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Topic: Ottoman Flag

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Flag of Turkey

Ottoman Coat of Arms

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Emperor

Turkish Empire

Crescent

Red Cross

History of the Balkans

Ottoman Turkish

Military of the Ottoman Empire

State organization of the Ottoman Empire

Tughra

Battle of Kosovo

Osman I

1566

	Flag of Greece - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		During Byzantine times white and blue were the colors of navy and other flags, coats of arms of imperial dynasties, uniforms, Emperors' clothes, Patriarchs' thrones etc. The cross was a symbol of the empire, and was a common pattern in Byzantine flags since the 4th century.
		Both aforementioned arrangements were adopted: white cross on blue (plain) for the national flag, and combined with stripes for the naval flag; and blue cross on white in the canton of an otherwise blue flag, for the merchant navy.
		The flag was based on their coat of arms, whose pattern in turn dates to one of the standards of their ancestor, Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Flag_of_Greece (1759 words)

	Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Ottoman Empire was a Turkish state in the Middle East that comprised Anatolia part of Southwest Asia North Africa and south-eastern Europe in the 14th to 20th centuries established by a tribe of Oghuz Turks in western Anatolia.
		The Ottoman Empire was among the most powerful political entities in the 16th and 17th centuries when the nations of Europe felt by its steady advance through the Balkans.
		Ottoman state organisation was based on a with the sultan in the top and him his viziers other court officials and military commanders.
	www.freeglossary.com /Ottoman_Empire (1236 words)

	ipedia.com: Ottoman Empire Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities in the 16th and 17th centuries when the nations of Europe felt threatened by its steady advance through the Balkans.
		Ottoman state organisation was based on a hierarchy with the sultan in the top and below him his viziers, other court officials and military commanders.
		For centuries, the Ottoman Empire was the refuge of the Jews of Europe.
	www.ipedia.com /ottoman_empire.html (883 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Flags of the Arab World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For in Arab flags there is the story of islam, of foreign incursions and domination, of struggles for independence, of the Arabs aspirations to supranational unity and of their enduring love for historic lands.
		The Ottoman flag waved over Egypt until the British protectorate was established from 1914 to 1922; at that point a khedival flag of three star-and-crescents was substituted.
		The red is drawn from the old Omani flag and symbolizes the battles fought to expel foreign invaders, the white stands for peace and prosperity and the green for the fertility of the land.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/197802/flags.of.the.arab.world.htm (2713 words)

	Osmanlı Tarihi Kültürü Medeniyeti Edebiyatı Sanatı
		From 1517 onwards, the Ottoman Sultan was also the Caliph of Islam, and the Ottoman Empire was from 1517 until 1922 (or 1924) synonymous with the Caliphate, the Islamic State.
		Ottoman state organization was based on a hierarchy with the sultan, who was usually the Caliph at the top and below him his viziers, other court officials, and military commanders.
		For centuries, the Ottoman Empire was the refuge of the Jews of Europe, who did not have the freedom of religion in Europe that the citizens of the Ottoman Empire did.
	www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com /wiki (1800 words)

	Ottoman Empire: Flags depicted in National Geographic (1917)
		The flag for the "Secretary of Navy" (that is, the Minister of Navy) is shown, as #719, in proportion 3:4, red with four white bombs, placed one-two-one, and an anchor in a white fimbriated canton.
		The flag, shown as #724, is a red broad pennant in proportion ~5:7, with one white bomb.
		The flag, shown as #1021, is similar to further versions of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy flag.
	flagspot.net /flags/tr_ott17.html (451 words)

	Majid's Pages - Maldives Flag- , society and culture
		The national flag of Qureish, the nation of the Prophet Mohamed was fl, with a rising eagle in the middle.
		The flag adopted for the Sultan of the Maldives in 1965, displayed a white five pointed star between the horns of the crescent in the national flag.
		Flag adopted for the Sultan in 1965 displaying the symbols of the Roman goddess of the hunt and the Virgin Mary- currently flag of the president of the republic
	www.maldivesroyalfamily.com /maldives_flag.shtml (1162 words)

	Ottoman Empire (Turkey, 1299-1923) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The flag with a seven-pointed star was the flag for "ocean-going vessels".
		This flag is also shown in Colton's Delineation of Flags of All Nations (1862) (colour plate reproduced in Znamierowski [zna99]) and captioned: " #140.
		A green flag with three stars was a merchant flag for a ship commanded by captain being a reserve Ottoman Navy officer (similar to the British Blue Ensign for merchant ships).
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/tr-ottom.html (392 words)

