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Topic: Ostpolitik

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	Willy Brandt biography - his Ostpolitik policy
		It was the beginning of the later-to-be-famous policy of Ostpolitik, which sought to overcome the effects of the division of Germany and Europe on the basis of the recognition of its reality.
		Among the early results of these policies were the Berlin Senates' signing in December 1963 of the so-called pass agreement with the DDR whereby permits were made available for limited visits by West Berliners to the Eastern sector of the city.
		What made Ostpolitik possible was the fact that Brandt's government recognized Europe's borders as inviolable, and furthermore that it acknowledged the existence of two states in the German nation.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /historical/biography/willy_brandt_ostpolitik.html (1403 words)

	Ostpolitik - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ostpolitik or Eastern Politics describes the realisation of the "Change through Rapprochement" principle, verbalised by Egon Bahr in 1963, by the effort of Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany, to normalize relations with Eastern European nations including East Germany.
		The goal of the Ostpolitik of the 1970s was to surmount but not to reverse the existing Status Quo between the two German states, which were formed in 1948 after World War II, and to ultimately lead to their reunification, while giving up the goal of immediate reunification as a prerequisite to all other decisions.
		Among the elements of Ostpolitik was abandonment of the Hallstein Doctrine and recognition of the Oder-Neisse line as the border between Poland and East Germany.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ostpolitik (519 words)

	Letter to Cardinal Castrillon-Hoyos: May 16, 2001
		Ostpolitik is a prudential policy of "ecclesial diplomacy" crafted by the Vatican Secretariat of State during the height of Soviet repression of the Catholic Church.
		Ostpolitik is a striking departure from the teaching of Blessed Pius IX, Saint Pius X, Leo XIII, Pius XI and Pius XII that communism is an evil which the Church cannot fail to oppose.
		Ostpolitik began with the infamous Vatican-Moscow agreement, under which the Second Vatican Council was scandalously constrained to say nothing against the evil of world communism, in exchange for the dubious privilege of having two Russian Orthodox (i.e., KGB) observers attend the Council.
	www.fatima.org /apostolate/defense/may1601pt4.asp?printer (8393 words)

	Körber-Stiftung / BG Recherche / Bd. 88, Beitrag 3
		X." And, while detente and Ostpolitik made important contributions towards reducing tensions and improving communication, it is that early Kennan view that Western values would prove contagious and lead to fundamental change in the East which is, at least for the moment, most historically prescient.
		The reduction in tensions we achieved then was thus to some degree a transient success which foundered when the Soviets made clear their refusal to alter in any meaningful way the war-created status quo or to granl the peoples of the East the freedoms that were called for in the CSCE process.
		Clearly, the revival of interest in Ostpolitik today is the result of a set of circumstances entirely different from those which prevailed during the heyday of detente in the early 1970s.
	www.stiftung.koerber.de /bg/recherche/de/beitrag.php?id=13874&refer= (3751 words)

	FES: Archiv für Sozialgeschichte - Bd. 43.2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The concept of national interest referred to the nation as a whole, but it increasingly came to refer solely to a part of the nation, the Federal Republic, which strove to be recognised as an equal actor in international relations, and which wanted to leave the "relics of the post-war years" (Egon Bahr) behind.
		Against this background, the Ostpolitik of the CDU/SPD-coalition and the social-liberal government is to be understood as the expression of a new, expanded understanding of one's interests and of one's role.
		The "new" Ostpolitik began much earlier than 1969; however, it was no coincidence that its most spectacular successes occurred after the formation of the Brandt/Scheel government.
	library.fes.de /afs-online/44/44-en15.htm (314 words)

	Detente and Ostpolitik (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The origins, politics and ultimate goals of the Neue Ostpolitik devised by Brandt and Bahr are the focus of all research conducted within the framework of the project.
		Brandt's Ostpolitik constitutes the second major phase in the formation of the foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany.
		A key question to be answered is the relationship between the self-perception of the West German actors and the perception and understanding of their personalities and goals in Washington, London and Paris – some if not all of which still saw themselves in the role of victorious powers with a decisive voice in German affairs.
	www.ostpolitik.net /scope (533 words)

	German "Ostpolitik" and Korean-Unification. Parallels, Contrasts, Lessons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		First of all, the "Ostpolitik" - and especially its economic impact and political framework - not only served gradually to eliminate perceptions of "the enemy", but also eroded the legitimacy of anti-capitalist propaganda in most "socialist societies", as well as the legitimacy of communist rule itself.
		In the case of "Ostpolitik" the answer to this question was clear: the "national question" was to be solved only in a broader European context and would be the outcome of a prior transformation of Europe.
		Whereas the "Ostpolitik" deliberately left open the future status of Germany and postponed the solution of the "national question", the North Policy of South Korea from the outset became focused on the goal of reunification.
	www.fes.or.kr /Publications/pub/Ostpolitik.htm (6385 words)

	Encyclopedia: Ostpolitik (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The goal of the Ostpolitik of the 1970s was to surmount but not to reverse the existing Status Quo between the two German states, which were formed in 1948 after World War II, and to ultimately lead to their reunification.
		World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that engulfed much of the globe...
		The Hallstein Doctrine, named after Walter Hallstein, was a key doctrine in the foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) between 1955 and 1969.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ostpolitik (1384 words)

