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	Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Otto IV of Brunswick (died 1218) was King of Germany (1208-1215) and Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 - 1215.
		The son of Henry the Lion, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, and Matilda Plantagenet, Otto was elected king when his rival for the throne, Philip of Swabia (Hohenstaufen), was murdered.
		In 1211 the Diet of Nuremberg ordered Otto deposed and Frederick II Hohenstaufen elected in his place, but nothing came of this decree until Otto decisively lost the battle of Bouvines (July, 1214) to the forces of Philip II of France.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Otto_IV_of_Germany (155 words)

	OTTO IV. - LoveToKnow Article on OTTO IV.
		Ottos mental gifts were considerable, and were so carefully cultivated by Bernward, afterwards bishop of Hildesheim, and by Gerbert of Aurillac, archbishop of Reims, that he was called the wonder of the world.
		The government of Germany during his minority was in the hands of Theophano, and after her death in June 991 passed to a council in which the chief influence was exercised by Adelaide and Willigis, archbishop of Mainz.
		The mystic erratic temperament of Otto, alternating between the most magnificent scheires of empire, and the lowest depths of self-debasement, was not conducive to the welfare of his dominions, and during his reign the conditions of Germany deteriorated.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /O/OT/OTTO_IV_.htm (2454 words)

	Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		However, until the debacle at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214 Frederick's authority was quite tenuous, and he was only recognized in southern Germany, as Otto IV had largely held on to the reins of royal and imperial power until then despite the excommunication, especially in northern Germany, the center of Guelph power.
		As a result of the decisive military loss at Bouvines Otto had lost the practical means to hold on to kingship and emperorship (and he withdrew to the Guelph hereditary lands to die, virtually supporterless, in 1218).
		Otto, who meanwhile had waited in Überlingen for the ferry, came three weeks later before the city gates and was turned away.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Emperor_Frederick_II (3519 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Otto IV
		Otto and his followers hoped that Pope Innocent III, who was hostile to the Hohenstaufens, would espouse Otto's cause in the contest for the German throne.
		Otto had made the broadest concessions to the Holy See, wishing "to become King of the Romans through the favour of God and the pope".
		Otto's next step was to take as his wife the daughter of his murdered enemy, which was an added incentive to the Hohenstaufens to yield themselves to his sway.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11357a.htm (1024 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		Waldemar IV Waldemar IV (Valdemar Atterdag), c.1320-1375, king of Denmark (1340-75).
		William I William I, 1797-1888, emperor of Germany (1871-88) and king of Prussia (1861-88), second son of the future King Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg.
		William IV William IV, 1765-1837, king of Great Britain and Ireland (1830-37), third son of George III.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Otto+IV+of+Germany (470 words)

	Matthew Geisel - Otto II of Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Emperor Otto I of Germany was born in 912 in Germany.
		Otto I of Germany was born in 924.
		Otto II of Germany was born in 967.
	share.geocities.com /Heartland/Ranch/8882/d162.htm (664 words)

	Germany Country Analysis Brief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Germany also is the only EU member yet to have established a regulatory agency for natural gas and electricity markets, a requirement that all EU member states were expected to meet by July 1, 2004.
		Germany's onshore oil fields are located primarily in the north and northeast of the country, many of which are depleted and producing only small volumes of oil.
		Germany is the world’s largest producer of brown coal, accounting for an estimated 22% of global output in 2002.
	www.eia.doe.gov /cabs/germany.html (4957 words)

	1215 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Otto IV deposed as King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor, replaced by Frederick II (King 1212-1250).
		Otto IV, King of Germany (1208 - 1215) and Holy Roman Emperor (1209-1215).
		Frederick II (elected Emperor 1211, crowned 1220, died 1250), King of Germany, King of Sicily
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/1/12/1215.html (207 words)

