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Topic: Ottoman Military Reform Efforts

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	Derebey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A derebey (Turkish: valley lord) was a feudal lord in Anatolia in the 18th century, with considerable independence from the central government of the Ottoman Empire.
		Selim's successor, Mahmud II (who followed the year-long reign of Mustafa IV), oversaw the decline of the derebeys as Ottoman government became increasingly centralised and administration was conducted by appointed governors.
		By 1866 the remaining derebeys were subjugated by a military expedition in the Çukurova region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Derebey (226 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Ottomans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Ottoman Empire began as one of several Muslim Turkish frontier principalities that emerged in western Anatolia in the late thirteenth century.
		Tensions on the Ottoman eastern borders in Anatolia continued, however: the Safavid dynasty of Iran was beaten by Selim I in 1514 at Çald
		In field battles the classical tactical formation of the Ottomans was the crescent, with the provincial cavalry on the wings; the sultan (when present) in the center, protected by his guard and the janissaries armed with the harquebus or musket; and the other units of the standing army to left and right.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_039200_ottomans.htm (1066 words)

	Ottoman military reform efforts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When Selim III came to the throne in 1789 an ambitious effort of military reform was launched, geared towards securing the Ottoman Empire.
		Western military advisors were imported but their abilities to enact change were limited.
		In 1808 he was replaced by Mahmud II-with martial law of Alemdar Mustafa Pasha who restarted the reform efforts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Efforts_under_Selim_III_and_Mahmoud_II (953 words)

	THE TURKS IN THE HISTORY
		Yet Ottoman influence extended beyond the confines of the war zone to the German and Dutch Protestants who were rallied against the Hapsburg, to the Muslims and crypto-Muslims (Moriscos), and to the Jews and crypto-Jews (Marranos) who fled from persecution in Spain to the haven of Ottoman lands.
		Ottoman sultans were leaders of the Muslim community; they were defenders of the faith, of the holy cities, and of the Sunni branch of Islam in particular.
		Meanwhile Ottoman manufactures suffered from competition with European goods that came into the state under low tariffs fixed by the capitulations-treaties of privilege and commerce granted by the sultans to European states-while Ottoman exports were themselves subject to tax to raise revenues.
	www.cs.utah.edu /~kagano/turks.htm (12193 words)

	Ottoman Reform Efforts under Selim III and Ma... - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ottoman Reform Efforts under Selim III and Ma...
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	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Efforts_under_Selim_III_and_Ma... (182 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Ottomans conquered Bosnia in 1463; though the Hungarians attacked and briefly recovered parts of it, by 1465 for all practical purposes the Ottomans had won, though the last fortress in Herzegovina was to fall in 1481, and in Bosnia Jajce under a Hungarian garrison actually held out until 1527.
		The spirit that animated the Ottoman borderers did not die away, and even in the mid-seventeenth century, by which time much had changed for the worse in the Ottoman state, the ethos that had vitalized the sixteenth and even the fifteenth centuries was not forgotten.
		The Ottoman response to the rebellion was tempered by this European intervention.
	www.unc.edu /courses/pre2000fall/slav167/muslims.htm (19427 words)

	Macedonia and the failure of Ottoman reforms
		The Ottomans and the Habsburgs were not passive spectators in the face of the revolutionary nationalist movements that eventually destroyed their empires.
		Reform of a traditional kind had been an element in Ottoman life since the 1600s, when the first military defeats led reformers to examine their own society.
		Ottoman Christians still suffered from discrimination in taxation, and lacked access to schools, equal protection under the law, participation in public administration, security of property and even security of their persons and lives.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lect11.htm (4164 words)

	BarbManning.net Freelance - Auspicious Event: The Significance of the Destruction of the Janissaries
		In the eighteenth century, the Ottoman state attempted to overhaul its artillery and fortifications with the aid of Europeans such as Comte de Bonneval and the Baron de Tott.
		The fires were so widespread that the Ottoman people demanded the right to bear arms to protect themselves and their property from the brigandage of these “royal troops”.
		The Eskençi Project was different from the previous reform efforts, in that it attempted to reverse the roles of the old and new corps.
	www.barbmanning.net /samples/janissaryend.html (4874 words)

	cortitasyalpie Viagra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Murad IVEventually, after the defeat of Kara Mustafa by Jan III Sobieski of Poland at the Battle of Vienna, in 1683, it was clear that the Ottoman Empire was no longer a superpower in Europe.
		Many of the reforms the sultans tried to impose to revitalise the Empire, were reverted by conservative forces within the Empire, either by the religious cadre, or by the now-corrupt Janissaries, even after the Janissaries were disbanded in 1826.
		In the Caucasus Ottomans lost at the end of the war by the Allies, Arabs, and Republic of Armenia, which Armenian Republic was being declared during the war, in contrast to Arap nations.
	cortitasyalpie.blogspot.com (14535 words)