	Willy Brandt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The left social democrat received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971 for his work in improving relations with the German Democratic Republic, Poland and the Soviet Union, but is controversial in Germany because of his Ostpolitik (relations with Eastern Europe and Russia) and had to resign after an espionage scandal.
		In foreign affairs Brandt had more scope to work his Ostpolitik and he was active in creating a rapprochement, of a kind, with the German Democratic Republic and improving relations with the Soviet Union, Poland and other Eastern Bloc countries.
		To everybody's surprise, the vote failed by an extremely narrow margin; much later it was revealed that two members of the CDU had been paid off by the Ministry for State Security (Stasi) in the German Democratic Republic to vote for Brandt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Willy_Brandt (1583 words)

	Willy Brandt biography - his Ostpolitik policy
		It was the beginning of the later-to-be-famous policy of Ostpolitik, which sought to overcome the effects of the division of Germany and Europe on the basis of the recognition of its reality.
		Among the early results of these policies were the Berlin Senates' signing in December 1963 of the so-called pass agreement with the DDR whereby permits were made available for limited visits by West Berliners to the Eastern sector of the city.
		What made Ostpolitik possible was the fact that Brandt's government recognized Europe's borders as inviolable, and furthermore that it acknowledged the existence of two states in the German nation.
	age-of-the-sage.org /historical/biography/willy_brandt_ostpolitik.html (1403 words)

	AllRefer.com - Germany - Postwar Developments - Unification \| German Information Resource
		Emblematic of West Germany's foreign policy was Bonn's Ostpolitik--the opening to the east that became a continuous, albeit varied, thread in the policies practiced by both center-left and center-right governments in Bonn over the two decades precedin g the collapse of the Soviet bloc.
		Ostpolitik was the result of a concept known as Wandel durch Annäherung, or change through rapprochement, created by Chancellor Willy Brandt (1969-74) and his close adviser, Egon Bahr.
		Consequently, Ostpolitik consisted of three components: West Germany's relations with the Soviet Union, its ties to East Germany, and its dealings with the rest of Eastern Europe.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/germany/germany144.html (2914 words)

	IN DEFENSE OF FATHER GRUNER: A SUMMARY
		Ostpolitik began with the infamous Vatican-Moscow agreement of 1962, under which the Second Vatican Council was shamefully constrained to remain silent about the evil of world communism in exchange for Moscow allowing two Russian Orthodox observers (controlled by the KGB) to attend the Council.
		During this period Ostpolitik was administered by Cardinal Casaroli, in the Vatican Secretariat of State.
		Ostpolitik continues in force today, as seen in the Vatican’s refusal to condemn or effectively oppose Communist oppression of the Catholic Church in China.
	www.fatima.org /apostolate/defense/vsoaap24.asp?printer (5626 words)

	Commentary Magazine - In Europe's Name, by Timothy Garton Ash (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Timothy Garton Ash is best known to American readers as the British journalist whose frontline reports on the personalities and events that gave birth to the Revolution of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe were the finest materials on the subject available in English.
		...West German Ostpolitik was based on a "top-down" strategy of change: whether the issue was the Soviet Union, East Germany, or the other Soviet satellites, the key to reversing Yalta, it was thought, was to promote reform Communism...
		...Both German and early Vatican Ostpolitik seemed to assume, on the one hand, that Communist regimes could be successfully self-reforming and self-transforming, and, on the other hand, that Western Europe and the United States lacked the staying power to see the cold war through to a victorious conclusion...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V97I4P62-1.htm (1741 words)

	The Specter of Germany's New Ostpolitik (Robert Amsterdam) - Politics - Europe - Putin - Vladimir Putin - Russia Blog - ...
		Gernot Erler, state secretary at the Foreign Ministry and a Russia expert, said the government hoped to achieve this goal through a new Ostpolitik based on "Annäherung durch Verflechtung" or "growing closer by interweaving." In the ministry's vision, this policy would actively engage Russia and the post-Soviet states to bring them closer to Europe.
		If Ostpolitik goes through, the EU will be forced to view any Russian human rights violation as a German human rights violation.
		Every time a political party is outlawed, Germany's signature will be on the paper, every time a dissident is imprisoned without fair trial, Germany's hand is on the key to the jail, and every time an investigative journalist is savagely murdered, the blood is on Germany's hands.
	www.robertamsterdam.com /2006/10/the_spectre_of_germanys_new_os.htm (638 words)

	Crusader 69 Page 24
		His testimony stands as a severe reproach against the present-day Vatican policies of Ostpolitik and Ecumenism, which are considered of greater value than the salvation of souls.
		Ostpolitik is built on the Vatican-Moscow Agreement, also known as the Metz Pact, wherein the Vatican, in the early 1960s, agreed not to condemn Communism in exchange for Russian Orthodox observers to be present at Vatican II.
		The Vatican’s Archbishop Agostino Casaroli, who was the primary architect of Ostpolitik, and who became the Vatican Cardinal Secretary of State in 1979, contacted the German bishop and warned him, "Woe to you if you ordain these men." Father Popian further explained that Archbishop Casaroli was always hostile to refugees from Communism.
	www.fatimacrusader.com /cr69/cr69pg24.asp (2856 words)