	Articles - Rudolph I of Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Rudolph was the son of Albert IV, count of Habsburg, and Hedwig, daughter of Ulrich count of Kyburg, and was born at Limburg an der Lahn.
		He paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather the emperor Frederick II, and his loyalty to Frederick and to his son Conrad IV of Germany was richly rewarded by grants of land, but in 1254 he was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV.
		On the 26th of August 1278 the rival armies met on the banks of the river March in the Battle of DÃ¼rnkrut and Jedenspeigen, and Otakar was defeated and killed.
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Rudolf_I_of_Habsburg (1001 words)

	Germany, the Stem Duchies & Marches
		All these tribes in Germany were eventually subjugated by the Franks, the Alemanni in 496 and 505, the Thuringians in 531, the Bavarians at some point after 553, and then finally the Saxons, in a protracted campaign by Charlemagne himself, by 804.
		This small state was far from Germany, a fief of Burgundy, surrounded by the Papal enclave of Avignon, whose Princes recently derived from the Free Counts of Burgundy.
		Rudolf IV of Hapsburg got himself elected Emperor, the first after the Great Interregnum (1254-1273) which followed the fall of the Hohenstaufen, and used his power to obtain the Duchy of Austria, killing Ottokar II, Duke of Austria and King of Bohemia, at the Battle of Dürnkrut in 1278.
	www.friesian.com /germany.htm (9830 words)

	Civilization III: Civ of the Week
		Despite the role of the central role of the Holy Roman Empire, the subsequent history of Germany is marked by the rise and fall of feuding principalities.
		Germany was already staggering under a vengeful peace imposed by the Western Allies following World War I in 1929, when the worldwide economic collapse became the catalyst which sparked German political extremism.
		While under Soviet rule East Germany suffered and stagnated, West Germany's recovery from total economic and political prostration at the end of World War II was of such dramatic proportions as to become a modern legend.
	www.civ3.com /civoftheweek.cfm?civ=Germans (710 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Innocent III
		Otto IV also sent legates to the pope after his coronation at Aachen, but before the pope took any action, the two claimants of the German throne began to assert their claims by force of arms.
		The election was repeated in presence of a representative of the pope and of Philip Augustus of France at the Diet of Frankfort, 2 December, 1212.
		After making practically the same promises to the pope which Otto IV had made previously, and, in addition, taking the solemn oath never to unite Sicily with the empire, his election was ratified by Innocent and he was crowned at Aachen on 12 July, 1215.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08013a.htm (4265 words)

	AllRefer.com - Otto IV, Holy Roman emperor (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Otto IV 1175?–1218, Holy Roman emperor (1209–15) and German king, son of Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony.
		By the charter of Speyer (Mar., 1209), Otto confirmed his earlier acknowledgment (1201) of the papacy's rights to the Papal States and his promise of aid in upholding papal suzerainty over Sicily.
		In the ensuing war Otto was supported by the nobles of the Lower Rhine and of the northeast, as well as by his uncle King John of England, but he was defeated (1214) at Bouvines by Philip II of France.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/Otto4-HRE.html (410 words)

	1210s - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1214 July - Battle of Bouvines; Philip II of France defeats Otto IV of Germany
		Otto IV deposed as King of Germany, replaced by Frederick II
		Beijing captured by Mongols, initiating the Yuan Dynasty in China.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1210s (114 words)

	Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
		Otto IV of Brunswick, King of Germany (1208-1215) and Holy Roman Emperor (from 1209), was elected king when his opponent, Philip of Swabia (Hohenstaufen), was murdered.
		In 1211 the Diet of Nuremberg ordered Otto deposed and Frederick II Hohenstaufen elected in his place, but until Otto lost the battle of Bouvines (July, 1214) decisively to the forces of Philip II of France nothing happened.
		The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ot/Otto_IV.html (112 words)

	Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The previous year in Frankfurt am Main the child Frederick had already been elected to become King of the Germans, but the early death of his father prevented the accession of such a young child; that monarchy was, instead disputed by Philip of Swabia and Otto IV.
		This renewed the bitter fight between Frederick and Gregory IX (and the latter's successor, Pope Innocent IV).
		After quarrelling with his father and forming an alliance with the Lombard League, he was captured by Frederick's forces and imprisoned from 1236; he died in Martirano in 1242, probably of the consequences of an attempted suicide.
	www.variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (3804 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Saint Otto of Bamberg
		When Henry broke with Rome over the dispute of the investiture of bishops by Rome as opposed to local authorities, Otto was stuck in the middle - loyal to his emporer in matters of state, loyal to his pope in matters of spirit.
		Henry appointed him bishop, but Otto refused, claiming that only the true pope has such power.
		Henry agreed, and they journeyed to Rome where Otto was made Bishop of Bamberg.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/sainto08.htm (132 words)

	Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The era from 1914 to 1990 has been tumultuous and often horrific but, at the dawn of the 21st century, Germany seems to have achieved a level of unity seldom seen previously.
		A record of the rulers of German states is an exceedingly complex undertaking, inasmuch as German feudal theory encouraged rampant subdivision of territories within various branches of governing noble families.
		These conditions created between the 12th and 18th centuries many hundreds of small or often miniscule statelets, each with a considerable degree of autonomy, each with its own peculiar traditions and customs, and each liable to be united with its neighbours - or further subdivided - depending upon genealogical accident.
	www.hostkingdom.net /germany.html (394 words)

	BATTLE OF BOUVINES FACTS AND INFORMATION
		In the alliances, which were orchestrated by Pope_Innocent_III, Philip Augustus of France defeated Otto_IV_of_Germany and count Ferrand of Flanders so decisively that Otto was deposed and replaced by Frederick II Hohenstaufen.
		Philip was himself able to take undisputed control of the territories of Anjou, Brittany, Maine, Normandy, and the Touraine, which he had recently seized from Otto's kinsman and ally John_of_England.
		The day was already decided in favor of the French when their wings began to close inwards to cut off the retreat of the imperial center.
	www.abait.com /Battle_of_Bouvines (750 words)

	Otto_IV
		Otto IV German king and Roman emperor, b.
		The next aim of Otto was to obtain the confirmation of his position
		Otto's next step was to take as his wife the daughter of his murdered enemy, which
	michaeljohnbenze.net /GermanHistory/Otto_IV.html (853 words)

	OTTO IV, (c. 1182—1218) - Online Information article about OTTO IV, (c. 1182—1218) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Worms was taken, and subsequently the aid of Ottakar I., king of Bohemia, was won for Otto.
		side of Otto; the capitulation of Neuss was renewed and large concessions were made to the church.
		Germany, where the rebels were also supported by Philip See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /ORC_PAI/OTTO_IV_c_11821218_.html (1256 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Otto IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Otto I (Holy Roman Empire): Henry IV (Holy Roman Empire)
		Henry IV (Holy Roman Empire) (1050-1106), Holy Roman emperor (1056-1106).
		Otto I (Holy Roman Empire), called Otto the Great (912-973), Holy Roman emperor (962-973), king of Germany (936-973), the son of the German king...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Otto_IV.html (116 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Documents of German Unification, 1848-1871
		Not a foot of land was exacted from Austria, but she had to renounce all part in the hegemony of Germany.
		We assume the imperial title, conscious of the duty of protecting, with German loyalty, the rights of the Empire and of its members, of keeping the peace, and of protecting the independence of Germany, which depends in its turn upon the united strength of the people.
		We assume the title in the hope that the German people will be granted the ability to enjoy the reward of its ardent and self-sacrificing wars in lasting peace, within boundaries which afford the fatherland a security against renewed French aggression which has been lost for centuries.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/germanunification.html (741 words)

	Philip II of France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		He seized the territories of Maine, Touraine, Anjou, Brittany, and all of Normandy from King John of England.
		His decisive victory at the Battle of Bouvines over King John and a coalition of forces that included Otto IV of Germany ended the immediate threat of challenges to this expansion (1214) and left Philip Augustus as the most powerful monarch in all of Europe.
		He reorganized the government, bringing to the country a financial stability which permitted a sharp increase in prosperity.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Philip_II_of_France (868 words)

