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Topic: Ottoman Interregnum

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	Wikipedia: Ottoman Empire
		The Ottoman Empire (sometimes referred to in diplomatic circles as the "Sublime Porte" or simply as "the Porte") was a Turkish state that comprised Turkey, part of the Middle East, North Africa and south-eastern Europe in the 14th to 20th centuries, established by the Seljuq Turkish tribe of Söğüt in western Anatolia.
		The Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful polities in the 16th and 17th centuries when the countries of Europe felt threatened by its steady advances through the Balkans.
		The Empire had suffered hard from the Interregnum; the Mongols were still at large in the east, even though Timur Lenk had died in 1405; many of the Christian kingdoms of the Balkans had broken free of Ottoman control; and the land, especially Anatolia, had suffered hard from the war.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/o/ot/ottoman_empire.html (6149 words)

	Interregnum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An interregnum is a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, emperors of Holy Roman Empire, polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic.
		The English Interregnum from 1649–1660 was a republican period in Britain, comprising the Commonwealth and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell after the regicide of Charles I and before the restoration of Charles II
		An interregnum occurs also upon the death of the Roman Catholic Pope, though this is generally known as a sede vacante (vacant seat).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Interregnum (467 words)

	Ottoman Empire - New World Encyclopedia Preview
		Ottoman expansion through the 1500s and later, was aided by their considerable knowledge of firearms and tactics, and by an overall fairly-advanced military and administrative system.
		Ottoman state organization was based on a hierarchy with the sultan, who was usually the Caliph at the top, and below him his viziers, other court officials, and military commanders.
		For centuries, the Ottoman Empire was the refuge of the Jews of Europe, who did not have the freedom of religion in Europe that the citizens of the Ottoman Empire did.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /preview/Ottomans (5284 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An interregnum is a period between monarchs, between popes, emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, Polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic.
		The English Interregnum from 1649–1660 was a republican period in Britain, comprising the Commonwealth and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell after the regicide of Charles I and before the restoration of Charles II
		A second English interregnum occurred between 23 December 1688, when James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution, and the installation of William III and Mary II as joint sovereigns on 13 February 1689 pursuant to the Declaration of Right.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Interregnum (538 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Ottoman Dynasty - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan.
		The first Ottoman ruler to be addressed by the title was Abdülhamid I in 1774, though he did not claim the title himself.
		However the next Ottoman ruler (6th Sultan of House of Osman) was Sultan Murad Khan II (1421 - 1451) took the title 'Abu'l Hayrat, Sultan ul-Mujahidin, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Edirne and Filibe.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Ottoman_Sultan (1106 words)

	Ottoman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The peaceful reign of Bayazid II is marred by a conservative religious reaction against the Conqueror's cosmopolitan cultural outlook and strong centralization drive.
		Ottoman firepower destroys the flower of the Hungarian nobility at the battle of Mohacs; the conquest of Buda and Peşte follows.
		This turn-of-the-century upheaval marks the end of the Classical Age and the opening pf a new chapter in Ottoman history characterized by the waning of the state's political and military fortunes.
	www.theottomans.org /english/chronology/index.asp (1227 words)

	From the Interregnum to Empire - Turkey - AboutTurkey.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Claiming that the Ottomans had to be content with carrying the standard of holy war in the Balkans, he warned Bayezid not to interfere with the affairs of Muslim-Turkish Beyliks in Anatolia.
		The Ottomans recovered from a decade of civil strife relatively quickly by 1413 and the country was once again united by Mehmed I (1413-1421), a remarkable achievement demonstrating the strong foundation of the Ottoman administrative mechanism and order.
		Writing in the late fifteenth century, Ottoman writers of the chroniclers of the House of Osman (Tevarih-i Al-i Osman) also maintained, in an implicit or explicit manner, that the Ottomans were both the legitimate heirs to the Anatolian Seljuk dynasty and the leaders of the gazis.
	www.aboutturkey.com /turkey/history/Ottomans/From_the_Interregnum_to_Empire.shtml (457 words)

	Ottoman Interregnum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ottoman Interregnum (also known as the Ottoman Triumvirate; Fetret Devri in Turkish) was a period in the beginning of the 15th century when chaos reigned in the Ottoman Empire following the defeat of Sultan Bayezid I in 1402 by the Tatar warlord Tamerlane.
		Musa was now master of the Ottoman dominions in Thrace, and speedily showed that he inherited a full proportion both of the energy and of the strength of his father Beyazit.
		The armies of the rival Ottoman bother were at last arrayed for a decisive conflict on the plain of Chamurli, near the southern Servian frontier.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum (1026 words)

