (2366 words)

	Chapter 8 On the Ossicles That Enter Upon the Construction of the Organ of Hearing
		Spherical area, to whose anterior surface the second ossicle of the organ of hearing is attached.
		It is fitting, however, that two ossicles [malleus, incus] be described here which lie in the cavity [cavitas tympanica] of the temporal bone that is carved out for the organ of hearing, lest we seem in this book to have omitted through negligence anything osseus in the fabric of the human body.
		The second ossicle (C, L, M) involved in the fabric of the organ of hearing is quite different from the one just described, and it attaches to another membrane.
	vesalius.northwestern.edu /chapters/FA.1.08.html (1817 words)

	Asteroidea
		In asteroids, skeletal support for the arms is provided by the ossicles of the body wall, which merge with those of the central disc, giving the arm a very broad based attachment to the disc.
		These ossicles are formed according to the Ocular Plate Rule (OPR) and are associated with the developing water vascular system during ontogeny as are the axial ossicles of other echinoderms.
		Offset positioning of the ambulacral and adambulacral ossicles allows for soft tissue connections between the ambulacral and both adjacent adambulacrals which is further enhanced with differentiation of articulation structures on the ossicles.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Asteroidea&contgroup=Echinodermata (3700 words)

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