	SparkNotes: High Middle Ages (1000-1200): Summary (920-1250)
		Feudalism was shunned by the rulers from Otto I (937-973) onwards.
		This new tension led to the Papal- German Investiture Controversy during the period of Gregory VII (1073- 1084) and Henry IV (1056- 1106).
		His son was Frederick II (1215- 1250), king of Germany and Sicily by marriage into the Norman house.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/middle2/summary.html (1025 words)

	Otto IV -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		A member of the Welf dynasty, Otto was a son of Henry the Lion of Brunswick and Matilda, daughter of Henry II of England.
		As grand duke of Lithuania from 1440 to 1492 and king of Poland from 1447 to 1492, Casimir IV was neither a man of great ambition nor a great warrior.
		Pope Gregory VII's 11th-century removal of Henry IV from the throne of Germany, one of the episodes of the Investiture Controversy.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9057681 (777 words)

	Prince Otto - CHAPTER IV
		Otto paused on the margin, looking about him with delight; then his glance returned to Seraphina, as she stood framed in that silvan pleasantness and looking at her husband with undecipherable eyes.
		A weakness both of the body and mind fell on him like the beginnings of sleep; the cords of his activity were relaxed, his eyes clung to her.
		To Otto it seemed as if the whole frame of nature were waiting for his words; and yet his pride kept him silent.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/lit/adventure/PrinceOtto/chap22.html (2898 words)

	Otto IV Emperor of The Holy Roman Empire [Emperor of Germany]/[Emperor of Germany] & Beatrix Princess of Germany ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Otto IV Emperor of The Holy Roman Empire [Emperor of Germany]/[Emperor of Germany] and Beatrix Princess of Germany [Empress of Holy Roman Empire]/[Empress of Holy Roman Empire]
		Phillipp II King of Germany [Duke of Swabia and Tuscany]/[Duke of Swabia and Tuscany]
		Otto IV Emperor of The Holy Roman Empire [Emperor of Germany]/[Emperor of Germany]
	www.uscousins.com /reports/wc07/wc07_149.html (85 words)

	Ancestors and Family of Henry IV of Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		She turned over the duchy of Bavaria, which Henry III had given to his son in 1055, to the Saxon count Otto of Nordheim, thus depriving the king of an important foundation of his power.
		After negotiations with Welf IV, the new duke (as Welf I) of Bavaria, and with Rudolf, the duke of Swabia, Henry was forced to grant immunity to the rebels in 1073 and had to agree to the razing of the royal Harz Castle in the final peace treaty in February 1074.
		Henry married Bertha of Savoy, daughter of Otto of Savoy and Adelheid of Susa, on 13 Jul 1066.
	nygaard.howards.net /files/66.htm (1211 words)

	Ancestors of Eugene Ashton ANDREW & Anna Louise HANISH Emperor Henry GERMANY, IV ANDREW ANGERMUELLER HANISH STRUDELL ...
		After negotiations with Welf IV, the new duke (as Welf I) of Bavaria, and with Rudolf, the duke of Swabia, Henry was forced to grant immunity to the rebels in 1073 and had to agree to the razing of the royal Harz Castle in the final peace treaty inFebruary 1074.
		"The marriage, arranged by Pope Urban II in 1089, of the 17-year-old Welf V of Bavaria with the 43-year-old countess Matilda of Tuscany, a zealous adherent of the cause of reform in the church, allied Henry's opponents in southern Germany and Italy.
		The Emperor found himself cut off from Germany and besieged in a corner of northeastern Italy...It was not until Welf V separated from Matilda, in 1095, and his father, the deposed Welf IV, was once more granted Bavaria as a fief, in 1096, that Henry was able to return to Germany (1097).
	www.geneal.net /1721.htm (2828 words)

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