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Topic: Ottoman Bessarabia

	Bessarabia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia annexed by Russia in 1812.
		In the chaos brought by the Russian revolution of October 1917, a National Council (Sfatul Ţării) was established in Bessarabia, with 120 members elected from Bessarabia and 10 elected from Transnistria (the left shore of the river Dnister, inhabited by ethnic Moldavians/Romanians).
		Bessarabia's northern and southern districts (largely inhabited by Romanians and some Ukrainians and Germans) were exchanged with parts of Transnistria (the districts on the left or eastern bank of the Dniestr, largely inhabited today by Ukrainians and Russians).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bessarabia (2598 words)

	Bessarabia: Just the facts... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bessarabia united with Romania (A Balkan republic in southeastern Europe) in 1918 at the end of World War I (A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918).
		Bessarabia, as part of the principality of Moldavia (A landlocked republic in eastern Europe; formerly a European soviet but achieved independence in 1991) was formally a vassal (A person holding a fief) of the Ottoman Empire.
		Bessarabia's northern and southern districts (largely inhabited by Romanians and some Ukrainians and Germans) were exchanged with parts of Transnistria (additional info and facts about Transnistria) (the districts on the left or eastern bank of the Dniestr, largely inhabited today by Ukrainians and Russians).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/be/bessarabia.htm (2635 words)

	BESSARABIA - LoveToKnow Article on BESSARABIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		During the early centuries of the Christian era Bessarabia, being the key to one of the approaches towards the Byzantine empire, was invaded by many successive races.
		In the 13th century Bessarabia was overrun by the irresistible Mongols under the leadership of Batu, grandson of Jenghiz Khan.
		In 1367 Bessarabia was subdued and annexed by the ruling prince of Moldavia.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BE/BESSARABIA.htm (862 words)

	Bessarabia
		Bessarabia referred only to the southern part of Bessarabia; later it was used for the entire region.
		Bessarabia is an agricultural land; 80 percent of its area is under cultivation, and 72 percent of the cultivated land (2.9 million ha) is devoted to the growing of
		Bessarabia (by a vote of 38 to 8 when only 46 of the 162 deputies were present) and then dissolved itself.
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/B/E/Bessarabia.htm (1929 words)

	Kelman_bessarabia1
		It is bounded physically by the Prut River on the west, the Dniester River on the north and east, the Black Sea on the southeast, and the Kiliya (Chilia) arm of the Danube River delta on the south.
		Bessarabia is a favoured area for agriculture, chiefly for cereals, fruit, and wine.
		Bessarabia was part of the Dacian kingdoms ruled by Burebista in 1st century BC and by Decebalus in the 1st century AD.
	www.geocities.com /haroldrkramer/Kelman_bessarabia1.html (872 words)

	Moldova: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The principality was alternately a vassal of Hungary, Poland and the Ottoman Empire.
		Bessarabia was under Turkish control until 1812, and the rest of the Moldovan Principality until 1878.
		Bessarabia was part of the Romanian Kingdom, while the left bank of the Dnestr belonged to the USSR.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=92 (1953 words)

	Jewish History of Moldova
		After the entry of the Red Army into Bessarabia on June 28, 1940, life for Jews in Bessarabia was gradually brought in line with the general pattern of Jewish existence under the Soviet regime.
		Bessarabia was reconquered by German and Rumanian troops by July 23, 1941, and remained under Rumanian authority until August 1944, when it was reoccupied by the Russians.
		The community grew in the 19th century with the Jewish immigration to Bessarabia, and at the end of the century also the frequent expulsions of Jews from the neighboring border area and from the villages.
	www.juedisches-archiv-chfrank.de /kehilot/moldova/moldova.html (3282 words)

	Talk:Eastern Moldova - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is the first time when the name Bessarabia is actually used and as I explained before, it only reffered to the Turkish sanjaks in what is modern day Bugeac.
		Therefore, aside from the Bugeac, all land in the former Russian province of Bessarabia is nothing else but the eastern part of the principality of Moldova or eastern Moldova.
		If anything that article implies that the southern part of modern day Bessarabia has been under foreign administration for most of its existence and in fact it was for a very brief period under Romanian rule.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Eastern_Moldova (3138 words)

	The principles of Ottoman rule in the Balkans
		In its prime the Ottoman Empire was defined by its ruler, by its faith and by its military, all acting together.
		The country consisted of the accumulated conquered lands of the Ottoman ruling house (named after the border lord Osman) and that land was passed down in the family.
		Ottoman slavery was based in the capture of military captives, who became the property of their captor.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lecture3.html (4207 words)

	What's New -- Historical & Political Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bessarabia was the northern part of the territory.
		Bessarabia experienced the same mediocre economic performance as the rest of interwar Romania did.
		The German armed forces drew on the substantial German population of Bessarabia to strengthen its army against the Soviet Union.
	www.geohistory.com /geoworld/politics.asp?Type=Article&TOPIC_ID=NATSTAT0030 (2064 words)

