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Topic: Outer Manchuria

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Inner Manchuria

Manchuria

Russian Manchuria

Manchurian

Manzhouguo

Aigun Treaty

Manchu

Manchu Empire

Manchukuo

Ussuri

List of treaties

Stanovoy Mountains

Mongol Empire

Manchu language

Yuan of Manchukuo

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	Wikinfo \| Manchuria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In 1858, a weakening Manchu China was forced to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia at the Treaty of Aigun.
		Prior to World War II, Manchuria was colonized by the Japanese and Manchukuo (in pinyin, 'Manzhouguo') was used as a base to invade China, a foolhardy, unnecessary and expensive (in men, matériel and political integrity) move that was as costly to Japan as the invasion of Russia was to Germany, and for the same reasons.
		From 1945 to 1948, Manchuria (Inner Manchuria) was a base area for the People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War and with the encouragement of Soviet Russia, Manchuria was used as a staging ground during the Chinese Civil War for the Chinese Communists, victorious in 1949.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Manchuria (923 words)

	Outer Manchuria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Outer Manchuria (Chinese: 外滿洲), known in China as Outer Northeast [China] (Chinese: 外東北), is the territory ceded by China to Russia in the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking in 1860.
		As Soviet Manchuria, Outer Manchuria formed part of the Far Eastern provinces of the USSR and was used as the launch-pad for the Soviet assault on Japanese occupied Inner Manchuria in 1945.
		Outer Manchuria is regarded by most Chinese as territory that was unfairly taken away, and irredentists believe that it should eventually be returned to China despite the fact that the region has historically been inhabited by Tungusic tribes and the Nivkhs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Outer_Manchuria (956 words)

	Manchuria
		The pinyin transcription of Manchuria in Chinese is Manzhou (滿洲), but Chinese seldom refer to the region in that name because of its separatist connotations and because it invokes the memory of the Japanese occupation and puppet state of Manchukuo.
		During the period of the warlords in China, Chang Tso-Lin established himself in inner Manchuria but, being too independent for the increasing Japanese influence, he was murdered and the last Manchu emperor, Pu-Yi, placed on the the throne as a Japanese puppet and inner Manchuria was proclaimed as an 'independent' state, "Manchukuo".
		The Chinese claimed that the Russian seizures of Outer Manchuria in 1858 and 1860 were acts of imperialism and that Russian Manchuria should be returned to China.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Manchuria.html (848 words)

	Manchuria (via CobWeb/3.1 vn1.cs.wustl.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Manchuria was the traditional homeland of peoples such as the Xianbei, the Khitan, the Jurchen, and most recently and famously, the Manchus, who lent their name to the region.
		Manchuria was known for its shamanism, opium and tigers.
		Prior to World War II, Manchuria was colonized by the Japanese and Manchukuo was used as a base to invade China, an expensive action (in men, matériel and political integrity) that was as costly to Japan as the invasion of Russia was to Nazi Germany, and for the same reasons.
	manchuria.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (2002 words)

	Manchuria (via CobWeb/3.1 vn1.cs.wustl.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Manchuria is more technically referred to as Inner Manchuria or Chinese Manchuria, and is contrasted with Outer Manchuria or Russian Manchuria, a region that stretches from the Amur and Ussuri rivers to the Stanovoy Mountains and the Sea of Japan, encompassing Sakhalin.
		Outer Manchuria is today administered by Russia as Primorsky Krai, southern Khabarovsk Krai, Sakhalin Oblast, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, and Amur Oblast.
		Prior to World War II, Manchuria was colonized by the Japanese and Manchukuo was used as a base to invade China, a foolhardy, unnecessary and expensive (in men, matériel and political integrity) move that was as costly to Japan as the invasion of Russia was to Germany, and for the same reasons.
	manchuria.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (2030 words)

