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Topic: Ostwald process

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Odda process

Nitric acid

Nitrogen monoxide

Haber process

Nitric oxide

Sulphur dioxide

Ammonia

Sulphuric acid

Wilhelm Ostwald

Nitrogen dioxide

Explosive material

Nitrate

Nitrogen

IUPAC nomenclature

Oxidation

	Wilhelm Ostwald - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He is usually credited with inventing the Ostwald process (patent 1902), used in the manufacture of nitric acid, although the basic chemistry had been patented some 64 years earlier by Kuhlmann, when it was probably of only academic interest due to the lack of a significant source of ammonia.
		Ostwald also did significant work on dilution theory leading to his discovery of the law of dilution which is named after him.
		Ironically, Ostwald's development of the mole concept was directly related to his philosophical opposition to the atomic theory, against which he (along with Ernst Mach) was one of the last holdouts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald (644 words)

	Ostwald process - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ostwald process is chemical process for producing nitric acid, which was developed by Wilhelm Ostwald (patented 1902).
		Ostwald's primary contributions seem to have been practical ones concerning the catalyst and operating conditions, a matter perhaps more of chemical engineering than of basic science.
		Initially the process was carried out in low pressure stoneware vessels, but the introduction of stainless steel made higher pressures practical, leading to higher yields.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ostwald_process (490 words)

	History Channel Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In 1881 he was appointed professor of the Riga Polytechnic Institute and from 1887 to 1906 served as professor of physical chemistry and director of the chemical laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany.
		Ostwald is especially known for his contributions to the field of electrochemistry, including important studies of the electrical conductivity and electrolytic dissociation of organic acids.
		This method, known as the Ostwald process, was used by Germany during World War I for manufacturing explosives after the Allied blockade had cut off the regular German supply of nitrates, and it is still used.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..os037100.a (212 words)

	Encyclopedia: Ostwald process
		It is oxidized (in a sense "burned") by heating with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst of platinum with 10% rhodium, to form nitric oxide and water.
		Wilhelm Ostwald was born on September 2, 1853, in Riga, Latvia, as the son of master-cooper Gottfried Wilhelm Ostwald and Elisabith Leuckel.
		Ostwald was married to Helene von Reyher in 1880.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ostwald-process (1379 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In the process of the invention for the hydroxylation of aromatics, nitrous oxide obtained by reaction of ammonia with nitric acid is used as oxidant.
		In the process of the invention, the molar ratio of nitrous oxide or crude nitrous oxide from the reaction of ammonia with nitric acid to the aromatic to be hydroxylated, in particular benzene, in the hydroxylation is preferably from 1: 20 to 1:
		The process as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the molar ratio of aromatic to nitrous oxide in the hydroxylation is from 2: 1 to 20: 1.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=03/06406.030123&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4430 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0050009908
		The process according to claim 1, wherein the inhibitor is a mixture of triglycerides obtainable by esterifying glycerol with a mixture of medium chain fatty acids.
		The process according to claim 3, wherein the inhibitor is a mixture of triglycerides containing acyl groups with 8 to 12 carbon atoms.
		The process according to claim 1, wherein the inhibitor is sufficiently miscible with the substantially water-insoluble substance to form solid particles in the dispersion, wherein the particles comprise a substantially single phase mixture of the substance and the inhibitor.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=20050009908&OS=20050009908&RS=20050009908 (9461 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0040176479
		Thus the process of emulsification is non-spontaneous and hence with time the droplets tend to aggregate and/or coalesce to reduce the total energy of the system.
		Ostwald ripening is classically considered to occur because of the chemical potential difference between droplets (or particles) of different sizes and the transfer of oil from small to large particles such that the shape of the emulsion distribution and the size changes, moving upfield to a larger value with time.
		In the process of the present invention however, substantially all of the polymer-forming moieties in the monomer, oligomer or pre-polymer are reacted with a reactive moiety on the interface modifying compound such that a surfactant is formed and little or no wall-forming functionality remains after reaction.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=20040176479&OS=20040176479&RS=20040176479 (9972 words)

	nitric oxide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		It is an intermediate of the Ostwald process which converts ammonia into nitric acid.
		It also underlies the action of nitroglycerin and amyl nitrate in the treatment of heart disease: the compounds are converted to nitric oxide (by a process that is not completely understood) which in turn dilates the blood vessels around the heart.
		It is conjectured that this process may be involved in the formation of memory.
	encyclopedia.mysleepcenter.com /nitric_oxide.htm (612 words)

