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Topic: Otto cycle

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Four stroke cycle

Atkinson cycle

Two stroke cycle

Wankel engine

Internal combustion engine

Reciprocating engine

Heat engine

Miller cycle

Stirling cycle

Diesel cycle

Double overhead cam

Quasiturbine

Radial engine

Engine displacement

Rotary combustion engine

	VIPRATECH::: The FOUR-STROKE CYCLE / OTTO CYCLE by ITC Leipzig
		Nicolaus August Otto (Fig 1) the inventor of the four-stroke cycle was born on 14th June 1831 in Holzhausen (Germany).
		During the intake stroke the intake valve is opened and the piston moves toward the crank shaft.
		The pressure drops near the preasure outside the cylinder because of the opened exhaust valve.
	techni.tachemie.uni-leipzig.de /otto/otto_g0_eng.html (658 words)

	Ideal Otto Cycle
		During the cycle, work is done on the gas by the piston between stages 2 and 3.
		The work times the rate of the cycle (cycles per second) is equal to the power produced by the engine.
		The area enclosed by the cycle on a p-V diagram is proportional to the work produced by the cycle.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/otto.html (785 words)

	Design of an Otto Cycle
		The Otto cycle a closed cycle (where the system is a control mass), commonly used to model the cylinders of spark-ignition, internal combustion, automobile engines, i.e.
		The Otto cycle is very similar to the Diesel cycle in that both are closed cycles commonly used to model internal combustion engines.
		In the Otto cycle, fuel is burned to heat compressed air and the hot gas expands forcing the piston to travel up in the cylinder.
	www.qrg.northwestern.edu /thermo/design-library/otto/otto.html (1133 words)

	Internal-Combustion Engine - MSN Encarta
		The valves are normally held closed by the pressure of springs and are opened at the proper time during the operating cycle by cams on a rotating camshaft that is geared to the crankshaft.
		During the first stroke of the cycle, the piston moves away from the cylinder head while simultaneously the intake valve is opened.
		At the moment when the piston reaches the end of this stroke and the volume of the combustion chamber is at a minimum, the fuel mixture is ignited by the spark plug and burns, expanding and exerting a pressure on the piston, which is then driven away from the cylinder head in the third stroke.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553622/Internal-Combustion_Engine.html (1438 words)

	Internal Combustion Engines
		Otto cycle is the typical cycle for most of the cars internal combustion engines, that work using gasoline as a fuel.
		Otto cycle is exactly the same one that was described for the four-stroke engine.
		In other words, the only difference between is the Otto engine and diesel engine is that the latter does not require a spark plug to ignite the fuel; the fuel here is ignited under the effect of increase in pressure and temperature.
	biotsavart.tripod.com /ice.htm (2224 words)

	The otto engine
		Though Otto had great success with his atmospheric engines, the really reliable and effective engine was not yet found.
		Otto was looking already for a long time for a solution of the problems which prevented the explosion engines from delivering a regular work: The burn was jerky.
		An incomparable competition began, the otto engine was developed very quickly therefore, better accessories (carburetor, ignition mechanism, valves, pistons) were produced, the cylinder capacity, engine speed and the horsepower performances were increased dramatically.
	library.thinkquest.org /C006011/english/sites/ottomotor.php3?v=2 (675 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Otto cycle
		The four-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine is the cycle most commonly used for automotive and industrial purposes today (cars and trucks, generators, etc).
		It was invented by Nikolaus Otto in 1876, and it also called the Otto cycle.
		The four-stroke cycle is more efficient than the two-stroke cycle, but requires considerably more moving parts and manufacturing expertise.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/ot/Otto_cycle (194 words)

	Nicolaus Otto
		Nicolaus Otto built the first four-stroke internal combustion engine called the "Otto Cycle Engine," and when he completed his engine, he built it into a Motorcycle.
		Nicolaus Otto was born on June 14, 1832 in Holzhausen, Germany.
		Otto's patent (see drawing below) was overturned in 1886 in favor of the patent granted to Alphonse Beau de Roaches for his four-stroke engine.
	members.tripod.com /russel_spicy/pages/nicolausotto.htm (271 words)

