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	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: The Ottawa Landmine Treaty
		The treaty represents a significant achievement for the governments involved in the Ottawa Process, as well as for the vast network of international non governmental organizations (NGOs) that played a key role in generating support for a global APL ban.
		Treaty Scope: The Ottawa treaty's general obligations outlined in Article 1 are unambiguous: no APL use, development, production, acquisition, stockpiling or transfer to anyone, and a commitment to destroy all anti personnel mines.
		The treaty may also serve to reinforce the humanitarian law principles that parties to an armed conflict do not possess an unlimited right to choose their methods or means of warfare and that a distinction must be made between civilians and combatants.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/1997_09/apltreat.asp?print (6252 words)

	Ottawa Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Written in Oslo, Norway, in September 1997, states from all over the world were invited to initial the convention in Ottawa, Canada, on 3 December and 4 December 1997.
		Originally opened in Ottawa the treaty was open for signature at the United Nations HQ in New York from December 5, 1997 (until its entry into force).
		The treaty entered into force and became binding among the forty ratifying States on 1 March 1999.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottawa_Treaty (533 words)

	Ottawa Treaty: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ottawa is the capital of canada and the countrys fourth largest city....
		In 1936 a treaty between britain and egypt was signed which became known as the anglo-egyptian treaty of 1936....
		The treaty of shimoda was signed between the russian admiral efimii vasilevich putiatin and toshiakira kawaji of japan in the city of shimoda,...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/ot/ottawa_treaty.htm (1464 words)

	Land mine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Despite conducting research on technologies that could replace the mines in Korea by 2006, in 1999 the U.S. modified the Ottawa Treaty by introducing the M86 Pursuit Deterrent Munition (PDM) which was meant to slow enemy pursuit on retreating armed forces.
		While still a landmine, PDM exploits technical loopholes in the Ottawa Treaty; therefore, the future of landmines in the U.S. is unclear.
		The Ottawa Treaty does not include anti-tank mines, cluster bombs or claymore-type mines operated in command mode, but does cover victim-activated claymore-type mines (including those activated by tripwires).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Landmine (3563 words)

	UofT G8 Research Group's Compliance Study: From Denver 1997 to Birmingham 1998; Landmines
		The reason that the United States did not sign the treaty was their objection to the removal of landmines on the Korean peninsula between North and South Korea that would be required under the convention.
		Britain signed the Ottawa Treaty banning anti-personnel landmines on December 3, 1997, and is accelerating the treaty's implementation.
		As this is a step towards the implementation of the Ottawa Treaty and signifies a work-in-progress towards the signing of the Treaty, Russia is awarded a score of "0".
	www.g7.utoronto.ca /evaluations/1998birmingham/compliance/mines.htm (1000 words)

	Newsletter (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The treaty forbids the transfer, export, and stockpiling of mines, but the US is arguing that while the treaty bans "transfer" (meaning export) it does not ban "transit." This would allow the US to move planes and ships with mines on board through treaty countries.
		The United States opposed the treaty in Ottawa, but President Clinton reversed this position in May and announced that the US will sign the treaty by the year 2003, everywhere except for Korea, if alternatives can be found.
		The treaty does not cover rebel groups or de facto regimes that are not recognized as national governments by the United Nations.
	www.advocacynet.org /news_view/news_108.html (2732 words)

	About the treaty
		Until its entry into force, States may sign the treaty in Ottawa or at UN Headquarters in New York a,d then express their consent to be bound by transmitting a ratification instrument to the treaty depositary, the UN Secretary General.
		The Ottawa treaty is unique because it seeks to eliminate the anti-personnel mine as a weapon from the arsenal of fighting forces.
		In ratifying the Ottawa treaty, a country accepts that mines are no longer a legitimate weapon to be used either in peacetime or in time of war.
	www.landmine.ro /despre2.htm (875 words)