	War: Ottoman Empire
		The Empire had suffered hard from the Interregnum; the Mongols where still at large in the east, even though Timur Lenk had died in 1405; many of the Christian kingdoms of the Balkans had broken free of Ottoman control; and the land, especially Anatolia, had suffered hard from the war.
		The Serbs was defeated and the Ottomans turned to face the Hungarians who fled back into Wallachia when they realised they were unable to attack the Ottomans from the back.
		In the early part of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire was allied with France, and thus it was to them that the Sultan turned for aid in rebuilding his military might.
	www.morelawinfo.com /War/Gulf_War/Ottoman_Empire.shtml (5438 words)

	Interregnum: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An interregnum is a period between kings, or between popes (popes: The head of the Roman Catholic Church) of the Roman Catholic Church (Roman Catholic Church: The Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy).
		An interregnum occurs also upon the death of the Roman Catholic Pope, though this is generally known as a sede vacante (sede vacante: sede vacante in the canon law of the roman catholic church is the vacancy of...
		The interregnum ends immediately upon election (election: A vote to select the winner of a position or political office) of the new Pope by the College of Cardinals (College of Cardinals: (Roman Catholic Church) the body of cardinals who advise the Pope and elect new Popes).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/interregnum (648 words)

	Interregnum
		An interregnum is a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, emperors of Holy Roman Empire, Polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic.
		The English Interregnum from 1649–1660 was a republican period in Britain, comprising the Commonwealth and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell after the regicide of Charles I and before the restoration of Charles II
		A second English interregnum occurred between 23 December 1688, when James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution, and the installation of William III and Mary II as joint sovereigns on 13 February 1689 pursuant to the Declaration of Right.
	interregnum.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Interregnum (752 words)

	Mod2lect1
		The Ottomans, on the borders of Christendom were able to become the foremost among the ghazis who were fighting to expand the rule of Islam.
		The picture of the earlier Ottoman sultans that emerges from history and legend is of men who deeply understood their society.
		At Murat's death most of the empire was under the complete authority of the sultan, with Ottoman tax-collectors, civil servants, and judges, all directed from the Ottoman capital.
	www.humanities.ualberta.ca /ottoman/module2/lecture1.htm (428 words)

	INTERREGNUM FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An interregnum is a period between kings, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, or between consuls of the Roman Republic.
		During that time it was the Polish primate who served as an interrex (ruler between kings).
		Interregnum a documentary with and about the drawings of George Grosz
	www.popstudy.com /interregnum (279 words)

	Manuel II Palaiologos Information
		Although relations with John VII improved, the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I besieged Constantinople from 1394 to 1402.
		As the sons of Bayezid I struggled with each other over the succession in the Ottoman Interregnum, John VII was able to secure the return of the European coast of the Sea of Marmara and of Thessalonica to the Byzantine Empire.
		Manuel II stood on friendly terms with the victor in the Ottoman civil war, Mehmed I (1402–1421), but his attempts to meddle in the next contested succession led to a new assault on Constantinople by Murad II (1421–1451) in 1422.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos (605 words)

	Islamic History: The Ottoman Empire - ReligionFacts
		Orhan died in 1360 and left a growing empire to his son and successor, Murad I. Murad advanced the reformation of the state and founded such entities as the divan (the government and advisors), the beylerbey (great chief), the kaziasker (military judge) and the defterdar (financial minister).
		The Ottoman army that laid siege to the city knew nothing of the transfer of power, and some Venetian soldiers got killed by Ottoman troops, believing them to be Greeks.
		In the early part of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire was allied with France, and thus it was to them that the Sultan turned for aid in rebuilding his military might.
	www.religionfacts.com /islam/history/ottoman.htm (7072 words)

	Ottoman and Turkish Studies at Harvard
		I am interested in late Ottoman history, and my research topic is on port-cities of the eastern mediterranean, and on the movement of ideas between them.
		Dissertation subject is a sixteenth-century Ottoman text of anectodes, classified to reflect the possible objects of man's desire.
		I am interested in Ottoman "minorities", their mystical-messianical tendencies and possible social and intellectual interactions with each other in a context of the seventeenth century Ottoman and Early Modern Europe.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~turkish/students.html (654 words)

	Category, usually, Giorgio, monarch, known, auctoritas, attached, Polish, Catholic, Auctoritas - Interregnum
		An interregnum is a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, emperors of Holy Roman Empire, Polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic.
		* The 1022-1072 period in Ireland, between the death of Mael Sechnaill II and the accession of Tairrdelbach I, is sometimes regarded as an interregnum, as the High Kingship of Ireland was disputed throughout these decades.
		The interregnum may even have extended to 1121, when Tairrdelbach II acceded to the title.
	www.alphasearch.org /Interregnum.html (556 words)

