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Topic: Ottoman Turkey

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Ottoman Empire

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Turks

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History of Ottoman Egypt

state organisation of the Ottoman Empire

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	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ottoman defeat at the naval Battle of Lepanto (1571) weakened the Ottoman grip on the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, and was considered by earlier historians to mark the beginning of Ottoman decline.
		Ultimately, the Ottoman Empire's relatively high degree of tolerance for ethnic differences proved to be one of its greatest strengths in integrating the new regions until the rise of nationalism (this non-assimilative policy became a weakness during the dissolution of the empire that neither the first or second parliaments could successfully address).
		Ottoman Cuisine is one of the most diverse and advanced cuisines in the World, and is based on the culmination of Ottoman regional and ethnic dishes and technological and innovational advancement of these with new ingredients and cooking techniques.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Empire (9117 words)

	Ottoman Empire. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Ottoman siege of Constantinople was lifted at the appearance of Timur, who defeated and captured Beyazid in 1402.
		Although Turkey was theoretically among the victors in the Crimean War, it emerged from the war economically exhausted.
		In 1908 the Young Turk movement, a reformist and strongly nationalist group, with many adherents in the army, forced the restoration of the constitution of 1876, and in 1909 the parliament deposed the sultan and put Muhammad V on the throne.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ot/OttomanE.html (1638 words)

	Turkey, Republic of, and the Armenian Genocide
		Turkey is the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and its official policy on the Armenian Genocide is the denial of its occurrence.
		Turkey immediately turned its attention to the suppression of the Kurds, whose language was banned in 1924 and whose ethnic identity was officially denied by the Turkish state until the 1980s.
		Turkey has also pressured governments in an attempt to prevent the convening of international conferences, such as one planned in Israel in 1982, where despite strong pressures to cancel it, the Armenian Genocide was one of the topics presented.
	www.armenian-genocide.org /turkey.html (871 words)

	Royalty.nu - Sultans of the Ottoman Empire - History of Turkey
		The Ottoman Empire arose from a Turkish principality founded in Anatolia (Asia Minor) at the end of the 13th century, when the empire of the Seljuk Turks had collapsed and the Byzantine Empire was crumbling.
		At its height, the Ottoman realm extended from Hungary to the Persian Gulf, from North Africa to the Caucasus.
		Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest edited by Pal Fodor and Geza David.
	www.royalty.nu /history/empires/Ottoman/index.html (2583 words)

	The Ottomans and their dynasty - All About Turkey
		Although the Ottoman Empire is not considered a European kingdom per se, Ottoman expansion had a profound impact on a continent already stunned by the calamities of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and the Ottoman Turks must, therefore, be considered in any study of Europe in the late Middle Ages.
		The conquest of Thrace gave the Ottomans a foothold in Europe from which future campaigns into the Balkans and Greece were launched and Adrianople (Edirne) became the Ottoman capital in 1366.
		Some historians consider that this policy of imprisonment contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire as mentally unstable and politically inexperienced sultans were rescued from prison and placed upon the throne.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /ottoman.htm (1761 words)

	Ottoman
		Turkey was the only power defeated in World War I to negotiate with the Allies as an equal and to influence the provisions of the resultant treaty.
		Turkey was to hold the presidency of the commission, which included the Soviet Union among its members.
		Turkey and Greece arranged a mandatory exchange of their respective ethnic Greek and Turkish minorities, with the exception of some Greeks in Istanbul and Turks in western Thrace and the Dodecanese Islands.
	www.theottomans.org /english/history/war2.asp (479 words)

	The Ottoman state and government - All About Turkey
		The central function of the ruler or Sultan in Ottoman political theory was to guarantee justice (Adalet in Turkish) in the land.
		The Ottomans claimed this title for several reasons: the two major holy sites, Mecca and Medina, were part of the Empire, and the primary goal of the government was the security of Muslims around the world, particularly the security of the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca.
		The Ottomans believed that simple succession proved that the Sultan was worthy of the crown; however, the Sultan may grow old, feeble, or corrupt and thus lose his worthiness to serve as Sultan.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /ottoman2.htm (2016 words)