	The Latvian Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The invention of nitrate fertilizers and Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932)
		The outstanding Riga-born chemist Wilhelm Ostwald, professor at Riga Polytechnic and Leipzig University, worked intensively from 1875 on the analysis of catalytic chemical processes and discovered the fundamental laws of homogenous catalysis of acids and bases, without which the modern-day chemical industry is unimaginable.
		Ostwald was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1909.
	www.latinst.lv /en/print.php?id=4 (1961 words)

	Ostwald, Wilhelm on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		OSTWALD, WILHELM [Ostwald, Wilhelm], 1853-1932, German physical chemist and natural philosopher, b.
		The Haber-Bosch process: exemplar of 20th century chemical industry.
		Down to the wire: the surface characteristics and the geometry of the platinum-rhodium wire are all important in determining the selectivity and durability of the ammonia oxidation catalyst gauze.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/O/Ostwald.asp (315 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Wilhelm Ostwald (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The search seeks the exact word or phrase that you type, so if you don’t find your choice, try searching for a key word in your topic or recheck the spelling of a word or name.
		In 1881 he was appointed professor of the Rīga Polytechnic Institute and from 1887 to 1906 served as professor of physical chemistry and director of the chemical laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany.
		Also a famous scientist, his son, Wolfgang Ostwald, is generally regarded as the founder of colloid chemistry.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761559874__1/Ostwald_Wilhelm.html (259 words)

	OSTWALD Friedrich Wilhelm - ENGLISH
		Wilhelm Ostwald, the German chemist and philosopher became interested in chemistry at an early age; as an eleven year old he made his own fireworks.
		He developed the Ostwald process for the synthesis of nitric acid using a platinum-rhodium catalyst.
		He was awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on catalysis and on the conditions of chemical equilibrium and the velocities of chemical reactions.
	www.nobelsoftware.com /vedci/ostwen.htm (131 words)

	Zmaczynski - Haber Process
		However, the effects of the Haber Process are important to the history of fertilizers and, to a lesser extent, the history of explosives.
		Two methods, the electric arc process and the cyanamid process never proved important in making fertilizer in the United States though they were of some importance through the first part of this century.
		The Haber-Bosch and the Ostwald processes did increase the amount and availability of explosives produced but they did not substantially change the techniques and basic chemical reactions that Nobel and others developed in the late 19th century.
	www.princeton.edu /~hos/mike/texts/readmach/zmaczynski.htm (1267 words)

	Untitled Document
		The main difference between Ostwald ripening and Smoluchowski ripening is that only for the former process, mass transport between islands is governed by a thermodynamic driving force (i.e., the chemical potential difference between islands of different size).
		Ostwald ripening theory describes a ripening process in which the islands do not move on the surface, but atoms move to and from islands. The mass transport between islands occurs between a 2D gas of atoms.
		For the case where the ripening process is limited by the diffusion of atoms in the 2D gas phase (diffusion limited), ß is equal to 1/3 and the island size distribution function becomes:
	www.uark.edu /misc/salamo/research/page2.html (745 words)

	AllRefer.com - Wilhelm Ostwald (Chemistry, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		He received the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on catalysis and his investigations into the fundamental principles governing equilibrium and rates of reaction.
		Ostwald originated the Ostwald process for preparing nitric acid.
		Ammonia mixed with air is heated and passed over a catalyst (platinum).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/Ostwald.html (213 words)

	Wilhelm Ostwald - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		de:Wilhelm Ostwald fr:Wilhelm Ostwald Wilhelm Ostwald (September 2, 1853 - April 3, 1932) was a German chemist.
		He invented the Ostwald process used in the manufacture of nitric acid, leading to mass production of fertilizers and explosives.
		He also did significant work on dilution theory leading to his discovery of the law of dilution which is named after him.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Wilhelm_Ostwald (150 words)

