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Topic: Ottoman Turkish

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	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ottoman defeat at the naval Battle of Lepanto (1571) weakened the Ottoman grip on the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, and was considered by earlier historians to mark the beginning of Ottoman decline.
		Ultimately, the Ottoman Empire's relatively high degree of tolerance for ethnic differences proved to be one of its greatest strengths in integrating the new regions until the rise of nationalism (this non-assimilative policy became a weakness during the dissolution of the empire that neither the first or second parliaments could successfully address).
		Ottoman Cuisine is one of the most diverse and advanced cuisines in the World, and is based on the culmination of Ottoman regional and ethnic dishes and technological and innovational advancement of these with new ingredients and cooking techniques.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Empire (9114 words)

	Ottoman Turkish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: Osmanlıca or Osmanlı Türkçesi, Ottoman Turkish: لسان عثمانی - lisân-i Osmânî) is the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire.
		That Ottoman Turkish's Arabic borrowings were not the result of the direct exposure of the language to Arabic is evidenced by the typically Persian phonological mutation of the words of Arabic origin.
		Ottoman Turkish was primarily written in the Ottoman Turkish script (الفبا elifbâ), a heavily Persian-influenced variant of the Arabic script.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language (886 words)

	Ottoman Empire - MSN Encarta
		Ottoman Empire, dynastic state centered in what is now Turkey, founded in the late 13th century and dismantled in the early 20th century.
		This led to a period in Ottoman history known as “the Sultanate of the Women.” During this period the political impact of the harem was felt and the mothers of young sultans exercised power in the name of their sons.
		To be an Ottoman one had to serve the state and the religion and know the “Ottoman way.” Serving the state meant having a position within the military, the bureaucracy, or the religious establishment that carried with it the coveted askeri status and tax exemption.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553949/Ottoman_Empire.html (6104 words)

	Turkish language - All About Turkey
		Turkish is also the language spoken at home by people who live in the areas that were governed by the Ottoman Empire.
		Ottoman Turkish was basically Turkish in structure, but with a heavy overlay of Arabic and Persian vocabulary and an occasional grammatical influence.
		Ottoman Turkish co-existed with spoken Turkish, with the latter being considered a "gutter language" and not worthy of study.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /dil.htm (924 words)

	Turkish Navy, World War 1
		Goeben arrived in Turkish waters on 10th August 1914, served under the Turkish flag with her German officers and crew from 16th August, and officially transferred to Turkey in November 1914, although still mainly German manned and controlled.
		Ottoman grand admiral (1534-46) born as Hizir Reis on the island of Midilli c 1466.
		On the night of the 8th March 1915, under the guidance of Lt Col Geehl, a Turkish mine expert, she laid a line of 20 mines in Eren Keui or Arenkioi Bay at the time of the Allied naval attack on the Dardanelles defences.
	www.naval-history.net /WW1NavyTurkish.htm (2327 words)

	Turkey - Language Reform: From Ottoman to Turkish
		At an official level, Ottoman Turkish usually was used only for matters pertaining to the administration of the empire.
		Ottoman Turkish not only borrowed vocabulary from Arabic and Persian but also lifted entire expressions and syntactic structures out of these languages and incorporated them into the Ottoman idiom.
		The Turkish Language Society (Türk Dil Kurumu), founded in 1932, supervised the collection and dissemination of Turkish folk vocabulary and folk phrases to be used in place of foreign words.
	countrystudies.us /turkey/25.htm (1179 words)

	Ottoman Empire History Encyclopedia - Letter H \| Ottoman Turkish history with pictures \| Learn Turkish
		(being a direct-line descendent of Nasreddin Hoca, the venerable Turkish folk-hero)
		In early Ottoman times, wives of the sultan were addressed with this 'title'.
		He was one of the handful of outstanding soldier-statesmen Europe produced under the stimulus of Turkish pressure, and as a general he was years ahead of his time in recognising the superiority of paid regular troops, whom he used in preference to feudal levies whenever possible.
	www.practicalturkish.com /encyclopedia-h.html (5230 words)