	Leavenworth Papers No. 7 (August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria)
		Manchuria covers 1.5 million square kilometers bounded on the south by Korea, the Liaotung Gulf, and China, on the east and north by the Soviet Far Eastern province and Siberia, and on the west by Outer Mon golia and Inner Mongolia.
		Bounding the northern portion of the central valley of Manchuria, the Lesser Khingan Mountains extend from northwest to southeast for a distance of 600 kilometers, with an average width from 100 to 300 kilometers.
		In the west the deserts of Inner Mongolia extend from the Grand Khingan Mountains to the Outer Mongolian border, and the Barga Plateau stretches from the northern Grand Khingans to Mongolia and the Argun river border between Manchuria and Siberia.
	cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp (12308 words)

	Place:Outer Manchuria, Russia - Genealogy
		In contrast to Outer Manchuria, the part of Manchuria that is still part of China, usually called simply "Manchuria", can also be referred to as "Inner Manchuria".
		However, Outer Manchuria was ceded by the Manchu Empire to Russia in the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and the Treaty of Peking of 1860.
		As Soviet Manchuria, Outer Manchuria formed part of the Far Eastern provinces of the Soviet Union and was used as the launch-pad for the Soviet assault on Japanese occupied Inner Manchuria in 1945, when Manchuria was again briefly united under Soviet rule.
	www.werelate.org /wiki/Place:Outer_Manchuria,_Russia (914 words)

	Outer Manchuria (via CobWeb/3.1 vn1.cs.wustl.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		From the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 to the Treaties of Aigun in 1858 and Peking in 1860, the vast territory of Outer Manchuria comprised Manchuria north of the Amur and east of the Ussuri rivers.
		From 1920 to 1925 Outer Manchuria was occupied by the Japanese and briefly united with Inner Manchuria under Japanese domination.
		From 1925 on, as Soviet Manchuria, it formed part of the far eastern provinces of the USSR and was used as the launch-pad for the Soviet assault on Japanese occupied Inner Manchuria in 1945, when Manchuria was again briefly united under Soviet rule.
	outer-manchuria.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (312 words)

	HyperWar: International Military Tribunal for the Far East [Chapter 6]
		Manchuria as a Base Against the U.S.S.R. The warlike policy of Japan against the U.S.S.R. was indicated in Japan's war plans.
		Similarly, both during the seizure of Manchuria in 1931 and the invasion of the rest of China in 1937, the war plans of Japan against China and the Soviet Union were coordinated by the General Staff, the Japanese War Ministry and the Kwantung Army Headquarters.
		In July 1938, the scene of hostilities was in the Lake Khassan area close to the junction of the boundaries of Manchuria, Korea, and the U.S.S.R. Maritime Province.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/PTO/IMTFE/IMTFE-6.html (11441 words)

	Tatary
		Manchuria comprising Outer Manchuria (Russian speaking) and Inner Manchuria (Chinese speaking)
		Russian Turkestan was known as 'Independent' Tatary and Chinese Turkestan, Mongolia and Manchuria were together known as Chinese Tatary.
		In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Russia annexed independent Tatary, north Mongolia and outer Manchuria.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ta/Tatary.html (157 words)

	Japanese Expansion in China--A Western View
		Under the secret agreement of September 24, 1918, China is required to build four railroads in Manchuria and Mongolia and to employ Japanese capital in their construction.
		And thus matters stood when, in the course of the year 1918, it became apparent that the Russian State was in process of disorganization and could no longer hope to oppose itself with vigour, as formerly, to the expansion politics of its Japanese neighbour in the Far East.
		Under the pretext that the Bolshevist peril was a menace to Japanese interests in Korea and adjoining regions, Japan sent troops of occupation to the aforementioned former Russian spheres of influence, and in a very short time extended her economic and financial interests over them.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Osbor2.html (3567 words)

	Manchuria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Manchuria (Manchu: Manju, Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; Simplified Chinese: 满洲, pinyin: Mǎnzhōu, Russian: Маньчжурия, Mongolian: Манж) is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Asia.
		Manchuria is the traditional homeland of the Xianbei, Khitan and Jurchen peoples, who built several dynasties within both Manchuria and China.
		In the 17th century, the Manchu conquered and ruled China until the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchuria (2144 words)

