Outcome (Game theory)

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Topic: Outcome (Game theory)

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	Game Theory
		Game theory is one approach, since values can be assigned to the outcomes, and can also be assigned to the probability that one choice would be made over another.
		In game theory, instead of saying win or lose, a mathematical weight can be assigned to the value of each outcome.
		John Nash won the Nobel Prize for extending game theory analysis to the case of non-zero-sum games.
	www.noogenesis.com /game_theory/game_theory.html (4565 words)

	American Experience A Brilliant Madness Special Features
		Game theory studies interactive decision-making, where the outcome for each participant or "player" depends on the actions of all.
		Unlike physics or chemistry, which have a clearly defined and narrow scope, the precepts of game theory are useful in a whole range of activities, from everyday social interactions and sports to business and economics, politics, law, diplomacy and war.
		Game theory got its start with the work of John von Neumann in the 1920s, which culminated in his book with Oskar Morgenstern.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/nash/sfeature/sf_dixit.html (1987 words)

	Game Theory by David K
		However, game theory predicts that this will not be the outcome of the game (hence the dilemma).
		Fundamental to game theory is the notion of a strategy.
		While game theory has applications to "games" such as poker and chess, it is the social situations that are the core of modern research in game theory.
	levine.sscnet.ucla.edu /general/cogsci.htm (1920 words)

	Some Basics
		But game theory addresses the serious interactions using the metaphor of a game: in these serious interactions, as in games, the individual's choice is essentially a choice of a strategy, and the outcome of the interaction depends on the strategies chosen by each of the participants.
		Game theory is a distinct and interdisciplinary approach to the study of human behavior.
		Game theory was intended to confront just this problem: to provide a theory of economic and strategic behavior when people interact directly, rather than "through the market." In game theory, "games" have always been a metaphor for more serious interactions in human society.
	william-king.www.drexel.edu /top/eco/game/intro.html (793 words)

	Introduction to Game Theory -- simple, two-strategy examples
		Note that in game theory, as in human games, the outcome of a contest to a particular player is shaped by both the actions of the focal player and her/his opponent.
		The players in a game become the strategies themselves (or the genes that encode these strategies).
		A pure strategy is a strategy that is not defined in terms of other strategies present in the game.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/biology/kprestwi/behavior/ESS/games_intro.html#games_questions (7040 words)

	game theory
		Game theory is closely related to economics in that it seeks to find rational strategies in situations where the outcome depends not only on one's own strategy and "market conditions", but upon the strategies chosen by other players with possibly different or overlapping goals.
		Biologists have used game theory to understand and predict certain outcomes of evolution, such as the concept of evolutionarily stable strategy introduced by John Maynard Smith in his essay Game Theory and the Evolution of Fighting.
		Game theory, a branch of mathematics, operations research and economics, is the analysis of interactions with formalized incentive structures ("games").
	www.fact-library.com /game_theory.html (1261 words)

	Game Theory and Ethics
		The introduction of game theory, especially those parts of the theory that are concerned with bargaining (so-called cooperative game theory and bargaining theory), has stimulated interest in social contract theory over the last decades.
		Thus, evolutionary game theorists writing about ethics (as well as moral philosophers using evolutionary game theory) have shown that among not-so-fully rational agents many of the norms of coordination and cooperation can emerge that are the object of inquiry of the more traditional moral theories.
		Recent game theory has made use of the notion of a player's reputation in efforts to explain cooperation in iterated plays of games such as the prisoner's dilemma (Kreps and Wilson 1982).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/game-ethics (1261 words)

	Extensive form games with coalitional actions
		If an outcome of a static coalitional game is supported by a backward induction solution of the corresponding extensive form given in Example 2.3, then this outcome is a core outcome.
		As the theory of coalitional games is very successful in the analysis of one-period economies, it seems natural to extend it to sequential situations in order to enable a game theoretic analysis of sequential economies.
		If all subgames of a coalitional game have nonempty cores, then every core outcome of the static game can be supported by a backward induction solution of the extensive form given in Example 2.3.
	www.nirdagan.com /research/199502 (3765 words)

	Half-Real: A Dictionary of Video Game Theory
		The outcome of a game is quantifiable, meaning that it is meant to be clear whether the outcome was one or another; who won the game (Salen and Zimmerman 2004, 96).
		Games are characterized by the fact that the activity in itself is mostly harmless, but that the outcome of the game can be negotiated to lead more serious consequences (such as the exchange of money).
		In a video game, the state of the game is kept in the RAM of the computer.
	www.half-real.net /dictionary (3704 words)

