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Topic: Ottoman Turkish language

	Turkish language - All About Turkey
		The history of the language is divided into three main groups, old Turkish (from the 7th to the 13th centuries), mid-Turkish (from the 13th to the 20th) and new Turkish from the 20th century onwards.
		Ottoman Turkish co-existed with spoken Turkish, with the latter being considered a "gutter language" and not worthy of study.
		Ottoman Turkish, and the spoken language were both represented with an Arabic script.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /dil.htm (924 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Turkish nationalists established modern Turkey as an outcome of the Turkish War of Independence, mostly on what was to become Turkish soil, as of the Treaty of Lausanne, in 1923.
		Turkish independence resulted with the 'coup de grâce' to the Ottoman state, almost mercifully, in 1922, with the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the new republican assembly of Turkey.
		Ottoman system was a three court system composed from one for the Muslims with the kadi (read judges), one for the non-Muslim (appointed Jews and Christians ruled over their religious areas) and another for the trade (originated after the capitulations).
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Ottoman_Empire (5811 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox sunni Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty.
		Under Ottoman rule the major religious groups were allowed to establish their own communities, called millets, each retaining its own religious laws, traditions, and language under the general protection of the sultan.
		Ultimately, the Ottoman Empire's relatively high degree of tolerance on the level of ethnicity proved to be one of its greatest strengths in integrating the new regions until the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Empire (8629 words)

	Turkish_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		Turkish is the official language of Turkey and is one of the official languages of Cyprus.
		The Turkish Language Association was influenced by the ideology of linguistic purism: indeed one of its primary tasks was the replacement of loanwords and foreign grammatical constructions with equivalents of Turkish origin.
		Turkish is written using a modified version of the Latin alphabet introduced in 1928 by AtatÃ¼rk to replace the Arabic-based Ottoman Turkish alphabet.
	language.school-explorer.com /Turkish (4706 words)

	Turkish Language - MSN Encarta
		Turkish Language, national language of Turkey, spoken also by Turkish minorities in Central Asia, the Balkans, and the Near East.
		Modern Turkish is descended from Old Anatolian, the language brought to Asia Minor by the Seljuk Turks in the 11th century.
		The spoken form of Turkish, which differed from the more formal, written Ottoman Turkish, was adopted as the national language.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568575/Turkish_Language.html (221 words)

	Ottoman and Turkish Language Study \| The Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University
		Turkey Turkish, a member of the Turkic subdivision of the Altaic language family and the successor of Ottoman-Turkish, is a so-called agglutinative language.
		Turkish is spoken by the natives of Turkey as a mother tongue (~60 million people), and a significant number of Turks living outside of Turkey (Cyprus, Balkans, Europe).
		Topics to be covered include: the linguistic development of Ottoman Turkish, historical, cultural, and political views of, and the debate surrounding the language, and the self-perception of speakers.
	cmes.hmdc.harvard.edu /gradprograms/mels/turkish (1111 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ottomans claim that the source of the inter-ethnic conflicts should be sought within their dynamics and the sources that were supporting the conflicts with hidden goals.
		The Ottomans were eventually defeated at the end of the war by the Allies, Arabs, and Republic of Armenia, which Armenian Republic was being declared during the war, in contrast to Arab nations.
		Turkish independence resulted with the 'coup de grâce' to the Ottoman state, in 1922, with the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the new republican assembly of Turkey.
	www.voyager.in /Ottoman_Empire (5508 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Ottoman Empire [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Ottoman Empire was defeated by the Allies during the war and its territories were colonized by the victors.
		Ottoman state organisation was based on a hierarchy with the sultan in the top and below him his viziers, other court officials, and military commanders.
		For centuries, the Ottoman Empire was the refuge of the Jews of Europe, who did not enjoy the freedom of religion in Europe that the citizens of the Ottoman Empire did.
	encyclozine.com /Ottoman_Empire (1222 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish: دولتِ عَليه عُثمانيه, Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti), commonly called the Ottoman Empire (Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Imparatorlugu) was an imperial power, centered around the borders of the Mediterranean Sea, that existed from 1299 to 1922.
		The Ottomans were eventually defeated at the end of the war by the Allies, Arabs, and Republic of Armenia, which Armenian Republic was being declared during the war, in contrast to Arap nations.
		For centuries, the Ottoman Empire, along with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, were the refuges of the Jews of Europe.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/o/t/t/Ottoman_Empire_4168.html (6151 words)

	Amazon.com: "Ottoman Turkish": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It was under Ottoman Turkish rule between 1460 and 1828.
		that it is possible for a language to adopt features on one stylistic level and not on another.
		Thus written Ottoman Turkish can be shown to have adopted Persian stylistic features which the normal spoken language has not.
	amazon.com /phrase/Ottoman-Turkish (417 words)

	Learn Turkish Language Accent Rules \| A Guide to Turkish Language Accenting
		And yet some of our Turkish friends scold us when we ask them about
		Turkish words have certain generally accepted standard accents
		And in Turkish, this sentence is rendered with
	www.practicalturkish.com /turkish-accenting.html (722 words)

	Turkish Studies - Language Resources: Ottoman Turkish
		Ottoman Turkish Texts and Manuscripts (with the use of mouse-over technique)
		Gregorian-Hijri-Rumi Dates Converter (in Turkish) (by Ahmet M. Aytaç)
		You may also find useful links on the Modern Turkish* and Turkic Languages web pages on this website.
	www.umich.edu /~turkish/langres_ott.html (142 words)

	Learn Turkish Free \| Learn Basic Turkish \| Learn Turkish Online \| Learn Speak Turkish \| Learn Turkish Language \| ...
		The Turkish Idioms - Index and the the Idiomatic Doublets
		The Turkish National Election Results of 2007 -- and what they may foretell...
		The Turkish vocabulary is hard to remember (and can be ambiguous)
	practicalturkish.com (423 words)

	OnlineTurkish.com - Learn Turkish - Turkish Language Education - Online Dictionary - Travel Turkey
		Upon purchase, you will have access to 219 page course (includes all 7 units) which includes an extended targeted vocabulary list together with special testing patterns and listening exercises recorded by native speakers.
		Turkish Phrase Book contains basic phrases and expressions used in daily life, such as in shopping, travel, banking etc.
		Turkish is an easy language to learn because it has a few irregular grammatical rules which is pronounced as it is written.
	www.onlineturkish.com (262 words)

	Learn Turkish on CD \| Learning Turkish Books \| Turkish Learning for Holidays \| Study Abroad in Turkey \| Practical ...
		Couldn't you hone your language skills better from your own personal CD copy of our plain-English grammatical lessons?
		After all...where is it written that language learning has to be a bore or a drudgery?
		Turkish bank transfer in Turkish Lira or USD$.
	www.learningpracticalturkish.com /lpt-the-cd.html (581 words)

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