	Moldovan History
		Bessarabia, the land between the Prut and the Nistru rivers, is predominantly ethnic Romanian in population and constitutes the eastern half of a region historically known as Moldova.
		An expanded Bessarabia was annexed by, and incorporated into, the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-12 according to the terms of the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812.
		In June 1940, Bessarabia was occupied by Soviet forces as a consequence of a secret protocol attached to the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
	www.geocities.com /ethnomuseum/history.html (2453 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Moldova
		For most of its history, the majority of the territory that constitutes present-day Moldova was the region of Bessarabia, the eastern half of the historic principality of Moldavia.
		Russia annexed the region of Bessarabia after the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812 as part of the Treaty of Bucharest, leaving a greatly reduced Moldavia still under Ottoman domination.
		In 1878 Russia regained southern Bessarabia, and the region remained part of the Russian Empire until the Russian Revolution of 1917.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761566942___5/Moldova.html (2406 words)

	NITLE Arab World Project
		Ottoman statesmen well understood that neutrality was not a possibility since it would have made partition by the winning coalition inevitable.
		Ottoman society continued to grapple with the meaning of equality and women perforce, if very slowly, were included.
		The expansion of the bureaucratic and military apparatus of the Ottoman state partly was financed through rising tax revenues, increases that derived from heavier tax burdens - mainly from the agrarian population - and the overall expansion of the economy, especially after 1840 (see chapter 7).
	arabworld.nitle.org /texts.php?module_id=3&reading_id=72&print=1 (7282 words)

	Bessarabia -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It is bounded by the Prut River on the west, the Dniester River on the north and east, the Black Sea on the southeast, and the Chilia arm of the Danube River delta on the south.
		In late June a Soviet ultimatum to Romania demanded the cession of Bessarabia and of northern Bukovina.
		Also formerly known as Bessarabia, it was the second smallest of the 15 Soviet republics and now covers an area of about 13,000 square miles (33,700 square kilometers).
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9078929 (634 words)

	The Ottoman Sultans of Turkey & Successors in Romania
		This was a thinly populated backwater for the Turks, noteworthy mainly for Roman ruins and piracy (with U.S. Marines landing at Tripoli in 1801).
		Under the Ottomans, Turkish was sometimes even written in the Armenian (as in the Greek) alphabet; but that era is long gone, and the Armenian alphabet today is only seen in the former Soviet Republic of Armenia and in Armenian exile communities, as in Syria, Lebanon, and the United States.
		As the Ottoman Empire declined in strength, and Christians in the Balkans found European allies who favored their independence, like Britain for Greece and Russia for Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria, the Balkans became the scene of one conflict after another.
	www.friesian.com /turkia.htm (13594 words)

	AllRefer.com - Russo-Turkish Wars (Turkish And Ottoman History) - Encyclopedia
		The great eastward expansion of Russia in the 16th and 17th cent., during the decline of the Ottoman Empire, nevertheless left the shores of the Black Sea in the hands of the Ottoman sultans and their vassals, the khans of Crimea.
		A general partition of the Ottoman Empire was contemplated in the treaty of alliance (1781) between Catherine II and Emperor Joseph II; the fate of the Ottoman Empire thus became a major concern of the Western powers and created the explosive Eastern Question.
		This was brought to a close by Kutuzov's lightning campaign of 1811–12 and resulted in the gain of Bessarabia by Russia in the Treaty of Bucharest (1812).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/R/RussoTur.html (828 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Moldavia, 1512-1812
		Southern Bessarabia, a territory referred to as Budschak, was annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1538.
		In 1711, Swedish King CHARLES XII., commanding an Ottoman army, defeated the Russian army in the Battle of the River Pruth; although Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed peace that year, Peter established his residence at Bender in Moldavia (until evicted in 1714).
		In 1774, Austrian troops occupied northwestern Moldavia, a territory ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Austria in 1775, and known as the Bukovina.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/balkans/moldavia15121812.html (488 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		From this point on, the Ottoman Empire was seen to be in decline, and the European powers variously sought to dismantle or preserve it.
		The name Bessarabia originally referred only to the southern part (sometimes also called the Bugeac), but the name was expanded for Russia's benefit when the entire region was taken in 1812.
		The map provided by Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov with the Bessarabia- Bucovina ultimatum was on a 1:1,800,000 scale, with the new border drawn by a heavy stroke of a red pencil covering a band of territory seven miles wide.
	www.cse.psu.edu /~dheller/post/intro (17527 words)

	Romanian Unity and Moldavian Integration from the 19th Century until World War II.
		The Ottoman Empire had lost the control of the provinces of Moldova and Walachia as early as 1812, when at the end of the Russo-Turkish war of 1806-12, it handed over the control of these territories to Tsarist Russia.
		The movement for independence was strengthened further by the proclamation of Bessarabia as republic of the Federation of Russian Republics by the Moldavian National Council (established in 1917 and known as Sfatul Tarii).
		Bessarabia is occupied by Soviet forces as a result of a secret protocol attached to the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact of Non-aggression.
	www.east-west-wg.org /cst/cst-mold/19thww2.html (1914 words)