	Turkish Calligraphy,ottoman calligraphy,oriental calligraphy,islamic calligraphy,muslim ...
		Following the conquest of Istanbul, the Ottoman state rose to heights of achievement not only in the military and political arena, but in the spheres of culture and art.
		Due to the paucity of rounded characters and the broad shape of muhakkak and reyhânî, these hands were gradually abandoned, until eventually they were used solely as exercises by calligraphers to improve their dexterity.
		Turkish calligraphers took to this style of ta'lîk with such enthusiasm that it became customary to refer to calligraphers who excelled in it as Imâd-i Rûm ("the Imâd of Anatolia").
	www.bazaarturkey.com /ottomanperiod.htm (1468 words)

	MFA- The Miniatures of the Zubdat-al-Tawarikh
		The art of Ottoman Turkish miniature painting reached its peak in the sixteenth century, especially during the reigns of Suleyman the Magnificent and Murad III, who were both great patrons of art responsible for the uninterrupted output of the imperial ateliers during this period.
		The directness and clarity with which the ottoman artist narrates his historical subjects seem to be repeated in these illustrations where the story of each prophet is summarised and represented in a convincingly realistic way marked by an accuracy of detail.
		The Ottoman painter must have chosen this theme of the reunion of Joseph's family, because it was the most suitable for a courtly representation and therefore more appropriate for the pictorial taste of the period.
	www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr /~history/Ext/Zubdat.html (2780 words)

	Turkish alphabets and pronunciation
		Turkish is a Turkic language with about 70 million speakers in Turkey and in 35 other countries, including Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, El Salvador, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Honduras, Iran, Iraq and Israel.
		Until 1928, Turkish was written with a version of the Perso-Arabic script known as the Ottoman Turkish script.
		The letters Q (qu), X (iks) and W (we) are not included in the official Turkish alphabet, but are used in foreign names and loanwords.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/turkish.htm (301 words)

	Ottoman Turkish Architecture
		The Ottoman sultans saw themselves as successors to the Byzantine emperors, and in some ways they continued the tradition of Byzantine architecture.
		Istanbul’s Ayasofya (Hagia Sophia, the Church of the Divine Wisdom) was the model on which Ottoman religious archtecture was built.
		Although Ottoman architects designed homes, palaces, bridges, arsenals, drydocks and other important civil works, the great imperial mosques are their most impressive and enduring monuments.
	www.turkeytravelplanner.com /Architecture/OttomanArchitecture.html (160 words)

	Ask Us A Question (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military marching band in the world.
		Cleveland, William L. "The Ottoman and Safavid Empires: A New Imperial Synthesis" in A History of the Modern Middle East.
		History of the Ottoman Turks: From the beginning of their empire to the present time.
	www.avoo.com /wiki/Ottoman_Empire (9390 words)

	Ottoman Classics - Turkish Tiles & Iznik Ceramics
		Annie Abay established Ottoman Classics in 1992 to import Moroccan tiles, Palestinian tiles, Tunisian Handpainted tiles and Turkish tiles with Iznik ceramics for the Australian market.
		She speaks Turkish and has an intimate knowledge of Turkeys art and culture, lecturing to pottery and art students about turkish tiles and iznik ceramics (ie.
		Annie's extensive experience with designs, uses and installation of Turkish tiles is available to you by email or phone, or in person.
	www.ottomanclassics.com (478 words)

	The Ottoman Empire
		One of the most noteworthy attributes of Ottoman Turkish rule was Ottoman toleration of different religious beliefs.
		The Ottomans were exceptional in realizing that a diverse group of peoples could actually assist their Empire.
		Upon hearing that the Spanish king was forcing out Jews, Sultan Beyazid.II, who welcomed the Jews to the Ottoman Empire, is reported to have said that if the Spanish king was mad enough to exile the most industrious of his subjects, the Ottomans would be glad to take advantage of his madness.
	www.globaled.org /nyworld/materials/ottoman/turkish.html (1270 words)

