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	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ottoman expansion through-out the 1500's and later on, was aided by their considerable knowledge of firearms and tactics, and by an overall fairly-advanced military and administrative system.
		Ottomans claim that source of the inter-ethnic conflicts should be seek within their dynamics and the sources that were supporting.
		Ottoman system was a three court system composed from one for the Muslims with the kadi (read judges), one for the non-Muslim (appointed Jews and Christians ruled over their religious areas) and another for the trade (originated after the capitulations).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Emperor (5226 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However, the Ottomans were eventually defeated by the Allies in the Balkans, Thrace, Syria, Palestine and Iraq and its territories were colonized by the victors.
		Ottoman state organization was based on a hierarchy with the sultan, who was usually the Caliph at the top and below him his viziers, other court officials, and military commanders.
		For centuries, the Ottoman Empire was the refuge of the Jews of Europe, who did not have the freedom of religion in Europe that the citizens of the Ottoman Empire did.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Ottoman_Emperor (1907 words)

	MSN Encarta - Ottoman Empire
		Ottoman Empire, dynastic state centered in what is now Turkey, founded in the late 13th century and dismantled in the early 20th century.
		This led to a period in Ottoman history known as “the Sultanate of the Women.” During this period the political impact of the harem was felt and the mothers of young sultans exercised power in the name of their sons.
		To be an Ottoman one had to serve the state and the religion and know the “Ottoman way.” Serving the state meant having a position within the military, the bureaucracy, or the religious establishment that carried with it the coveted askeri status and tax exemption.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761553949 (6083 words)

	Ottoman Empire biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Ottoman or Osmanli Empire was a Turkish state in the Middle East that comprised Anatolia, part of Southwest Asia, North Africa and south-eastern Europe in the 14th to 20th centuries, established by a tribe of Oghuz Turks in western Anatolia and ruled by the Osmanli dynasty.
		The Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities in the 16th and 17th centuries when the nations of Europe felt threatened by its steady advance through the Balkans.
		Ottoman state organisation was based on a hierarchy with the sultan in the top and below him his viziers, other court officials and military commanders.
	ottoman-emperor.biography.ms (968 words)

	The Ottomans and their dynasty - All About Turkey
		Although the Ottoman Empire is not considered a European kingdom per se, Ottoman expansion had a profound impact on a continent already stunned by the calamities of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and the Ottoman Turks must, therefore, be considered in any study of Europe in the late Middle Ages.
		In the 1340's, a usurper's request for Ottoman assistance in a revolt against the emperor provided the excuse for an Ottoman invasion of Thrace on the northern frontier of the Byzantine Empire.
		The conquest of Thrace gave the Ottomans a foothold in Europe from which future campaigns into the Balkans and Greece were launched and Adrianople (Edirne) became the Ottoman capital in 1366.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /ottoman.htm (1751 words)

	Travel Guide To Turkey, Travel, turkey, GUIDE MARTINE,Turkey, Guide, Guide Martine, istanbul, Martine, turkey photos, ...
		But during the Fourth Crusade, Constantinople was burnt and pillaged, the Basileus (the emperor) was overthrown and Baldwin of Flanders was crowned Latin Emperor of Orient by the Papal Legate.
		Since the conquest, the history of Constantinople has been connected to the history of the Ottoman Empire, then to that of Modern Turkey, as it remained the Capital of the Empire until 1923 when it was replaced by Ankara after the Turkish Republic was proclaimed.
		In 626, when Constantinople was besieged by the Avars while Emperor Heraclius was campaigning against the Persians, the saving of the city was attributed to the intervention of the Theotokos (Mother of God) after the icon was carried in procession along the city walls.
	www.guide-martine.com /istanbul_2.asp (3101 words)

	Achievements (from Mehmed II) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The conqueror reorganized the Ottoman government and, for the first time, codified the criminal law and the laws relating to his subjects in one code, whereas the constitution was elaborated in another, the two codes forming the nucleus of all subsequent legislation.
		Ottoman sultan from 1444 to 1446 and from 1451 to 1481.
		Ottoman sultan from 1909 to 1918, whose reign was marked by the absolute rule of the Committee of Union and Progress and by Turkey's defeat in World War I. Mehmed VI
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-4755?tocId=4755 (843 words)