	Thermodynamic Power Cycles
		There are four power cycles that are generally used in the generation of electricity; the Rankine cycle, the Brayton cycle, the Otto cycle, and the Diesel cycle.
		The two cycles are similar in theory, with one major difference; the Otto cycle is a spark-ignition cycle, whereas the Diesel cycle is a compression ignition cycle.
		Compression ratios for the Diesel cycle are higher than that for the Otto cycle, causing the compressed temperature inside a Diesel cycle cylinder to be higher than the Otto cycle cylinder.
	www.me.gatech.edu /energy/brett/four.htm (1990 words)

	Thermodynamics Carnot Cycle
		Carnot in 1824 arrived at the "carnot cycle" which is an idealised gas cycle that obtains the maximum amount of work from and engine working in a thermodynamically reversible manner.
		However theoretical cycles based on the hypothesis that air is the working fluid in a closed system receiving an rejecting energy to external sinks allows provide very crude estimations on the theoretical efficiencies possible internal combustion engines.
		This hypothetical cycle is one with heat being rejected at constant pressure.
	www.roymech.co.uk /Related/Thermos/Thermos_Carnot.html (637 words)

	Otto or Rankine Cycle ~ Which Is Better?
		The internal combustion engine’s pistons are only powered from one end of the cylinder to the other (during the power cycle) and must be returned back using some of the engine’s developed power.
		Additionally each internal combustion engine’s piston must act as an air compressor for one of the four end-to-end cycles a piston makes in the cylinder (the compression cycle) further using some of the engine’s developed power.
		The internal combustion engine’s piston makes a full cycle in the cylinder during the intake and exhaust cycles and thus generates wear, frictional losses, and consumes additional power the engine could supply to the crankshaft in moving internal mass back and forth in the cylinder.
	www.stanleymotorcarriage.com /GeneralTechnical/RankineOtto.htm (2785 words)

	INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE,
		The Otto-cycle engine, invented by the German engineer Nikolaus August Otto (1832–91), is the familiar gasoline engine (although it can be modified to run on a variety of alternative fuels) used in automobiles and airplanes.
		The general principle of the two-stroke engine is to shorten the periods in which fuel is introduced to the combustion chamber and in which the spent gases are exhausted to a small fraction of the duration of a stroke instead of allowing each of these operations to occupy a full stroke.
		In the two-stroke cycle the fuel mixture or air is introduced through the intake port when the piston is fully withdrawn from the cylinder.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..in029900.a#FWNE.fw..in029900.a (2425 words)

	Otto Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Several engines may be approximated by an Otto cycle, such as petrol engine and gas engine.
		The otto cycle is an ideal air standard cycle which consists of four processes:
		The thermal efficiency of an Otto cycle with a perfect gas as working fluid is:
	www.taftan.com /thermodynamics/OTTO.HTM (53 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Atkinson cycle is designed to provide efficiency at the expense of power, and is beginning to see applications in modern hybrid electric applications.
		The original Atkinson cycle engine allows the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes of the four-stroke cycle to occur in a single turn of the crankshaft, and was designed to bypass patents covering the existing Otto cycle engines.
		The Atkinson cycle may also refer to a four stroke piston engine in which the intake valve is held open longer than normal to allow a reverse flow of intake air into the intake manifold.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Atkinson_cycle (810 words)

	3.5 The Internal combustion engine (Otto Cycle)
		The Otto cycle is a set of processes used by spark ignition internal combustion engines (2-stroke or 4-stroke cycles).
		The actual cycle does not have the sharp transitions between the different processes that the ideal cycle has, and might be as sketched in Figure 3.9.
		The ideal Otto cycle efficiency is shown as a function of the compression ratio in Figure 3.11.
	web.mit.edu /16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node25.html (438 words)

	Steam Engine Part 2
		Whereas a two stroke configuration (live steam) has a firing (admission) interval twice that of an Otto cycle engine, for the same rotations per minute of engine crank-shaft run speed.
		Otto steam engines may be flash steam in nature, or driven by high-pressure-live-steam and alternately, compressed inert gasses such as argon.
		This tends to alert me that the Otto cycle is capable of remarkable efficiencies.
	www.flashsteam.com /steam_proj2_pg1.htm (2055 words)