	Disarmament Documentation: Fifth Anniversary of Mine Ban Treaty Signing, December 3
		The Mine Ban Treaty came into force quicker than any multilateral convention and, with 130 States Parties and a further 16 signatories, it is now one of the most widely accepted and fastest growing treaties of its kind.
		Treaty States Parties and signatories should insist that non-signatories refrain from using anti-personnel mines in joint military operations, the ICBL said.
		Five years ago, one hundred twenty-one States signed a Convention in Ottawa which the ICRC claimed at the time marked the "beginning of the end of anti-personnel landmines", a weapon that was identified as the cause of immense and irreversible human suffering throughout the world.
	www.acronym.org.uk /docs/0212/doc01.htm (2191 words)

	Landmines Update (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Countries that have acceded to the Treaty (that have signed and ratified it) are required to destroy their stockpiled mines within four years, destroy mines in the ground in territory under their jurisdiction and control within ten years and report each year to the UN Secretary-General on the progress made in fulfilling these requirements.
		The existing definition of anti-personnel mines in the Ottawa Treaty needs to be extended to include other types of ordnance that, while not currently classed as anti-personnel mines, are used in conflicts to the same effect.
		The Ottawa Treaty, whilst a valuable legal instrument to halt the proliferation of anti-personnel landmines, is not a solution for the problems facing mine-affected communities.
	www.cafod.org.uk /archive/policy/landmines.shtml (2638 words)

	National Committee on American Foreign Policy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Ottawa Treaty is a textbook case of good intentions that have unexpected and undesirable consequences and of the use of idealistic language to cloak foreign policy agendas and even crass material interests.
		The treaty text was carefully drawn to protect the interests of European arms manufacturers that produce antitank mines and their attached antihandling devices.
		The shortcomings of the Ottawa Treaty were revealed dramatically by the war in Kosovo, which erupted just as the treaty came into force.
	www.ncafp.org /record/2000/feb00ftr.htm (919 words)

	Ridding the World of Landmines (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Yet, despite an international treaty to ban landmines, new landmines are still laid, killing civilians, rendering farm land useless, and devastating local communities.
		The Treaty was signed in December, 1997 in Ottawa, Canada by representatives from 122 of the 159 countries that were meeting.
		Instead of signing the Ottawa Treaty, the Clinton Administration prefers to direct attention to its global humanitarian demining efforts, removing landmines from the ground and disabling them.
	www.zmag.org /Bulletins/plmine.htm (1318 words)

	Ottawa Treaty Signers
		As of October 17, 2002, 145 countries have committed to ban antipersonnel landmines by signing or acceding to the Ottawa Treaty.
		Countries acceding to the treaty are marked with an asterisk in the Ratified column.
		The 129 countries that have ratified the treaty are highlighted.
	www.vvaf.org /references/reports/ottawa-treaty-signers.html (95 words)

	USA: Changes in Landmine Policy
		While we in the landmines campaign are very disappointed in the late date for U.S. signature on the Ottawa Treaty, it is important to note that the announced policy does, for the first time, commit the U.S. in principle to signing the treaty.
		The ICBL is alarmed that following the signing of the treaty in Ottawa, Canada by over 120 nations, the U.S., a non-signatory, has pressured NATO member nations and others to allow continued U.S. stockpiling of antipersonnel mines on their territories, in violation of the spirit, and perhaps the letter, of the treaty.
		All NATO member states have signed the treaty with the exception of Turkey and the U.S. Under the terms of the Mine Ban Treaty, stockpiles must be destroyed within four years of the treaty's entry into force, which occurs six months after the 40th ratification.
	www.africaaction.org /docs98/land9806.us.htm (2702 words)

	The Avalon Project : Treaty With the Wyandot, etc. : 1785.
		Articles of a treaty concluded at Fort M'Intosh, the twenty-first day of January, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five, between the Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, of the one Part, and the Sachems and Warriors of the Wiandot, Delaware, Chippawa arid Ottawa Nations of the other.
		ARTICLE I. Three chiefs, one from among the Wiandot, and two from among the Delaware nations, shall be delivered up to the Commissioners of the United States, to be by them retained till all the prisoners, white and fl, taken by the said nations, or any of them, shall be restored.
		The Commissioners of the United States, in pursuance of the humane and liberal views of Congress, upon this treaty's being signed, will direct goods to be distributed among the different tribes for their use and comfort.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/ntreaty/wya1785.htm (299 words)