	The Ottoman Sultans of Turkey & Successors in Romania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This was a thinly populated backwater for the Turks, noteworthy mainly for Roman ruins and piracy (with U.S. Marines landing at Tripoli in 1801).
		Under the Ottomans, Turkish was sometimes even written in the Armenian (as in the Greek) alphabet; but that era is long gone, and the Armenian alphabet today is only seen in the former Soviet Republic of Armenia and in Armenian exile communities, as in Syria, Lebanon, and the United States.
		As the Ottoman Empire declined in strength, and Christians in the Balkans found European allies who favored their independence, like Britain for Greece and Russia for Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria, the Balkans became the scene of one conflict after another.
	www.friesian.com /turkia.htm (13594 words)

	Tughra of Sulaiman the Magnificent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Ottoman dynasty, in existence from 1281 until 1924, created one of the largest, most populous, and wealthiest empires of the world.
		As Seljuk power disintegrated in 13th-century Anatolia, a local dynasty was founded by Osman I. The Ottoman sultans rapidly expanded their power through frequent wars waged against the Balkans and the Byzantine empire.
		During the reign of Sultan Sulaiman the Magnificent the Ottoman state reached the height of its power, with territory spread over large parts of western Asia, northern Africa, and southeastern Europe.
	www.metmuseum.org /explore/Tughra/tughra2.html (197 words)

	Europa: The History of the White Race : Chapter 35 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ironically, it was a Byzantine emperor who gave the Ottomans their first taste of power over European soil: an Ottoman detachment of soldiers was hired by a Byzantine emperor as a mercenary army to fight a rival claimant to the Byzantine throne.
		The Ottomans finally seized Belgrade in 1521, and in 1526, the Turks inflicted a crushing defeat on the hastily gathered together Hungarian army at the battle of Mohacs, where the Hungarian King and more than 20,000 White soldiers were killed.
		The Ottoman Empire was now terminal: on all fronts the White powers seized territories: Tunisia was taken by the French in 1881; and Egypt (which had briefly been reoccupied by the Ottomans after Napoleon had left) was taken by the British in 1882.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/fowles/500/hwr35.htm (4435 words)

	Online Etymology Dictionary
		Sublime Porte, former title of the Ottoman government, is from Fr.
		Osmanli "of or pertaining to Osman," from Osman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty (he reigned 1259-1326); his name is the Turk.
		"Ottoman court at Constantinople," 1609, from Fr., la Sublime Porte, translation of Arabic bab-i-'aliy, lit.
	www.etymonline.com /index.php?search=ottoman&searchmode=phrase (760 words)

	1566 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
		The first bridge crossing the Neretva river at Mostar (in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) is completed by the Ottoman Empire.
		September 5 - Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Emperor (born 1494)
	www.bonneylake.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/1566 (411 words)

	Tughra of Sulaiman the Magnificent \| Explore & Learn \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The tughra was the official signature used by the Ottoman sultans.
		Tughra originally referred to the official mark of a ruler used at the beginning of a document, and later came to mean an emblem done in calligraphy.
		In Ottoman Turkey the tughra was elaborated into a highly sophisticated motif,and each emperor had his own.
	www.metmuseum.org /explore/TUGHRA/tughra.html (271 words)

	AllRefer.com - Berlin, Congress of (Turkish And Ottoman History) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Great Britain and Austria-Hungary were the powers most insistent on revision; Russia submitted the treaty to revision only after Great Britain threatened war and Bismarck had offered to mediate as "honest broker." He was chairman of the congress.
		Greater Bulgaria, which had been created at San Stefano, was divided into N Bulgaria, a principality under nominal Ottoman suzerainty; Eastern Rumelia, to be governed, with certain autonomous rights, by a Christian appointee of the Ottoman emperor; and Macedonia (including Adrianople), under unrestricted Ottoman sovereignty.
		Russia was antagonized by Bismarck's handling of the conference, thereby bringing to an end the first Three Emperors' League.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/BerlinCong.html (414 words)