	Max Planck: the reluctant revolutionary (December 2000) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		According to this law (in one of its many versions), no process is possible in which the only result is the transfer of heat from a colder to a hotter body.
		The "discovery" should be seen as an extended process and not as a moment of insight communicated on a particular day in late 1900.
		Einstein's 1907 theory of specific heats was an important element in the process that established quantum theory as a major field of physics.
	www.physicsweb.org /articles/world/13/12/8/1 (3517 words)

	Ostwald process - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Ostwald process - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Ostwald process contains research on
		Ostwald process, Description, History, External links, Chemical processes and Industrial processes.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Ostwald_process (515 words)

	Nitric acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nitric acid was first synthesized circa 800 AD by alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan, who also invented modern distillation and numerous other basic chemical processes still in use today.
		Commercial production of nitric acid is via the Ostwald process after Wilhelm Ostwald.
		However, this synthesization method is important in producing ammonium nitrate from ammonia derived from the Haber process, because the final product can be produced from nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen as the sole feedstocks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nitric_acid (758 words)

	Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century
		Some chemists were reluctant to assert that the structures were in fact depictions of the physical arrangements of atoms in space, a stand supported by the fact that there was still no theory that connected physical arrangements of atoms with physical and chemical properties.
		There were eminent scientists, notably Ostwald (1904) and Duhem (2002), who, whilst accepting that the phenomena were indicative of some underlying structure, refused to make the further assumption that the formulae with their structures referred to arrangements of atoms at all.
		It was this aspect of the situation that Ostwald cited as the reason for his conversion (Nye, 1972, 151-2).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/atomism-modern (15726 words)

	Nitrogen and its Compounds
		The main use of nitrogen is in the Haber process to prepare ammonia.
		Ammonia, NH, is a colourless gas with a pungent smell, which is very soluble in water (see the fountain experiment).
		Nitric acid is produced industrially from ammonia by the Ostwald process.
	www.physchem.co.za /Inorganic/Nitrogen.htm (782 words)

	Ostwald Ripening of Alkane in Water Emulsions Stabilized by Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The Ostwald ripening of alkane in water emulsions stabilized by the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) was investigated.
		The aging process is due to the molecular transport of alkane through the continuous phase, and there is no significant contribution from a transport mechanism by the micelles.
		When micellar surfactant solutions are added to an already formed emulsion, the Ostwald ripening process is not affected, confirming the fact that the micelles do not contribute to the transport of alkane molecules.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/langd5/2002/18/i26/abs/la0204545.html (170 words)

	General Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The process "consisted of heating potassium nitrate with concentrated sulfuric acid" (726).
		Finally in 1901, Wilhelm Ostwald developed the Ostwald Process, the principle way of producing nitric acid that is still being use today.
		During the Ostwald Process, the "ammonia gas is successively oxidized to nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide by air or oxygen in the presence of a platinum gauze catalyst" (Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds 31).
	web1.caryacademy.org /chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/1999/NitricAcid/general_info.htm (230 words)

	Department of Mathematics and Statistics
		In particular, the kinetics of the process (nucleation, growth and agglomeration) need to be chosen optimally so that the model output matches the experimental data as closely as possible.
		A fundamental dichotomy exists between the low solubility of zircon in peraluminous melt predicted by experimental and geochemical studies and the large volume proportions of zircon overgrowths formed during high-temperature metamorphism and anatexis that are revealed by cathodoluminescence imaging.
		To test the viability of the model, we examine the evidence for the occurrence of Ostwald ripening in zircons from three granulite facies pelitic migmatites of the Tickalara Metamorphics (northwestern Australia) via an integrated study of each zircon population.
	www.maths.curtin.edu.au /consulting/waceio/physmod.cfm (1160 words)

	Ammonia (NH3) (nh3) - Properties, Purity and Packaging - Ammonia is shipped as a liquified gas under its own vapor ...
		The chief commercial method of producing ammonia is by the Haber-Bosch process, which involves the direct synthesis of the compound from its constituent elements.
		Haber-Bosch process is supplemented by ammonia obtained as a by-product of coke ovens.
		Ammonia is used in various metallurgical processes, including the nitriding of alloy sheets to harden their surfaces.
	www.c-f-c.com /specgas_products/ammonia.htm (441 words)

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