	Some Basics
		But game theory addresses the serious interactions using the metaphor of a game: in these serious interactions, as in games, the individual's choice is essentially a choice of a strategy, and the outcome of the interaction depends on the strategies chosen by each of the participants.
		Game theory is a distinct and interdisciplinary approach to the study of strategic behavior.
		Game theory was intended to confront just this problem: to provide a theory of economic and strategic behavior when people interact directly, rather than "through the market." In game theory, "games" have always been a metaphor for more serious interactions in human society.
	william-king.www.drexel.edu /top/prin/txt/Imch/intro.html (773 words)

	American Experience A Brilliant Madness Special Features
		Game theory studies interactive decision-making, where the outcome for each participant or "player" depends on the actions of all.
		Unlike physics or chemistry, which have a clearly defined and narrow scope, the precepts of game theory are useful in a whole range of activities, from everyday social interactions and sports to business and economics, politics, law, diplomacy and war.
		Game theory got its start with the work of John von Neumann in the 1920s, which culminated in his book with Oskar Morgenstern.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/nash/sfeature/sf_dixit.html (773 words)

	Utility - Game Theory .net
		A utility function for a given player assigns a number for every possible outcome of the game with the property that a higher number implies that the outcome is more preferred.
		utility functions may either ordinal in which case only the relative rankings are important, but no quantity is actually being measured, or cardinal, which are important for games involving mixed strategies
		In any game, utility represents the motivations of players.
	www.gametheory.net /Dictionary/Utility.html (103 words)

	GNS Theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The GNS theory incorporates Jonathan Tweet's three forms of task resolution that determine the outcome of an event.
		Strictly, GNS theory is concerned with gamers' decisions, but it has been extrapolated to direct game design, both in and out of the world of RPGs.
		Critics of the theory have argued that it doesn't really explain anything regarding player behavior, and only serves to shoehorn game design down limited paths.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Simulationist_RPG (722 words)

	Games people play: A different theory
		Game theory can point the way to an "efficient" outcome, that is, one which "leaves no money on the table", bearing in mind all the limitations of information and action that pertain to any specific auction.
		The most famous application of the game theory was for auctions of airwaves in various countries, such as the auction of the PCS spectrum auction held from 12 December to 26 January 2001 in the USA, which netted $16.8 billion for the State treasury.
		Nash’s cooperative theory gave sharper predictions, it pinned down a particular outcome namely the Nash bargaining solution.
	www.ciol.com /content/news/trends/103021304.asp (722 words)

	'Be nice, unless it pays to fight' : a new theory of price determination with implications for competition policy
		The Bertrand outcome is a Nash equilibrium outcome in this game, but it is not necessarily subgame perfect.
		"Prices and the Winner's Curse," Game Theory and Information 9904003, Economics Working Paper Archive at WUSTL.
		This paper introduces a simple extensive form pricing game.
	www.ideas.uqam.ca /ideas/data/Papers/dgrkubcen200223.html (722 words)

	Egwald Operations Research - Cooperative Two Person Generalized Sum Game - Battle of the Sexes
		However, if the game is not symmetric in terms of payoffs, say if a > b, then the greater loss to Man of the (baseball, theatre) outcome should be reflected in the proportion of times they go to the baseball game - the probability of going to the baseball game.
		Braithwaite, R. Theory of Games as a Tool for the Moral Philosopher.
		Raiffa, H. "Arbitration Games for Generalized Two-Person Games." Contributions to the Theory of Games, II (Annals of Mathematics Studies, 28).
	www.egwald.com /operationsresearch/cooperative.php (722 words)

	Game Theory .net - articles in game theory
		Saari laments the "indeterminacy" of the approval vote, the fact that the outcome is not fixed only by the voters' preferences but also depends on their voting strategies.
		Approval voting, the simplest of the alternative methods, dates back to at least the 13th century, when Venetians used it to help elect their magistrates.
		In an approval vote, a person casts one vote for every candidate he or she considers qualified for the office.
	www.gametheory.net /News/Items/120.html (722 words)

	Vienna Game, Compare Book Prices & Find Cheap New, Used Books
		Game Theory, Experience, Rationality: Foundations of Social Sciences, Economics and Ethics in Honor of John C.Harsanyi (Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook)
		Applied game theory: Proceedings of a conference at the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, June 13-16, 1978 (IHS-studies / Institut fÃ¼r hÃ¶here Studien und Wissenschaftliche Forschung Wien)
		Duello: The story of how Silvio Silvestri swayed the outcome of the power game over the future of Malta before the Congress of Europe danced in Vienna in 1814
	www.bookfinder4u.co.uk /book_search/Vienna_Game.html (722 words)

	Multi-Agent Systems
		Game Theory.net is a great source for lecture notes, news, games, dictionary, interactive materials, links to journals, and much more.
		"Game theory is a mathematical framework designed for analyzing the interaction between several agents whose decisions affect each other.
		Unlike decision making for a single agent, in the multiagent case this assumption is not enough to define an 'optimal decision,' because the agent cannot unilaterally control the outcome." In addition to her overview, you'll find references, readings, and links to other resources.
	www.aaai.org /Pathfinder/html/multi.html (722 words)