	Ottoman Research Foundation Ottoman Empire harem history hotel holiday health
		It is the fruitless and miserable period for eleven years, which began with the Ottoman State’s dismemberment with Ankara defeat in 1402, continued with the Lightning’s children’s fight for the Sultanate and ended in 1413 with Chelebi Mehmed I’s being undisputedly accepted as the sole Sultan.
		Nevertheless, the largest soils of the Ottomans were in the possession of Mehmed Chelebi who resided in Amasya.
		And the Ottoman throne was inherited soley by Mehmed Chelebi (1413).
	www.osmanli.org.tr /en/the_unknown_ottoman.php?bolum=28&id=130 (648 words)

	Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society, The Canadian Journal of History - Find Articles
		Being Mamluk is predicated on control of power, "reproduction by recruitment from abroad," and "permanent" separation from "ruled subjects." Access to power underlines either the generational gap between the ruling foreign born and their disenfranchised sons or the hierarchical chasm separating the "amir class" from "rank and file" proteges (Levanoni, Richards, Haarman).
		This postulation underlines the conversion of the Ottoman interregnum into a graveyard for Mamluk power and identity and hence the genesis of the "neo-Mamluks" is explained in terms of either survival and "re-emergence" of their progeny or mutation and the birth of hybrid factions (Winter, Hathaway).
		The demarcation of Mamluk identity in binary opposition to "native Egyptians" and the use of the Ottoman conquest as a referent for contrast between "Turco-Circassian" and "neo-Mamluk" phases permeates the sections on "culture" and "property," sections which are collapsible.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200004/ai_n8880938 (769 words)

	Community Yellow Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Ottoman army that laid siege to the city knew nothing of the transfer of power, and a number of Venetian soldiers were killed by Ottoman troops, believing them to be Greeks.
		The Ottomans fled and the fleet was able to hold off the Ottomans until new Venetian reinforcements arrived to recapture the city.
		In 1480, a vizier called Ahmed landed in Italy and captured the city Otranto, although the Ottomans- who had to deal with another Albanian rebellion at the time- met fierce resistance from Ferrante of Naples and the Pope and were forced to abandon Otranto.
	www.ecologyiworld.com /wiki-Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire (2064 words)

	Sugar. Early History
		The existence of the Ottoman Empire was closely tied to the rule of a single dynasty, the Osmanli (Ottoman).
		After all, every Ottoman advance in Europe was the result of a military victory, and they could have considered the lands thus conquered justifiably theirs, in spite of the claims of the Christian princes who fought as their allies.
		Hungary, with which the Ottomans still had no common border, was a strong state ruled by Sigismund of Luxemburg and had Balkan ambitions of her own, while Venice held territories all around the shores of the Balkan Peninsula.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/hst373/readings/sugar.html (12113 words)

	LIBYA'S FREE VOICE MESSAGE BOARD Forums - View Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It was often felt that mutual self-reliance was necessary, although in theory the rulers of a state should be the ones responsible for the security of all its population, regardless of religious and ethnic affiliation.
		The Ottoman state was unable to impose effective control over Berber regions of the Tripolitanian hinterland.
		During the late Ottoman period, security in the Tripolitanian countryside was poor and traders were in danger.27 Jewish peddlers who traveled with merchandise and money served as an easy target for robbers.
	www.libyamazigh.org /phpBB/viewtopic.php?topic=1790&forum=1 (1017 words)

	Mehmed I Information
		Mehmed I Çelebi (nicknamed Kirisci, "the Executioner") (1389 – May 26, 1421) (Arabic: محمد الأول) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
		After the Ottoman Interregnum, when Mehmed stood as victor in 1413, he crowned himself sultan in Adrianople (Edirne).
		The reign of this Sultan is cited by Von Hammer as the period total taste for literature and fondness for poetry first prevailed among the Ottomans.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Mehmed_I (349 words)

	Interregnum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An interregnum is a period between kings, or between popes of the Roman Catholic Church.
		During that time it was the Polish primate who served as an interrex (ruler between kings).
		An Interregnum occurs also upon the death of the Roman Catholic Pope, though this is generally known as a sede vacante (vacant seat).
	interregnum.area51.ipupdater.com (262 words)

	MEHMED I FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Mehmed I Çelebi (nicknamed Kirisci, "the Executioner") (1389 – May 26, 1421) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
		After the Ottoman Interregnum, when Mehmed stood as victor in 1413, he crowned himself sultan in Adrianople (Edirne).
		The reign of this Sultan is cited by Von Hammer as the period total taste for literature and fondness for poetry first prevailed among the Ottomans.
	www.velocitydatasystems.com /Mehmed_I (350 words)

	Ottoman Interregnum: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Mûsa won in Bulgaria (Bulgaria: A republic in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe) in 1410 and Suleiman was forced to retreat south to Greece.
		Three years later Mehmed sent over a new army that defeated Mûsa in Kamerlu, Serbia (Serbia: A historical region in central and northern Yugoslavia; Serbs settled the region in the 6th and 7th centuries).
		It was then easy for Mehmed I (Mehmed I: more facts about this subject) to overthrow his last brother in Greece and become the Ottoman sultan.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/ottoman_interregnum (273 words)

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