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	[No title]
		In 1944, Oswald Avery and his colleagues, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty published their landmark paper on the transforming ability of DNA.
		Oswald Avery was born in 1877 in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
		Avery was a good student and graduated from Colgate with a B.A. Even though he took very few science courses at Colgate, after graduation Avery went to the College of Physicians and Surgeons to study medicine.
	www.dnaftb.org /dnaftb/concept_17/con17bio.html (825 words)

	Oswald Avery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Avery was one of the first molecular biologists and was a pioneer in immunochemistry, but he is best known for his discovery in 1944 with his co-workers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty that DNA is the material of which genes and chromosomes are made.
		Oswald Theodore Avery was born on 21 October 1877 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the second of three sons of Elizabeth Crowdy and Joseph Francis Avery.
		Avery initially worked on the bacteriology of yogurt, but soon developed an interest in tuberculosis after White suffered a severe case of the infectious pulmonary disease.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oswald_Avery (1116 words)

	genome.gov \| ONLINE Education Kit - 1944 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty showed that DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells, clarifying the chemical nature of genes.
		The bacteriologists were interested in the difference between two strains of Streptococci that Frederick Griffith had identified in 1923: one, the S (smooth) strain, has a polysaccharide coat and produces smooth, shiny colonies on a lab plate; the other, the R (rough) strain, lacks the coat and produces colonies that look rough and irregular.
		Avery and members of his lab studied transformation in fits and starts over the next 15 years.
	www.genome.gov /Pages/Education/Kit/main.cfm?pageid=28 (348 words)

	Canadian Medical Hall of Fame: Laureates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Oswald Theodore Avery was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1877.
		Avery, however, soon became frustrated with medicine’s inability to help his patients - most of whom were suffering from tuberculosis and pneumonia - and moved to medical research.
		In 1944, Avery and his colleagues Colin MacLeod and MacLyn McCarty published a seminal paper in the Journal of Experimental Medicine reporting that the substance (i.e., the gene) that could transform one type of pneumococcus into another was deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
	www.cdnmedhall.org /laureates/?laur_id=64 (284 words)

	October 21 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Oswald (Theodore) Avery was a bacteriologist whose research on pneumococcus bacteria made him one of the founders of immunochemistry.
		Avery spent most of his research life at Rockefeller Institute where he made important contributions to the understanding of the pneumococcus organism, a particularly virulent bacterium that caused lobar pneumonia.Prior to Avery's work, genetic material was assumed to be protein.
		At age 67, Avery made his most important discovery when he proved conclusively that DNA from the nucleus of the cell is the genetic material, in a seminal 1944 paper co-authored by Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty.
	www.todayinsci.com /10/10_21.htm (2317 words)

	Avery, Oswald Theodore definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Avery, Oswald Theodore: (1877-1955) Distinguished Canadian-American bacteriologist and research physician and one of the founders of immunochemistry.
		Oswald Avery was born in Halifax, NovaScotia, the child of British emigrants.
		Avery came to the attention of Rufus Cole, the director of the Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, through his paper on secondary infections in pulmonary tuberculosis.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24823 (530 words)

	Prematurity in Scientific Discovery: CHAPTER TWO
		The case of Avery brings, I think, insights into the question of whether it is meaningful, or merely tautological, to allege that a discovery is "ahead of its time," or premature.
		For Avery's "as yet undetermined" chemical basis of the biological specificity of nucleic acids could now be envisaged as the precise sequence of the four nucleotide bases along the polynucleotide chain.
		Probably the most famous case of prematurity in the history of biology is that of Gregor Mendel, whose discovery of the particulate nature of heredity in 1865 had to await 35 years before it was "rediscovered" at the turn of the century.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/9245/9245.ch02.html (4284 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Around 1935 this puzzle attracted the attention of Oswald Avery, a senior researcher at the Rockefeller Institute in New York.
		It took Avery eight years or so to close in on his quarry, and by that time, in 1943, he had turned 65.
		It took another year or two before Avery had firm proof that DNA was indeed the stuff of heredity.
	www.phy6.org /outreach/books/Avery.htm (765 words)

	Oswald Avery - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Oswald Theodore Avery (1877-1955) was a physician, medical researcher and early molecular biologist.
		Avery was one of the first molecular biologists and was a pioneer in immunochemistry, but he is best known for his discovery in 1944 with his co-worker Maclyn McCarty that DNA is the material of which genes and chromosomes are made.
		Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg stated that Avery and his laboratory provided "the historical platform of modern DNA research" and "betokened the molecular revolution in genetics and biomedical science generally."
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Oswald_Avery (519 words)

	NIH Press Release-New Web Site Allows Public to Examine Evolution of Medical Discoveries - 09/24/1998
		Avery proved conclusively in 1944 that DNA from the nucleus of the cell is the genetic material.
		Avery spent most of his research life at Rockefeller Institute where he also made important contributions to the understanding of the pneumococcus organism-a particularly virulent bacterium that caused lobar pneumonia.
		At age 67, Avery made his most important discovery-when he identified DNA as the substance of the genes, in a seminal 1944 paper co-authored by Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty, published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine.
	www.nih.gov /news/pr/sept98/nlm-24.htm (650 words)