	The Berzin Archives - Exploitation of the Shambala Legend
		The Manchus created the division of Mongolia into Outer and Inner portions in 1636, when they captured Inner Mongolia and used it as a base for their conquest of China and establishment of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911).
		After winning control of Outer Mongolia in 1691, the Manchus maintained the artificial division of Outer and Inner to prevent the Mongols from uniting against them.
		Manchuria occupied a strategic position not only because of its ice-free ports on its southern coast along the Bohai Gulf, but also because it served the Qing emperors as a base for controlling Mongolia.
	www.berzinarchives.com /kalachakra/exploitation_shambala_legend_mongolia.html (1978 words)

	The Soviet Army Offensive: Manchuria, 1945
		Meanwhile, Japan's strength in Manchuria was slowly bled away by her war in the Pacific and concerns for homeland defense.
		The Soviet's thrust in western Manchuria would be significantly hindered if the Japanese defenders occupied the key passes in the Grand Khinghan Mountains or if the long supply train failed to keep pace with the rapid pace of the tank and mechanized columns.
		Along the northern border of Manchuria, the Soviets planned to advance on a wide front across the Amur and Ussuri Rivers with the 2nd Far Eastern Front.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1986/RMF.htm (5500 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Why Japanese set up Manchukuo as a puppet state?
		As pointed out by snowybeagle, the lack of humanpower to incorporate Manchuria may be the reason why the "puppet state model" in Manchuria subsequently became the one for other Japanese client states established in the expanding Japanese Empire.
		In any event, Manchuria's industrialisation came much later than France, and even then, much of it is foreign-capital driven for the benefit of foreign investors in the first place, even before the establishment of Manchukuo.
		If "outer Mongolia" can do it, i dont see why "inner Mongolia" should remain as part of China, "outer Mongolian" troopers did try to unite Mongolia by reclaiming "inner Mongolia", while Mongolian princes from "inner Mongolia" also tried to be unified with "outer Mongolia".
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=12667 (2745 words)

	Chronology 1932
		With the Japanese occupation of Manchuria near completion, the establishment of the Republic of Manchukuo was proclaimed.
		The League of Nations appointed a commission of inquiry to investigate the situation in Manchuria when the Chinese government appealed to the League under Articles X, XI, and XV of the Covenant.
		The Lytton Report found that the Japanese had violated Chinese sovereignty in Manchuria by their military action of September 1931 (which was not conducted in self-defense) and that the creation of Manchukuo did not represent a genuine independence movement.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1932.htm (3410 words)

	Harbin: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		It is the major trade and communications center of central Manchuria, the junction of the two most important railroads in Manchuria, and the main port on the Songhua.
		Part of the great Manchurian industrial complex of metallurgical, machinery, chemical, petroleum, and coal industries, Harbin also has railroad shops, food-processing establishments (soybeans are a major commodity), and plants making tractors, turbines, boilers, precision instruments, electrical and electronic equipment, cement, and fertilizer.
		To the Harbin Station To the Harbin Station The Liberal Alternative in Russian Manchuria, 1898-1914...end of the book To Woody He taught us Acknowledgments THE HARBIN described in this book is almost gone, buried in the living debris...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/harbin.jsp?l=H&p=1 (1550 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This agreement gave the Japanese the German rights in Shantung; extended leases in southern Manchuria to 99 years; a half interest in the Han-yeh-ping Company, which operated iron and steel mills, iron mines, and a colliery; and a declaration that no part of China’s coast should be leased or ceded to another nation.
		Late the next year, Outer Mongolia was returned to nominal Chinese control, although the Japanese had a virtual mortgage on it.
		While Japan was using Manchuria (renamed Manchukuo) as a staging area for new advances into the Northeast, most of China during these years was preoccupied with its own violent internal struggles.
	www.lexisnexis.com /academic/2upa/Ias/ConfBritishForeignOfficePoliticalCorrChina_pf.asp (6115 words)