	Style and Status: Imperial Costumes from Ottoman Turkey
		Ottoman society was rigidly hierarchical, and luxurious ceremonial robes—worn for civilian and religious ceremonies, as well as on the battlefield—played a central role in court life.
		Ottoman flair for drama is evident in the choice of bright red lining, which was visible when the sultan was on horseback.
		Style and Status: Imperial Costumes from Ottoman Turkey is organized by the Freer and Sackler Galleries in cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkish Republic, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkish Republic, the Turkish Embassy in Washington, D.C. and the Promotion Fund of the Prime Ministry of Turkey.
	www.asia.si.edu /exhibitions/current/StyleStatus.htm (1144 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Crystalinks
		The Ottomans are one of the greatest and most powerful civilizations of the modern period.
		Like that earlier expansion, the Ottomans established an empire over European territory and established Islamic traditions and culture that last to the current day (the Muslims in Bosnia are the last descendants of the Ottoman presence in Europe).
		The Ottoman Empire was a vast state founded in the late 13th century by Turkish tribes in Anatolia and ruled by the descendants of Osman I until its dissolution in 1918.
	www.crystalinks.com /ottomanempire.html (1735 words)

	Ottoman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		the Ottoman Turks, the Turkic ethnic group of which the Ottoman Empire was originally comprised;
		Ottoman military band, or Mehter takımı, the military bands of the Ottoman Empire;
		Ottoman (furniture), the furniture piece whose name is derived from the Ottoman Turks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman (151 words)

	Timeline Turkey to 1960
		1754-1757 Osman III succeeded Mahmud I in the Ottoman House of Osman.
		1774-1789 Abdul Hamid I succeeded Mustafa III in the Ottoman House of Osman.
		1789-1807 Selim III succeeded Abdul Hamid I in the Ottoman House of Osman.
	timelines.ws /countries/TURKEYA.HTML (10429 words)

	IAUNRC - Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The term Turkey, although sometimes used to signify the Ottoman Empire, was not assigned to a specific political entity or geographic area until the republic was founded in 1923.
		The history of Turkey encompasses, first, the history of Anatolia before the coming of the Turks and of the civilizations--Hittite, Thracian, Hellenistic, and Byzantine--of which the Turkish nation is the heir by assimilation or example.
		Finally, Turkey's history is that of the republic established in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (1881-1938), called Atatürk--the "Father Turk." The creation of the new republic in the heartland of the old Islamic empire was achieved in the face of internal traditionalist opposition and foreign intervention.
	www.indiana.edu /~iaunrc/turkey.html (979 words)

	Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Khalif ur-Rasul Rub al-A'alimin: Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe.
		Sultan Khan: The Grand Sultan, the chief title borne by the ruler of Turkey and the Ottoman empire, equivalent to Emperor.
		A.D. Alderson, The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty.
	www.4dw.net /royalark/Turkey/turkey.htm (2590 words)

	The Ottoman Sultans of Turkey & Successors in Romania
		Turkey now has an especially tough time with its own identity as it is torn between the Islamic fundamentalist revival seen elsewhere and the secularism that Kemal Atatürk made the foundation of the modern state in the 1920's.
		To a considerable extent he succeeded, though Turkey is still haunted by the shadow of the military dictatorship that he himself represented, by the threat of militant Islâm, whose mediaevalism is fully triumphant in neighboring Irân, and by the disaffection of the Kurds, whose very existence was legally denied for many years.
		As the Ottoman Empire declined in strength, and Christians in the Balkans found European allies who favored their independence, like Britain for Greece and Russia for Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria, the Balkans became the scene of one conflict after another.
	www.friesian.com /turkia.htm (12137 words)

	Turkey - Language Reform: From Ottoman to Turkish
		Members of the civil, military, and religious elites conversed and conducted their business in Ottoman Turkish, which was a mixture of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish.
		At an official level, Ottoman Turkish usually was used only for matters pertaining to the administration of the empire.
		Ottoman Turkish not only borrowed vocabulary from Arabic and Persian but also lifted entire expressions and syntactic structures out of these languages and incorporated them into the Ottoman idiom.
	countrystudies.us /turkey/25.htm (1179 words)