	Reform in education (from Ottoman Empire) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Before the reforms, education in the Ottoman Empire had not been a state responsibility but had been provided by the various millets; education for Muslims was controlled by the ulama and was directed toward religion.
		One of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries, it spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1922, when it was replaced by the Turkish Republic and various successor states in southeastern Europe and the Middle East.
		Covers different topics such as Süleyman the Magnificent, Selim II, Ottoman decline during the 17th and 18th centuries, European imperialism during the 19th century, and the Balkan crisis of the early 20th century.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-44407 (951 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: A Modern Jihad Genocide by Andrew G. Bostom
		Rossler was reacting specifically to the official Ottoman allegation that the Armenians had begun to massacre the Turkish population in the Turkish sections of Urfa, a city within his district, after reportedly capturing them.
		Led by their patriarch, the Armenians felt encouraged by the Tanzimat reform scheme, and began to deluge the Porte (Ottoman seat of government) with pleas and requests, primarily seeking governmental protection against a host of mistreatments, particularly in the remote provinces.
		In his denunciation of the reforms, Resid argued the proposed "complete emancipation" of the non-Muslim subjects, appropriately destined to be subjugated and ruled, was "entirely contradictory" to "the 600 year traditions of the Ottoman Empire".
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=7519 (2604 words)

	Mahmud II - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The leader of this rebellion, Mustafa Bayrakdar, then became Mahmud's vizier and took the initiative in resuming reforms that had been terminated by the conservative coup of 1807 that had brought Mustafa IV to power.
		Previously to the first of these Firmans at the property of all persons banished or condemned to death was forfeited to the crown; and a sordid motive for acts of cruelty was thus kept in perpetual operation, besides the encouragement of a host of Delators of the vilest kind.
		Mahmud appears to have been unable to effect the reforms he desired in the mode of educating his children, so that his son received no better education than that given to Ottoman princes in the harem.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Mahmud_II (847 words)

	[No title]
		Ottoman feudalism, in contrast, was based on the social institution of the timar, an uninheritable fief made over to the sipahi, the mounted warrior, in return for his services in war.
		Recurrent rebellion at home and continued disasters in war against European powers distracted the sultans from the effort needed to strengthen their military establishment...The vast majority of Moslems were in a state of catalepsy, unable to cope either intellectually or in practice with the new conditions created by European military and cultural superiority.
		Even the powerful Ottomans, or at least their frontier line soldiers and sailors, were feeling some of the consequences of this by the time of the sixteenth century.
	killeenroos.com /4/Turkeyre.htm (17862 words)

	Ottoman Empire -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		In 1324 or 1326 the Ottoman Turks captured Bursa, on the opposite side of the Sea of Marmara from Constantinople, and this city became the first capital of the young empire.
		The Ottoman Empire originated in a small emirate established in the second half of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia.
		Although the empire was in a state of decline, it made a substantial contribution to the Central Powers' war effort.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9111081?source=RSSOTD (958 words)

	The American Thinker
		Muslim society has not yet broken with the prejudices which make the conquered peoples subordinatethe raya [dhimmis] remain inferior to the Osmanlis; in fact he is not rehabilitated; the fanaticism of the early days has not relented[even liberal Muslims rejected]civil and political equality, that is to say, the assimilation of the conquered with the conquerors.
		Could reforms be acceptable which forbade calling a spade a spade?...The Turkish mind, conditioned by centuries of Muslim and Ottoman dominance, was not yet ready to accept any absolute equalityOttoman equality was not attained in the Tanzimat period [i.e., mid to late 19th century, 1839-1876], nor yet after the Young Turk revolution of 1908
		Turkey are entirely consistent with a return to Turkey’s Ottoman past as the heartland of an Empire established by jihad, and governed by the Shari’a.
	www.americanthinker.com /articles.php?article_id=4888 (1569 words)

	efforts - OneLook Dictionary Search
		We found 2 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word efforts:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "efforts" is defined.
		Phrases that include efforts: best efforts underwriting, best efforts basis, best efforts selling, ottoman military reform efforts
	www.onelook.com /?w=efforts (86 words)

	Osmanli tarihi
		This brought the empire to the peak of its territorial extent.
		Selim III (ruled 1789-1807) attempted to reform the empire and its army.
		by mid-century it was evident that the Ottoman cause was hopeless.
	www.harpercollege.edu /mhealy/g101ilec/nafswas/nwh/nwotto/osmanli.html (1528 words)

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