	UNHEEDED WARNINGS - - OTTOMAN -- TURKISH EMPIRE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Ottoman Empire is reported by some historians to have been established by nomads of both the Mongolian and Chinese descent (by another historian as from the Kayi tribe) who warred upon and conquered many villages including the Christian city of Constantinople.
		The Ottoman Turks as they were called, were confident they were the best of all people.
		Early in the Ottoman Empire development, different religious beliefs had been tolerated, but later that tolerance changed into very cruel vindictive punishment for anyone who was not Muslim.
	www.zianet.com /nmdatamine/Ottoman.html (401 words)

	Turkish Doll in Traditional Ottoman and Turkish Clothing
		Turkish culture is one of the richest in the world and each region in Turkey has its own culture with different dress traditions.
		All of the items are handmade in Anatolian Turkish style and are the result of a careful design and labor.
		She is wearing a shirt (işlik), an outer garment (üçetek), and an apron (önlük) over a pair traditional Turkish pants (şalvar).
	www.turkishitems.com (1724 words)

	Introduction to Ottoman Turkish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Introduction to Ottoman Turkish [NES 504] is offered in the fall semester in the Near Eastern Studies Department.
		The objective of the course is to develop proficiency in reading Ottoman Turkish in print.
		The course meets for one hour, three times a week, and is open to undergraduates who know Modern Turkish.
	www.princeton.edu /~ehgilson/Ottoman.html (136 words)

	Gerard Paquin, "Silk and Wool: Ottoman Textile Designs in Turkish Rugs"
		A case can be made that a rug in a simplified design that retains the graphic clarity and beauty of the original textile is as close to or closer in time than a more complex version (figures 10-12).
		The yastik is a popular format for Ottoman velvets from at least the 16th century onward.
		The choice of lappets as a type of end border in defining the form of Ottoman silk yastiks and their wool descendants evolves naturally from the artistic heritage embraced by the Ottomans.
	www.iath.virginia.edu /~jmu2m/gp (3207 words)

	Ottoman and Turkish Studies at Harvard
		Türk Dil Kurumu (Turkish Language Society) Many useful publications in Turkic linguistics for advanced and specialized students and
		TUBITAK: Turkish Bilimsel ve Teknik Arastirma Kurumu (The Scientific and Technical Council of Turkey)
		Check their website for a complete list of Turkish books in stock with prices.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~turkish/resources.html (272 words)

	Antique Ottoman Turkish Textiles
		Elegant embroideries and brocades complemented luxurious knotted-pile carpets in opulent Ottoman interiors.
		Go to our Tribal Textiles section for lots of antique Turkish kilims, bags and covers.
		For a photo essay and information on a new Center for Anatolian Ethnography and Textile Studies in Istanbul, go to Through Josephine's Eyes: Tribal Life in Anatolia.
	www.marlamallett.com /turkish.htm (110 words)

	Turkish Studies Programs
		Binghamton University has both a semester/academic year exchange program and a summer study abroad program with Bogazici University.
		A. Holly Shisler (Ottoman and Modern Turkish History)
		Cemal Kafadar (Ottoman History/Vehbi Koc Professor of Turkish Studies)
	turkishstudies.org /turkish1.html (92 words)

	Indiana University Bloomington Libraries Middle Eastern, Islamic & Central Eurasian Studies Collection New (Ottoman) ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		No New Ottoman Turkish Language Titles Acquired for March-May, 2006
		No New Ottoman Turkish Language Titles Acquired for July, 2006
		To view all new titles (searchable by library, language, call number, and format),
	www.indiana.edu /~libsalc/daym/nt-turkish-ottoman.html (57 words)

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