	Abdal-Hakim Murad - Spiritual Life in Ottoman Turkey [Oct 2005]
		The first Ottoman sultans were urged to continue the fight for the faith by spiritual guides whose fame and sanctity had brought them into the intimate circle of the ruler, thereby adding to his charisma.
		In the complex patterns of post-conquest Ottoman society, three hierarchies came to wield spiritual power over the populace and maintained a stable ascendancy which only began to be broken with the onset of Westernising reform in the mid-nineteenth century.
		The most disastrous from the Ottoman viewpoint was the Safavid tarikat, which, although founded by the orthodox Safi al-Din Ardabili (d.1334), was suddenly converted to extreme Shi’ism at the hands of his fourth successor, Seyh Cüneid (d.1460).
	www.masud.co.uk /ISLAM/ahm/AHM-Ottoman_spirituality.htm (3653 words)

	Hotels in Turkey \| Hotels in Istanbul \| Blue Voyage Yachting and Cabin Charters \| Ottoman Period
		When the Sultan died in 1595 he was buried in the monument-tomb built by Architect Davut Aga in the garden of the St.
		The Ottoman Dynasty ended as Mehmet Vahdettin VI, who was throned after Mehmet Resad V, left the country on board of an English vessel in 1922.
		The Ottoman Empire, being defeated in World War I dissolved and Anatolia was divided up between the invading nations.
	www.exploreturkey.com /exptur.phtml?id=31 (2191 words)

	90 years on, an Armenian’s escape from Ottoman Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		As Armenia prepares to mark the 90th anniversary of a slaughter that is among the most painful episodes of its ages-old history in which it claims some 1.5 million were killed, only an estimated 600 people remain in the republic who can still tell the tale first hand.
		April 25, 1915 marks the day that the Ottoman Turkish authorities rounded up and later killed hundreds of Armenian intellectuals living in Anatolia in the start of what Armenia and many other countries say was an organized genocidal campaign to eliminate Armenians from the Ottoman Empire.
		Turkey denies a genocide ever took place saying that 300,000 Armenians and thousands of Turks were killed in "civil strife" during World War I, when the Armenians rose against their Ottoman rulers and sided with invading Russian troops.
	www.kurdmedia.com /news.asp?id=6666 (651 words)

	Turkey
		Turkey cedes Lebanon and Syria to France (and
		In the Ottoman system every close relative of the ruler, male and female, was styled Sultan, either before or after the name.
		The claim that, upon the Osmanli displacement of the last holder of the office, 23 Jan 1517, the office and style of Khalifat Rasul Allah, Amir al-Mu'minin (Halife-i Resulullah, Emirülmüminin in Osmali Turkish) devolve on the ruler of the Memalik-i Devlet-i Osmaniye [the Osmanli Empire] is spurious.
	www.worldstatesmen.org /Turkey.html (3916 words)

	Ottoman Empire (Turkey, 1299-1923)
		There was an Ottoman flag with crescent and seven-pointed star.
		A green flag with three stars was a merchant flag for a ship commanded by captain being a reserve Ottoman Navy officer (similar to the British Blue Ensign for merchant ships).
		Larousse du XXe siècle (1928) mentions under the heading ETENDARD CELESTE (lit., celestial standard) "the standard of green colour, which is venerated by the Turks who claim it was borne by Muhammad, and hoist it on special occasions".
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/tr-ottom.html (324 words)

	InterCol London Turkey Ottoman (13)
		Turkey Ottoman Certificate with Tughra of Abdul Hamid II thus dated c1914with tear edge on left side. Possible use as lottery ticket. Seal on reverse. Excellent Uncirculated condition.
		Turkey Ottoman Empire Treasury 1st 'Kaime' (interest bearing) Issue 10 Kurush Constantinople 1876/1293 with Tughra of Murad V. Reverse seal of the Finance Minister with the Turkish (Islamic) date and rectangular hand stamp of the Imperial Ottoman Bank with date 1876. Prominent and soiled folds and some fox marks otherwise Fine condition.
		Turkey Ottoman Empire Emergency Stamp Currency Issue 1917 for 5 Para. Issued in uncut and perforated sheets on various coloured thick paper (yellow/grey) Extremely fine condition to excellent condition. Catalogue reference Pick 116. Unusual use of stamp as currency.
	www.intercol.co.uk /acatalog/Turkey_Ottoman.html (316 words)

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