	On the Evolutionary Edge of Altruism: A Game-Theoretic Proof of Hamilton's Rule for a Simple Case of Siblings
		For a simple case of siblings, we show that the rule can be derived as the outcome of a one-shot prisoner's dilemma game between siblings.
		C70 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory - - - General
		We offer a game-theoretic proof of Hamilton's rule for the spread of altruism.
	ideas.repec.org /p/ihs/ihsesp/139.html (722 words)

	Multi-Agent Systems
		Game Theory.net is a great source for lecture notes, news, games, dictionary, interactive materials, links to journals, and much more.
		In a game-theoretic analysis, an interactive situation is described as a game : an abstract description of the players (agents), the courses of actions available to them, and their preferences over the possible outcomes.
		What is game theory and what are some of its applications?
	www.aaai.org /AITopics/html/multi.html (722 words)

	The Eritrean process and outcome of negotiation
		Not all social scientists were delighted by Neumans theory of games but some experimented and captured some important learnings from this study.
		At this time, the studies of, von Neumann and Morgenstern’s theory of games and economic behviour were published and read widely.
		Nash’s bargaining game is not only cooperative but permits communication between participants before the choices are made.
	www.meskerem.net /eritrean_process_and_outcome_of.htm (722 words)

	Glossary of research economics
		Contexts: game theory; IO Bertrand duopoly: The two firms producing in a market modeled as a Bertrand game.
		Nash equilibrium outcome of a Bertrand game is that both charge a zero-profit price.
		Contexts: game theory; IO Beveridge curve: The graph of the inverse relation of unemployment to job vacancies.
	www.econterms.com /econtent.html (722 words)

	combinatorial-games.txt
		The same thing works if Left has a win going first in H, or Right has a win going first or second in H. Therefore, for our theory to work we know that the outcome of a game is not changed by adding G to it.
		In Sprague-Grundy theory, we assign a number (call it the nimber) to any position in the game.
		In this lecture we attempt to generalize this theory to "partizan" games (as opposed to impartial games).
	www-2.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/academic/class/15859-f01/www/notes/combinatorial-games.txt (722 words)

	An Application of the English Clock Market Mechanism to Public Goods Games
		C72 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory - - - Noncooperative Games
		This public goods institution exploits the idea that people are conditionally cooperative (i.e., they match at least the minimum contribution of the others) rather than opportunistic in order to implement the Pareto-optimal outcome.
		We conducted a laboratory study with a public goods game in which contributions are not submitted all at once but incrementally as coordinated in real time by a clock.
	www.ideas.uqam.ca /ideas/data/Papers/esidiscus2001-04.html (722 words)

	java.net: Java Tech: An Intelligent Nim Computer Game, Part 1
		The game tree displays this move via the branch (with label 1) from the root node to the Player B node with the 3 label.
		The game tree reveals this move via the branch (with label 2) from the Player B node with the 3 label to the Player A node with label 1.
		Storing an entire game tree's nodes in memory is not practical for large game trees -- thousands or millions of nodes.
	today.java.net /pub/a/today/2004/05/18/nim1.html (2232 words)

	Game Theory by David K
		However, game theory predicts that this will not be the outcome of the game (hence the dilemma).
		Cooperative game theory focuses on the formation of coalitions and studies social situations axiomatically.
		While game theory has applications to "games" such as poker and chess, it is the social situations that are the core of modern research in game theory.
	levine.sscnet.ucla.edu /general/cogsci.htm (1920 words)

	Playing Konane Mathematically: A Combinatorial Game-Theoretic Analysis
		This article describes the game Konane, and the ideas of combinatorial game theory, derives values for a number of interesting positions, shows how to determine when a game can be divided into noninteracting subgames, and provides anthropological details about Konane.
		1982] applies particularly well to Konane because the first player unable to move loses and because a game often can be divided into independent subgames whose outcomes can be combined to determine the outcome of the entire game.
		By contrast, most popular modern games violate the assumptions of combinatorial game-theoretic analysis.
	research.microsoft.com /research/pubs/view.aspx?tr_id=47 (1920 words)

	SBR.SBE.a8912072.txt
		This is important because Bayesian game models are used in nearly every part of economics to model problems in which agents may have different information and the preliminary results by the investigator show that pre-play communication can have a very significant effect on the outcome of the Bayesian game.
		The third part extends Bayesian game theory by allowing communication prior to the play of the game.
		The most pervasive example of such a problem is whether to undertake a public project and, if undertaken, how the costs of the project are to be distributed among the members of the group.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/yguan/NSFAbstracts/Abstracts/SBE/SBR.SBE.a8912072.txt (378 words)

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