	UNIFIED ENGINEERING September 1996
		The Otto cycle is an idealization of a set of processes used by spark ignition internal combustion engines (2-stroke or 4-stroke cycles).
		The Brayton cycle is an idealization of a set of thermodynamic processes used in gas turbine engines, whether for jet propulsion or for generation of electrical power.
		The cycle consists of four processes: a) quasi-static adiabatic compression in the inlet and compressor, b) constant pressure heat addition in the combustor, c) quasi-static adiabatic expansion in the turbine and exhaust nozzle, and finally d) constant pressure cooling to get the working fluid back to the initial condition.
	web.mit.edu /16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/chapter_5.htm (1537 words)

	Engineering Thermodynamics: Problems and Solutions, Chapter-7
		Using the PG model for air, determine (a) the maximum temperature and pressure that occur during the cycle, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.
		At the beginning of the compression process of an air standard dual cycle with a compression ratio of 18, p = 100 kPa and T = 300 K. The pressure ratio for the constant volume part of the heating process is 1.5 and the volume ratio of the constant pressure part is 1.2.
		Assuming a mass used in the cycle is 1.5 kg, determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, (b) the amount of heat transfer in the regenerator, and (c) the work output per cycle.
	www.usc.edu /mirror/testcenter/testhome/Test/problems/chapter07/chapter07.html (4057 words)

	The Scuderi Group, LLC - The Technology - How It Works (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The heart of the internal combustion engine is a piston connected to a crankshaft, moving up and down in a cylinder through the four strokes of the Otto Cycle, the intake, compression, power and exhaust strokes.
		In a typical four-stroke cycle engine, power is recovered from the combustion process in these four separate piston strokes within each single cylinder.
		By splitting the strokes of the Otto cycle over a pair of dedicated compression and power cylinders, the design of each cylinder can be independently optimized to perform the separate and distinct tasks of compression and power.
	www.scuderigroup.com /technology/how_it_works.html (353 words)

	Otto vs. 4 stroke Text - Physics Forums Library
		Firstly, remember that the Otto cycle is an ideal air standard type cycle, and that applying it to a real cycle is an approximation.
		The definition really of an Otto cycle is a spark ignition 4 cycle engine, because there are other 4 cycle engines such as the compression ignition diesel.
		It appears the Otto cycle can be either throttled, or hit and miss, or direct injection stratified charge.
	www.physicsforums.com /archive/index.php/t-102779.html (533 words)

	[No title]
		Cycle Analysis: PV diagrams could be drawn to illustrate the steps of the various cycles; however, the PV diagrams would offer little insight into the thermodynamic processes involved.
		As with the Carnot cycle the efficiency is represented on the TS diagram by the ratio of Area 1234 to Area a23b.
		The efficiency of the diesel cycle is generally considered to be higher than that for the Otto cycle, but this is only true for operation between the same temperature limits.
	quasiturbine.promci.qc.ca /QTCromWP0510.doc (7621 words)

	IDEAL HEAT ENGINE GAS CYCLES
		Adiabatic, isentropic expansion of gases in the cylinder after fuel mixture is ignited.
		This is the part of the cycle that does positive work.
		The heat stored in this part of the cycle is the same as the heat absorbed in 2 -> 3 part of the cycle.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/ThermLaw2/HeatEngines.html (241 words)

	Trochilic Engines - Internial Combustion
		There are, of course, other approaches such as the Wankel or two-cycle engine but these are less efficient than the Otto cycle and have greater exhaust pollutants.
		The principal four stroke Otto cycle functions are the piston downward stroke with intake of fuel and air, followed by the upward compression stroke.
		With Trochilic Quad cycle engines, piston to cylinder contact is not in evidence; therefore, the cylinder is insulated to prevent heat loss.
	www.trochilicengines.com /internal_combustion (365 words)

	1903 Engine Thermodynamic Cycle - Otto Cycle
		We have broken the Otto cycle into six numbered stages based on the mechanical operation of the engine.
		The cycle begins at the lower left with Stage 1 being the beginning of the intake stroke of the engine.
		The pressure is near atmospheric pressure and the gas volume is at a minimum with the piston far to the right in the cylinder.
	wright.nasa.gov /airplane/otto.html (842 words)

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