	History of Moldova (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		After Bessarabia was returned to Moldova in 1856, Moldova and Walachia were united to form the Kingdom of Romania in 1859.
		Bessarabia was captured by the Ottoman Turks during the 16th century and during the 19th century grew significantly in size and regional importance.
		In 1939 Bessarabia was granted by the Germans to the USSR in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet - German agreement on dividing Eastern Europe.
	amsterdamtv.nl /molhist.htm (1812 words)

	Wallachs.Net - The Old Country - Bessarabia
		Bessarabia is incorporated into Russian Empire under the Treaty of Bucharest after the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-12.
		Bessarabia is declared the independent Democratic Moldavian Republic, federated with Russia.
		Bessarabia is occupied by Soviet forces as a result of a secret agreement attached to the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non- Aggresion Pact.
	www.netsnake.com /wallachs/oldcountry.html (1109 words)

	The Balkans in WWI
		Romania yields control of the Carpathian passes to Austria and cedes Dobruja and the mouths of the Danube partly to Bulgaria, partly to a condominium of Germany, Austria and Bulgaria.
		It is able to acquire all of Bessarabia and the Bukovina, all of historic Transylvania with adjacent lands to the west, and most of the Bánát.
		In WWII Bessarabia reverts to Russia as the Moldavian SSR.
	dmorgan.web.wesleyan.edu /balkans/wwone.htm (4013 words)

	Süleyman 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Süleyman's regime was marked by strong territorial advances in North Africa, central Europe, Bessarabia and Iraq.
		Their king is killed, and Süleyman supports the new king John after this accepts to be vassal king under the Ottomans.
		But still Austria is not put under direct rule from the Ottoman, as the sultan is mainly occupied with his Asian neighbours at this time.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/s10-suleyman1.htm (520 words)

	The Economic History and the Economy of Romania
		In the fourteenth century the expansion of the Ottoman Empire was reaching the Bulkans.
		Ottoman forces were able to thwart the Russian seizure of Moldovia but lacked the will to administer the principality.
		Bessarabia: Annexed from the Soviet Union in 1918.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/romania.htm (5915 words)

	ipedia.com: Moldova Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		During the Middle Ages the province of Bessarabia (including most of present-day Moldova but including also districts to the north and south) formed the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia (which, like the present-day republic, was known in Romanian as "Moldova").
		The principality became tributary to the Ottoman Empire, but in 1812 the Treaty of Bucharest transferred Bessarabia to Russia.
		Following the Russian Revolution, Bessarabia briefly became an independent republic in 1918, but was united with Romania that same year.
	www.ipedia.com /moldova.html (1013 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Moldova (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		During the Middle Ages the territory of Republic of Moldova (including most of present-day Moldova but also including districts to the north and south, known as Northern Bukovina and Budjak) formed the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia (which, like the present-day republic, was known in Romanian as "Moldova").
		At the end of World War I, Bessarabia proclaimed independence from Russia in 1918, and united with the Kingdom of Romania the same year.
		The Soviet Union invaded Bessarabia in June 1940 in an agreement with Germany expressed in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and though forced out again in 1941, Soviet troops re-occupied and annexed the area in August 1944.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Moldova (2280 words)

	Rou
		Romania, in the main, is formed from two former principalities, Moldavia and Wallachia, which were vassal states of the Ottoman Empire until Russia defeated Turkey in 1878 and the Kingdom of Romania was proclaimed in March 1881.
		As a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, the first breech loader was a Snider conversion, the Turk M1867.
		As a reward for her participation in the war, she was awarded Bukovina, the Banat, southern Dobruja, and Bessarabia.
	www.carbinesforcollectors.com /Rou.htm (1041 words)

	TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents
		Heavily taxed and badly administered under the Ottoman Empire, the two Principalities were unified under a single native prince in 1859, and had their full independence ratified in the 1878 Treaty of Berlin.
		The new state, squeezed between the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian empires, with Slav neighbors on three sides, looked to the West, particularly France, for its cultural, educational, and administrative models.
		Romania was an ally of the Entente and the U.S. in World War I, and was granted substantial territories with Romanian populations, notably Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Bukovina, after the war.
	www.traveldocs.com /ro/history.htm (1041 words)

	Bessarabia
		Because of this regional autonomy, the Jews of Bessarabia were spared several of the most severe anti-Jewish decrees issued in the first half of the
		, 17 Jewish agricultural settlements were established in Bessarabia, mostly in the northern districts, on lands purchased or leased from Christian or Jewish landowners.
		(2.5% of the arable land of Bessarabia) and an additional 206,538 dessiatines (557,652 acres) held by Jews on lease.
	www.oberman.org /bessarabia.htm (1848 words)

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