	Dealing with the Devil: East Germany, Détente, and Ostpolitik, 1969-1973. Introduction. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The impact of détente and Ostpolitik on the population of the GDR is a subject of great moment and deserves a book of its own.[13] However, on the pages that follow, the GDR's population appears only when it influences the thinking of the political elite, which is to say that, sadly, it is mostly absent.
		This absence should not be understood to mean that the citizens of the GDR were unimportant, or that the SED controlled all aspects of their private lives.
		Those who would vilify détente and Ostpolitik often claim that they fulfilled the wish of the SED leaders to be treated like international statesmen and increased the economic security of the GDR.
	uncpress.unc.edu /chapters/sarotte_dealing.html (2084 words)

	www.chiesa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		That politics of negotiation was called Vatican Ostpolitik, and marked the Holy See's international relations until 1989, the year the Berlin Wall fell and the soviet empire collapsed.
		During the same period of the mid-1960's, accusations ran wild – unleashed by the drama of Rolf Hochhuth, "The Vicar" – against the analogous prudential silences of Pius XII in the face of Nazism.
		And it traced a profile of Vatican Ostpolitik – through the pen of its principal architect – that was the polar opposite of the one cherished by the proponents of dialogue.
	www.chiesa.espressonline.it /dettaglio.jsp?id=8020&eng=y (1512 words)

	Fatima Perspectives - Perspective No. 46
		Thus, we have heard no Vatican condemnation of the destruction of the churches in Lupu, or the recent arrest of a Catholic bishop and priests of the loyal “underground Church,” or the illicit ordination of 100 communist, schismatic bishops hand-picked by the Peking regime.
		Quite simply, Ostpolitik is a betrayal of the Gospel and the teaching of Blessed Pius IX, Saint Pius X, Pius XI and Pius XII that the Church cannot fail to condemn the evil of communism.
		Even Pope Paul VI was torn by doubt about the morality of Ostpolitik, which was administered during his pontificate by the late Cardinal Casaroli.
	www.fatimaperspectives.com /fo/perspective46.asp (466 words)

	Ostpolitik
		He developed the policy of Ostpolitik (reconciliation between eastern and western Europe).
		He continued with his policy of Ostpolitik and in 1970 negotiated an agreement with the
		As part of the policy of Ostpolitik, the Basic Treaty was signed in 1972.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWostpolitic.htm (430 words)

	CNN Cold War - Profile: Willy Brandt
		At first imploring the Western allies to take strong action, Brandt quickly became a convert to a more pragmatic approach to the new situation, for example by working out with the East German government visitor arrangements for families separated by the Wall.
		It was the beginning of the later-to-be-famous "Ostpolitik," which sought to overcome the effects of the division of Germany and Europe on the basis of the recognition of its reality.
		His tenure became most renowned for the implementation of Ostpolitik and West Germany's further reconciliation with the outside world.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/brandt (503 words)

	Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The architect, promoter, and chief executor of this self-reliant and assertive new German Ostpolitik was Egon Bahr, Minister of State at the German Federal Chancellery throughout Willy Brandt's chancellorship from 1969 to 1974.
		She convincingly outlined the U.S. commitment to West, not East Berlin and the implied recognition of a Soviet sphere of influence.
		The State Department perspective on Ostpolitik and the inner tensions of the administration were vividly presented by James S. Sutterlin and Kenneth N. Skoug, who, respectively, served as Director and Deputy Director at the German desk of the Bureau of European Affairs in the State Department.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /php/conferences/PreviousEvents/2002_washington_conference-report.htm (1554 words)

	Asia Times: FDSFDFDSF
		The same criticism was voiced in Germany, and it is difficult to guess how the Ostpolitik initiated by Brandt would have turned out had it not been for a man named Michail Gorbachov.
		German partition was the centerpiece of European partition; once the Soviet Union or, rather, Gorbachov, gave his consent to unification, the entire Eastern block collapsed.
		It is significant to recall that from the time Willy Brandt began his Ostpolitik and won his Nobel Prize, it took almost two decades before the last remnants of the wall crumbled.
	www.atimes.com /koreas/CF30Dg02.html (1923 words)

	Contexto - La Ostpolitik y la Europa de los Nueve
		La "Ostpolitik", la única palabra que, procedente del alemán, acabó formando parte del lenguaje político universal, puede definirse como la aplicación concreta de la distensión al caso europeo y, específicamente, al alemán.
		Desde un principio la "Ostpolitik" consistió en cesiones por parte de la Alemania occidental y dureza por parte de la oriental, aunque a largo plazo resultara desastrosa para esta última.
		En general, puede decirse que la Ostpolitik supuso un reconocimiento del statu quo tal como nunca lo habían aceptado los países democráticos a cambio de una normalización en las relaciones de la que luego se descubriría que podía resultar letal para la Alemania del Este.
	www.artehistoria.com /historia/contextos/3224.htm (1784 words)

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