	3. The biggest blunder
		Oswald Theodore Avery (1877-1955) was a distinguished bacteriologist and research physician.
		Still, it was Avery and his younger colleagues Maclyn McCarty and Colin MacLeod who set the groundwork for the biotechnological revolution by figuring out that it's not proteins that cause your hair to be blond, fl, brown or blue, just like mom or dad.
		The Avery results hung in the air, only partly accepted, until 1953, when Watson and Crick shook biology by unraveling the curious double-helix structure of DNA -- work they might never have started had Avery and Co. not proved that you could change bacteria's genetics by adding DNA.
	whyfiles.org /188nobel_mri/3.html (851 words)

	Finding Aids -- Avery, Oswald T. (1877-1955) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Oswald T. Avery was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1877.
		Oswald and his two brothers, grew up in New York City and attended Colgate Academy in up-state New York.
		Oswald received an A.B. from Colgate University in 1900 and completed his medical training at Columbia University in 1904.
	www.mc.vanderbilt.edu /sc_diglib/archColl/210.html (202 words)

	The Oswald T. Avery Collection: Biographical Information
		Avery's work came to the attention of Rufus Cole, the director of the Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, through one of his papers on secondary infections in pulmonary tuberculosis.
		Avery moved to the Rockefeller Institute in 1913, where he focused most of his research for the next thirty-five years on a single species of pneumonia-creating bacteria, Diplococcus pneumoniae.
		In the early 1940s Avery and McCarty, a colleague at the Hospital, concentrated on the phenomenon of pneumococcal transformation, in which "R-form" (non-virulent) pneumococcus bacteria changed into the virulent "S-form" after killed S-form bacteria were added to the culture.
	profiles.nlm.nih.gov /CC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/biographical.html (1526 words)

	Avery, Ostwald Theodore (1877-1955) -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography
		Avery studied a curious phenomenon that had been observed in pneumococci (pneumonia-causing bacteria) with a smooth coat (S) and those with a rough coat (R).
		but in 1944, Avery and his coworkers discovered that it was pure DNA
		This marked a turning point in the understanding of genetics, since DNA had previously been believed to by a minor player among proteins involved in passing genetic characteristics, and essentially amounted to demonstrating that DNA itself was the unit of genetic inheritance known as the gene.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /biography/Avery.html (198 words)

	Finding Aid to the Oswald T. Avery Collection, 1912-2005
		Avery's career focused on a "systematic effort to understand the biological activities of pathogenic bacteria through a knowledge of their chemical composition," focusing most of his research on a single species of pneumococcus, Diplococcus pneumoniae.
		Oswald Theodore Avery was born on October 21, 1877, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the child of British emigrants.
		Avery, Oswald T. "Presentation of the Kober Medal to Dr. Alphonse R. Dochez." Transactions of the Association of American Physicians 62 (1949): 24-29.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /hmd/manuscripts/ead/avery.html (2589 words)

	The Chemistry of Life: Nucleic Acids and Proteins at Rockefeller University
		When Oswald T. Avery, a graduate of Columbia University's medical school, joined Rockefeller in 1913, his goal was to understand the pneumococcus bacteria and design therapies for lobar pneumonia, then a life-threatening disease.
		Researchers in Avery's laboratory eventually duplicated Griffith's results in a test tube, using bacteria instead of mice.
		In 1944, Avery and two senior associates, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty, published their conclusion: DNA, and DNA alone, was the material with genetic properties.
	acswebcontent.acs.org /landmarks/chemlife/dna.html (209 words)

	1943-1955 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty show that DNA is the transforming material in cells.
		They use the observations of Griffith and show the transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from an avirulent phenotype to a virulent phenotype is the result of the transfer of DNA from dead smooth organisms to live rough ones.
		By the time he left, he and Avery suspected that the vital substance in bacterial transformation was DNA.
	www.asm.org /MemberShip/index.asp?bid=17447 (1554 words)

	Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty: Authors of a scientific paper entitled "Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types" that was published on Feb. 1, 1944, in the Journal of Experimental Medicine.
		Coauthored by Rockefeller Institute Hospital researchers Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty, the paper described the discovery that genes are made of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.
		Although not as well-known to the general public, the work of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty preceded by a decade the Nobel Prize-winning work of James Watson and Francis Crick.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24825 (209 words)

	Education World® - Science : Life Science : Biology : Biologists : Other Biologists : A-E
		Avery, Oswald Theodore Collection Profile of this respected bacteriologist provides photographs, a biography, and interviews.
		Avery, Oswald Theodore History of Science Read an article by a professor at the Rochester Institute of Technology that discusses Avery in a chronological history of genetic studies.
		Avery, Oswald Theodore WellKnown Canadians Get the vital statistics of this bacteriologist who demonstrated the link between DNA and genetics.
	db.education-world.com /perl/browse?cat_id=10552 (272 words)

	DNA and RNA are biopolymers constructed from nucleotides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In the weeks leading up to posing this question, Avery — who was coming up to his retirement as a professor at Rockefeller University — together with his colleagues Colin McCarty and Maclyn MacLeod, had made an incredible discovery: the long-sought-after carrier of genetic information was deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
		However, Avery's discovery proved to be correct, and opened up a long-hidden gateway to new knowledge of the secrets of life.
		In 1943, when Avery and his colleagues identified DNA as the carrier of genetic information, the 'Four quartets' by T. Eliot appeared as a single volume for the first time.
	www.nature.com /horizon/rna/background/understanding.html (2610 words)

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