	Harford Jones, "A British View of the Ottoman Empire," 29 November 1802 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Ottoman Emperor takes the title of Guardian of the Holy Cities (Mecca and Medina); and, as it was obtained by Selim at the same time with the Imamet, there are some doubts whether the loss of the former does not imply that of the latter.
		However, I consider it as most probable that, the guardianship of these cities being by force transferred to any other Mahomedan prince, would deprive the Ottoman Prince of so great a part of his sanctity, that he would soon be obliged to make a renunciation of the Imamet in favour of the victor.
		In this case the head of the Ottoman House may become a mere pageant, and that part of the Turkish Empire unpossessed by the European powers may split into independent principalities.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/history/ottoman.htm (470 words)

	vivamalta.org - The Ottoman Holocaust
		An Ottoman detachment of soldiers was hired by a Byzantine emperor as a mercenary army to fight a rival claimant to the Byzantine throne.
		In 1571, the Ottomans seized the island of Cyprus and even began raiding the emerging Russian state to the northeast of their extensive empire on the European mainland.
		Their armies routed the Ottomans; with the death blow to the non-White assault being dealt by the arrival of a Polish army (from whom the Ottomans had captured part of the Ukraine).
	www.vivamalta.org /forum/showthread.php?t=2304 (5650 words)

	WHKMLA : List of Wars of the Holy Roman Empire
		With an Ottoman army laying siege to Vienna, Imperial contingents formed the bulk of the army, which, under the command of Polish King Jan Sobieski defeated the Ottomans in the BATTLE OF KAHLENBERG (Sept. 12th) and, which under Prince Eugene of Savoy conquered Hungary and Transylvania.
		In 1691, the Duke of Hannover, by threatening to break with Imperial solidarity and ally with France, gained a concession from the Emperor, the Duke of Hannover being elevated to become the 9th elector.
		Emperor Leopold I. died in 1705; a revolt erupted in Bavaria, against the Austrian administration; it was suppressed the same year.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/germany/milxhrempire.html (1499 words)

	state
		In the 13th century, from the remnants of the divided state of Seljuk, a Turkish people emerged with an Ottoman emperor at the head.
		As the Ottoman Empire grew stronger, its numerous armies rushed towards the heart of Europe.
		Ottoman troops entered Austria and soon its capital Vienna was being besieged.
	www.angelfire.com /tv2/siambear50/State_Turkey.htm (192 words)

	turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is known that Diana was the patron goddess of Byzantium and that her symbol was a moon.
		In 330, the Emperor Constantine rededicated the city - which he called Constantinople - to the Virgin Mary, whose star symbol was superimposed over the crescent.
		Others refer to a dream of the first Ottoman Emperor in which a crescent and star appeared from his chest and expanded, presaging the dynasty's seizure of Constantinople.
	www.msu.edu /~euroclub/turkey.html (642 words)

	1617 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed I (1603-1617) to Mustafa I (1617-1623).
		February 27 - Peace is reached between Russia and Sweden with the Treaty of Stolbovo, ending the Ingrian War.
		November 22 - Ahmed I, Ottoman Emperor (b.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/1617 (185 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Ottoman Caesars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Later, during Suleyman's time Austria acknowledged that the Ottoman Emperor was the emperor of the Romans (with Vienna threatened, they didn't have much choice).
		Mehmet II certainly did crown himself Emperor of the Romans, and he did attempt an invasion of Italy (he captured Otranto for a very short amount of time).
		In 212, Emperor Caracalla declared all free persons in the Empire to be Roman citizens, entitled to call themselves Roman, not merely subject to the Romans.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=2286&PN=1 (1278 words)

	Turkish Embassy.org - Republic of Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Prince Komatsu was received in an audience by the Ottoman Emperor and presented him a message of good will from Emperor Meiji.
		In 1890, Ottoman Emperor Sultan Abdulhamit the Second sent a message in return to Emperor Meiji to reciprocate his gesture.
		The message of Sultan Abdulhamit the Second was delivered to Emperor Meiji by Admiral Osman Pasha who sailed to Japan on this special mission on board a ship of the Ottoman Navy, thus becoming the first Ottoman Envoy to Japan.
	www.turkishembassy.org /governmentpolitics/regionsjapan.htm (2157 words)

	Michael the Brave on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Having been obliged to pay a large sum to the Ottoman emperor for his appointment as prince of Walachia, he did away with his Ottoman creditors, who had advanced him the money, by summoning them to his palace and then having them massacred.
		Michael repeatedly routed an Ottoman retaliatory army with the help of Sigismund Báthory, prince of Transylvania, and mercenaries; Michael's subjects were oppressively taxed to pay for the victory.
		Initially, Michael had the support of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and he was able to unite all Romanians under his sole rule.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/m/michaelb1.asp (981 words)

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