	G8 Research Group. Objectives by Issue (Evaluative Criteria). Landmines
		Although only six members of the Group of Eight signed the Ottawa Treaty banning anti-personnel landmines, the two non-signatories (the United States and Russia) have signalled their willingness to participate in the terms of the treaty as much as they are able.
		The six signatories of the Ottawa treaty (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the UK) will no doubt use the forum of the G8 to influence the United States and Russia to sign the treaty at the earliest possible opportunity.
		With a majority of nations signing the Ottawa treaty, the concentration on landmines within the G8 will now turn toward the issues of their removal and disposal, as well as aid to those injured by these devices.
	www.g7.utoronto.ca /evaluations/1998birmingham/issues/mines.htm (937 words)

	Armed non-State actors and the ban on antipersonnel mines
		Having a treaty to ban APMs, whether the key land powers are on board or not, rather than not having one at all, is always going to win arguments between those who debate the merits of arms control regimes.
		Thus, and the triumphs of Ottawa notwithstanding, the emphasis must now return to mine clearance as an absolute priority, if only based on the rationale that a treaty banning mines is of little use to an Angolan or Cambodian farmer unable to grow food due to chronic and uncleared APM infestation.
		Moreover Ottawa, as a case in point, stands as a post-Cold War or ‘’new’ treaty, which has rewarded the conscience of western liberal idealism at the terrible cost of life saving and development programme supporting mine clearance; it is a ‘comfort food’ for the chattering classes.
	www.jha.ac /articles/a124.htm (4469 words)

	The Ottawa Treaty to Ban Landmines
		The Ottawa Treaty (also known as the Convention On The Prohibition Of The Use, Stockpiling, Production And Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines And On Their Destruction) bans the use of anti-personnel mines around the world.
		By September 16, 1998, the Treaty to Ban Landmines, which had been opened for signature in December 1997, had been ratified by the 40 countries required to make it a binding international convention.
		The Treaty to Ban Landmines has already had some tangible effects on the production and trade of landmines, even among countries that have not yet signed the treaty.
	www.handicap-international.org.uk /page_391.php (433 words)

	International Humanitarian Law - Ottawa Treaty, 1997
		The "Ottawa Treaty" was the result of the so-called "Ottawa Process" launched by the Government of Canada following the First Review Conference for the 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons which was unable to adopt far-reaching prohibitions or restrictions on anti-personnel mines.
		The Belgian government hosted the official follow-up to the 1996 Ottawa Conference "The Brussels International Conference for a Total Global Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines" from 24-27 June 1997.
		The treaty was be opened for signature from 3-4 December 1997 at the "Ottawa Signing Ceremony and Action Forum on Anti-Personnel Mines in Ottawa, Canada, and thereafter will remain open for signature at the United Nations Headquarters in New York until its entry into force.
	www.icrc.org /ihl.nsf/INTRO/580?OpenDocument (412 words)

	Treaty / Home - International Campaign to Ban Landmines
		Sometimes referred to as the Ottawa Convention, its official title is: the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer or Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction.
		The treaty is the most comprehensive international instrument for ridding the world of the scourge of antipersonnel mines.
		Today, the treaty is still open for ratification by signatories and for accession by those that did not sign before March 1999.
	www.icbl.org /treaty (315 words)

	Project landmine - HindustanTimes.com Special (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The 1997 Ottawa Treaty to ban Anti-Personnel landmines (APLs) only came into being as a result of a worldwide campaign against Anti-Personnel Landmines led by the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and by the efforts of Jody Williams, coordinator ICBL who was to win a Nobel Prize in 1997 for her efforts.
		This unprecedented collaboration between governments and CSOs was to usher in the Otttawa Treaty or the Mine Ban Treaty of 1997.
		The campaign now continues to ensure that the treaty is ratified and implemented in each of the countries that signed on, and to bring in those who have yet to join, including the United States, Russia, India, Pakistan and China.
	www.hindustantimes.com /news/specials/landmines/ottwa.shtml (640 words)