	.____o____O____T H E O T T O M A N E M P I R E____O____o____.
		The Ottoman Empire was a Moslem Turkish state that encompassed Anatolia, Southeastern Europe, the Arab Middle East and North Africa from the 14C to the early 20C.
		The Ottoman Empire succeeded both the Byzantine Empire (1453) and the Arab Caliphate, the mantle of descent from Mohammed after the conquest of Egypt (1517).
		Although the medrese was originally a theological school, in the Ottoman period, education in the medrese was conducted in four faculties; 1-religion and law, 2-language and literature, 3-philosophy,4-basic sciences.
	members.tripod.com /Bezgo003/ottoman.html (1585 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ottoman Empire in its core, the Kai tribe of Oğuz Turks, was part of the westward Turkic migrations from Central Asia that began during the 10th century.
		According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty.
		Ultimately, the Ottoman Empire's relatively high degree of tolerance for ethnic differences proved to be one of its greatest strengths in integrating the new regions until the rise of nationalism (this non-assimilative policy became a weakness during the dissolution of the empire that neither the first or second parliaments could successfully address).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Empire (8280 words)

	Unimaps.com - National Flags of Asia.
		The previous flag showed the outline of the country in yellow, on a red disc.that was used throughout their struggle for independence, but when the new state was formally established in 1971, the yellow outline map was dropped.
		The flag in current use is the same as the one adopted in 1948, though between then and now, 5 other designs have been used, all with the image of Angkor Wat in differing forms on the flag.
		This flag is based on the red and white banner of the Empire of Majahapit of the 13th century and the red and white colours were revived in the early 20th century as an expression of nationalism against the Dutch.
	unimaps.com /flags-asia/index.html (2176 words)

	Ottoman Empire: Flags depicted in a Dutch chart - XIXth century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The flag is red, with two white crescent and stars placed vertically along the hoist and a bigger white crescent and star placed near the hoist.
		The flag is red with a large white crescent with two white stars placed vertically and a larger star placed near the hoist.
		The flag is red with a white emblem, which is probably an approximative representation of the Zulfikar sword.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/tr-otto1.html (677 words)

	Egypt in Ottoman Empire
		This flag is quite common on flag books and charts from the middle of 18th century and until the middle of the 19th century.
		The flag didn't appear on Le Gras (1858) [leg58] so I think that its use ended in the first half of the 19th century.
		From many captured flags we also know that similar flags were used on land also, but with different colors and arrangements.
	www.fotw.net /flags/eg-ott.html (444 words)

	The Turkish flag - All About Turkey
		Article 2 - The Turkish flag shall be a red flag with a white moon - star which is in the shape and proportions shown in the attached table.
		The Turkish flag shall be hoisted on national holidays and general holidays, starting from holiday start and ending in the sunset of the end of the holiday.
		The basic form of the national flag was apparently established in 1793 under Ottoman Sultan Selim III, when the green flags used by the navy were changed to red and a white crescent and multi-pointed star were added.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /flag.htm (1215 words)

	Albania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The nickname of the flag is flamur e Skënderbeut (Skanderbeg's flag).
		The flag of the President of Albania is a square version of the national flag.
		The flag used during the Communist period was similar, but a red star with a yellow border was placed above the eagle.
	www.fotw.us /flags/al.html (1181 words)

	Tunisia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The national flag was adopted in 1835 and legislated in Constitution on June 1st 1959.
		The dimensions of the flag are given as 2:3~, i.e.,12:18~ with disk diameter as 8~.
		The flag was adopted in 1831 by Hassine I, 8th bey (sovereign) of the Husseinite Dynasty.
	www.fotw.us /flags/tn.html (908 words)

	Kurdistan National Flag
		The National Flag was first introduced by the leaders of the Khoyboun, ("independence") movement to represent the Kurds in their struggle for independence from the moribund Ottoman Empire.
		The "sunny flag" has thus been consecrated by the blood of all Kurdish patriots of this century, from tens of thousands who fell in defending the independence movement under the Khoyboun, to the President of the Republic of Kurdistan and his elected cabinet who were hanged in sight of this flag by the foe.
		The width of the flag is two-thirds of the length.
	www.kurd.us /flag (432 words)

	Ottoman
		North Africa up to the Moroccan frontier was brought under Ottoman suzerainty in the 1520s and 1530s, and governors named by the sultan were installed in Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli.
		The latter conquest gave the Ottomans an outlet to the Persian Gulf, where they were soon engaged in a naval war with the Portuguese.
		The Ottomans were slow to recognize the shift in the military balance to Europe and the reasons for it.
	www.theottomans.org /english/history/history1500.asp (346 words)

	Ottoman Empire: Flags with the Zulfikar sword
		The Ottomans adopted the symbolism of Zulfikar, that gradually became one of the main symbols of the Janissaries.
		The Zulfikar sword shown on flags was commonly misinterpreted by mediaeval European painters (and flag authorities) as (tailor's) scissors.
		The flag daties from the period of Soliman the Magnificent.
	www.allstates-flag.com /fotw/flags/tr-zulf.html (1050 words)

	Mdoukha.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Phoenician Flag: This flag was blue, symbolizing the sea, yet the red color was later added to it when the purple color was discovered.
		The Ottoman Flag: Consisted of a red cloth with a white crescent and white star in the center, and remained as such until their departure in 1918.
		The Lebanese flag during the French Mandate: It was similar to the Blue, White and Red French Flag with a green Cedar in the middle, and was designed by the president of the Lebanese Nahda (renaissance) Movement, the late Naoum Mukarzel.
	www28.brinkster.com /mdoukha/index_main.asp?param=leb_flags (470 words)