	James Madison Center: Teacher Resources: US History Curriculum: Chapter XII
		From 1928 to 1932 Japan was brought to a crisis point by the onset of the Great Depression and by rising internal opposition to the framework of foreign relations established by the Washington Conference.
		For China, the Japanese conquest of Manchuria was disastrous.
		At the time Germany began the war in Europe, the Japanese were in the last stages of being defeated by the Soviet Union in bitter and bloody fighting on the border of Manchuria and Outer Mongolia (the Nomonhan Incident); at the same time the American navy embarked on increasing the size of its Pacific fleet.
	www.jmu.edu /madison/center/main_pages/teacher/curriculum/chap12.htm (12023 words)

	Find in a Library: Russian and Soviet policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia, 1911-1931.
		Find in a Library: Russian and Soviet policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia, 1911-1931.
		Russian and Soviet policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia, 1911-1931.
		Manchuria (China) -- Foreign relations -- Soviet Union.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/oclc/255475 (85 words)

	History of Japan (via CobWeb/3.1 vn1.cs.wustl.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Much anger was also felt at the denial of the whole of Sakhalin (Karafuto) which the Japanese felt Russia had extorted in 1875 in exchange for the Kurile Islands.
		Japan invaded Inner (Chinese) Manchuria in 1931 and set up the puppet state of Manchukuo under the last Manchu emperor, Pu Yi.
		Manchukuo was dissolved, and Inner Manchuria was returned to China; Japan renounced all claims to Formosa; Korea was granted independence; southern Sakhalin and the Kuriles were occupied by the U.S.S.R.; and the United States became the sole administering authority of the Ryukyu, Bonin, and Volcano Islands.
	www.fact-index.com.cob-web.org:8888 /h/hi/history_of_japan.html (2391 words)

	China - IBWiki
		Tibet was given her independence back, and Inner Mongolia united with Outer Mongolia to form the united Mongolia.
		In 1860, the Chinese were forced to cede Outer Manchuria (the modern Russo-Japanese Condominium Area and part of southern Primorye).
		In 1861, Emperor Xianfeng passed away, and was succeeded by his 6-year-old son, who became Emperor Tongzhi, and power was wielded by his mother, Empress Dowager Ci Xi.
	ib.frath.net /w/China (1194 words)

	Russian fears of Chinese domination of RFE - Asia Finest Discussion Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		If anything, the Outer Manchurian part should really belong to China, as this was the original lands of the Qing dynasty prior to 1860 treaty.
		Note that Outer Manchuria was "loaned" to the Russians, not sold off, none of the Chinese lands were "sold off" rather they allowed "foreign quaters".
		This is arguable, they wouldnt WANT to let got the Outer Manchurian part...but this once heavily armed area (around the borders) is now a lot less strict.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=18027 (1370 words)

	Manchukuo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 vn1.cs.wustl.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Inner Manchuria came under strong Russian influence in the 1890s with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok.
		Chinese in Manchuria organized volunteer armies to oppose the Japanese and the new state requiring a war lasting several years to pacify the country.
		On August 8, 1945 the Soviet Union declared war on Japan in accordance with the agreement at the Yalta Conference, and invaded Manchukuo from outer Manchuria.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Manchukuo (1861 words)

	TIME.com: Red Raid -- Aug. 27, 1928 -- Page 1
		Outer Mongolia and Inner Mongolia are two seminomadic lands of indefinite status, lying north of China proper and adjoining Manchuria.
		Though details were meagre it appeared that a local chieftain "Prince" Gaifu, had resisted certain demands made upon him by the Outer Mongolian Soviet Republic and was being trounced.
		Observers feared lest this local engagement prove part of a Soviet project to coerce the chieftains of Inner Mongolia and North Eastern Manchuria into federating themselves with the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics ("Russia").
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,928889,00.html (362 words)

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