	News from Greece
		But now that Greece has ratified the Ottawa Treaty, the defence ministry is required to clear minefields along the country's border with Turkey in the Evros region, the country's last remaining active minefield.
		Rosenberg explained that the main reason Greece delayed the ratification of this treaty is that Turkey had not yet signed the convention.
		So, first they must finish this and then move on to Evros." According to the Ottawa Treaty, the destruction of all anti-personnel mines in place must be completed "as soon as possible, but no later than ten years after the entry into force of this Convention for that State Party".
	www.helleniccomserve.com /archivedgreeknews21.html (996 words)

	friendly printed version:Ottawa Landmines Treaty Enters Into Force
		On March 1, 1999 the Ottawa Treaty banning the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel landmines entered into force.
		As of March, 1999 a total of 133 nations have signed the Treaty and 64 have ratified it.
		The ICBL is now focusing on long term goals such as treaty compliance, victim assistance, and continued public awareness.
	www.cdi.org /friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=520 (855 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: - Ottawa Landmines Convention: Treaty Signing Conference and Mine Action Forum
		He convened a conference in Ottawa because we were not satisfied with what had been done to end the extermination in slow motion caused by landmines.
		The opening for signature of the Ottawa Treaty is a vital step forward for the international community toward the goal of zero victim of landmines.
		Hence, at this juncture, Israel, regrettably, is unable to sign the treaty until effective alternative measures are available to ensure the protection of civilians threatened on a daily basis by terrorists and to ensure the protection of Israeli forces operating in areas of armed conflict.
	www.acronym.org.uk /21ott.htm (14518 words)

	Landmines: Activists, Survivors and Experts
		At the conclusion of the Ottawa Conference, I issued a challenge to the global community: to return to Ottawa before the end of 1997 to sign a convention banning AP mines.
		For the treaty to be in force internationally, six months must pass after 40 signatory countries have ratified the treaty in their home Parliaments.
		As a treaty in international law, the Convention is binding on territory that is within the jurisdiction and control of the states parties to it.
	www.un.org /Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/banmines/qna/qna4.asp (3704 words)

	Africa: Recent Landmines Documents (Site not responding. Last check: )
		We want the US to be at Ottawa and to show that it truly cares about the 70 people who step on landmines every day, that is why we want Hillary and Chelsea to lobby their government".
		The US has indicated its support in the long term for a global ban on these insidious weapons yet your government has been unwilling to commit itself to signing the Ottawa treaty which is the most clear commitment of the international community to a total ban.
		to begin strategizing and planning for campaign work beyond the signing of the comprehensive ban treaty in Ottawa in December 1997 in order to universalize the treaty, to ensure the complete eradication of landmines throughout the world and that assistance to mine victims be comprehensive to ensure their reintegration into society.
	www.africaaction.org /docs97/land9703.htm (1588 words)

	Irwin Abrams: "Campaign Against Land Mines Deserves Clinton Support"
		Whereupon the U.S. diplomats withdrew and the White House declared that Clinton was "rock-solid" against signing the Ottawa treaty.
		Secretary of State Madeleine Albright said that while the Ottawa Treaty would ban the deployment of land mines, the emphasis should be on eliminating those already in place.
		Under the Ottawa Treaty the majority of states would be committed no longer to produce or use this inhuman weapon.
	www.irwinabrams.com /articles/icbl.html (732 words)

	The Ottawa Convention in Perspective by Dennis Barlow (8.1) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		On the other hand, the APMBC is not the only international instrument to restrict the use of anti-personnel landmines, but for some reason, many "Mine Ban Treaty" advocates often fail to add the authority of Protocol II of the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) to the weight of the Ottawa Treaty.
		The fact is that the attempt at interpretations of Ottawa provisions suggests several gaps, such as definitive guidelines for the use of anti-handling devices (which may actually be anti-personnel landmines), the use of cluster bombs, remotely triggered anti-personnel landmines and other "area denial" measures to include chemical, microwave and acoustic weaponry.
		Yet sovereign states, which are required to implement the treaty, often feel "directed" by ad hoc steering committees and treaty machinery headed by NGO activists.
	maic.jmu.edu /journal/8.1/editorial/barlow.htm (1088 words)

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