	Free Aceh Movement (Indonesia)
		The flag of the independentist state of Aceh-Sumatra was officialy hoisted on the renewed proclamation of independence on 4 December 1976 by Head of State Tengku Tjhik di Tiro Muhammad Hasan (Tengku Hasan di Tiro).
		That part of the world was governed independently under Ottoman protection until the second half of the 1800s, when Ottoman overseas influence depleted to its minimum thereby opening the way to Dutch colonization attempts, which continued up and down until the formation of the Indonesian state in the 1940s.
		The design before 1976 was without both the fl stripes and the white fimbriation, making it similar to the Ottoman flag, although the precise placement of the crescent and star are unknown.
	www.allstates-flag.com /fotw/flags/id-aceh.html (860 words)

	Lebanon Flag - World Flags 101 - Lebanonian Flags
		The flag of Lebanon consists of two equal-sized red horizontal stripes that are placed at the top and bottom of the flag.
		In the middle of the flag and white stripe there is an image of a green cedar tree.
		Some flag manufacturers have made the cedar tree green and brown, but Lebanon's constitution states that the tree should be green only.
	www.worldflags101.com /l/lebanon-flag.aspx (317 words)

	World War I - WarWiki - A Wikia wiki
		Red flags were hoisted, and the Internationale was sung on several occasions.
		The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in October and November 1914, because of the secret Ottoman-German Alliance, by three Pashas, which was signed in August 1914.
		However, the latter treaty with the Ottoman Empire was followed by strife (the Turkish Independence War) and a final peace treaty was signed between the Allied Powers and the country that would shortly become the Republic of Turkey, at Lausanne on July 24, 1923.
	war.wikia.com /wiki/World_War_I (8187 words)

	1453: Conquest of Constantinople - All About Turkey
		Encouraged by this spiritual support, Fatih Sultan Mehmed, escalated the attack, and decided to add an element of surprise: the Ottoman fleet anchored in Dolmabahce would be moved to the Golden Horn gulf by land.
		The surprise appearance of the Ottoman fleet in the bay created panic among Byzantine residents of Constantinople.
		Ottoman forces launched another attack from the direction of Topkapi by using a wooden mobile tower.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /conquest.htm (1347 words)

	The Uskok “Problem” and Habsburg, Venetian, and Ottoman Relations at the Turn of the Seventeenth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The most important outcome was that for the first time the expansive movement of the Ottoman troops was stopped, less because of the excellence of the Habsburg troops than from the inner crisis from which the Ottoman society suffered at the end of the sixteenth century.
		An Ottoman naval offensive in the Adriatic Sea, as the worst scenario of the Uskok raids, might have precipitated the founding of an alliance between Christians.
		Ottoman administrative representatives demonstrated that they were willing to use these devices in order to establish and confirm their position in the power system of the Mediterranean region.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /journals/EH/EH42/Simon42.html (7972 words)

	The Greek Flag (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The striped pattern was chosen because of its similarity with the wavy sea that surrounds the shores of Greece.
		The Hellenic Square Cross that rests on the upper left-side of the flag and occupies one fourth of the total area demonstrates the respect and the devotion the Hellenic people have for the Greek Orthodox Church and signifies the important role of Christianity in the formation of the modern Hellenic Nation.
		During the dark years of the Ottoman rule, the Greek Orthodox Church helped the enslaved Greeks to retain their cultural characteristics: the Hellenic language, the Byzantine religion and generally the Hellenic ethnic identity, by the institution of the Crypha Scholia (secret schools).
	alexandros.com /grflag.html (414 words)

	100 years of Panama - Turkish Daily News Nov 07, 2003
		Indeed, the westward expansion of the emerging Ottoman Empire across the Balkans ran parallel to the establishment of Portuguese rule in Brazil and the consolidation of the Spanish monarchy in the rest of Latin America.
		The isthmus country's flag may be seen flying at many harbors plying the high seas, and the flag is omnipresent at any repair dock.
		The famous Venezuelan soldier, General Rafael de Nogales, who fought under the Ottoman flag between 1914 and 1918, is linked to Panama, for it was there that he suddenly passed away on July 10, 1937, while en route to Europe on an official mission.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /archives.php?id=34212 (2224 words)

	Lebanon Profile, Flag of Lebanon
		Lebanese Flag: "The Lebanese flag is made of red, white and red horizontal stripes, with the cedar in green in the center of the white stripe"
		Phoenician flag: This flag was blue, symbolizing the sea, and red color (probably 'purpule' intended) after color was discovered
		Lebanese flag during the French Mandate: It was similar to the Blue, White and Red French Flag with a green Cedar in the middle, and was designed by the president of the Lebanese Renaissance Movement, the late Naoum Mukarzel
	www.lgic.org /en/lebanon_info_flag.php (305 words)

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