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Topic: Outgassing

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	Increased net CO2 outgassing in the upwelling region of the southern Bering Sea in a period of variable marine climate ...
		Increased net CO outgassing in the upwelling region of the southern Bering Sea in a period of variable marine climate between 1995 and 2001
		Highest net CO outgassing was observed in the relatively cold years of 1999 and 2000, whereas the exceedingly warm year 1997 showed four times lower CO flux to the atmosphere.
		Citation: Fransson, A. Chierici, and Y. Nojiri (2006), Increased net CO outgassing in the upwelling region of the southern Bering Sea in a period of variable marine climate between 1995 and 2001, J.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2006/2004JC002759.shtml (433 words)

	Outgassing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Outgassing is the slow release of a gas that was trapped, frozen, absorbed or adsorbed in some material.
		Outgassing is a challenge to creating and maintaining clean high-vacuum environments.
		Outgassing is the source of many tenous atmospheres of terrestrial planets or moons.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/outgassing (531 words)

	Micro Lithography, Inc.
		The most susceptible outgassing components of the pellicle are the mounting adhesive, inside coating, and glue which are a mixture of polymers and low molecular weight organic compounds such as residue solvent, plasticizer, anti-oxidant and UV stabilizer.
		Outgassing and crystallization can also come from the box or storage container and easily contaminate area that is not under pellicle protection.
		Environmental outgassing or vapor can also contaminate the pellicle, reduce its transmission or form crystal even underneath the pellicle.12 Outgassing or vapor can easily get into the pellicle protected area through the vent hole with a filter or through the film directly when the film is thin and permeability to the vapor is high.
	www.mliusa.com /long-term-stability.htm (682 words)

	Vacuum Tutorial #1 - Outgassing and vacuum pumps for UHV
		Considerable variations in outgassing performance have been reported even for this one material leading to the conclusion that the quantity of gas held trapped in the metal is in many cases uncontrolled in the manufacturing process.
		The outgassing rate for cleaned but unbaked 316L is quoted as E-9 to E-10 mbar l/s cm2, whereas vacuum induction melted/vacuum arc remelted (a double vacuum-melting process) has an unbaked outgassing rate of E-11 mbar l/s cm2, (Sullivan et al., 1992).
		Desorption of surface gas is a major component of outgassing load and it is therefore to be expected that the condition and chemistry of internal surface layers would be of importance in determining achievable vacuum.
	www.fontys.nl /werktuigbouwkunde/medewerker/gbeukema/vacuum/casussen/ontgassing.htm (3774 words)

	Definition of Outgassing
		Outgassing is the release of a gas trapped or frozen in some material.
		Outgassing is a problem encountered in high-vacuum applications.
		Outgassing can also refer to the source of the tenous atmospheres of terrestrial planets or moons.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Outgassing (386 words)

	Spacecraft: Outgassing
		One of Chandra's instruments is a victim of outgassing.
		Chandra's primary instrument is its X-ray telescope, but it has other instruments as well, and one of the optical filters has been contaminated with "grease," evidently as a result of outgassing, a materials effect that occurs in a vacuum.
		Outgassing is such an important element of spacecraft design and testing that NASA maintains an online database of material outgassing properties: Outgassing Data for Selecting Spacecraft Materials Online.
	www.aoe.vt.edu /~cdhall/Space/archives/000600.html (165 words)

	Outgassing in Silicone Flexible Heaters - Archives - Process Heating
		Al- though outgassing appears to be a simple phenomenon, it occurs due to a number of factors.
		Understanding the sources and mechanisms of outgassing has led to the development of low outgassing silicones by allowing researchers to attack both the sources of outgassing as well as optimizing processes used to diffuse out LMW siloxanes cost effectively.
		Outgassing normally is measured by the total mass lost (%TML) at a specific temperature, pressure and over a given period of time.
	www.process-heating.com /CDA/Archives/4c1fb787ff268010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____ (756 words)

	Powder Coating Clinic - Outgassing in Die-Cast Parts - 10/02
		This doesn't mean that outgassing can't be reduced to an acceptable level (less than 25%).
		Choosing the proper sealant material is important to ensure that it does not become an impediment to adhesion and that it is inert once cured to prevent interaction with the powder coating.
		Lastly, as the custom coater, you must be sure that outgassing and not improper cleaning of the substrate is responsible for the pinholes in the coating.
	www.pfonline.com /articles/clinics/1002cl_pwd1.html (666 words)

	Offgassing/Outgassing \| Vectran Fiber
		In aerospace applications, material candidates are often screened for outgassing and offgassing properties.Outgassing isthe release of chemicals from non-metallic substances under vacuum conditions.
		In aerospace applications, material candidates are often screened for outgassing and offgassing properties.
		Outgassing is the release of chemicals from non-metallic substances under vacuum conditions, and can contaminate sensitive equipment.Test method ASTM E595 is routinely used to assess material outgassing characteristics.
	www.vectranfiber.com /offgassing_outgassing.asp (376 words)

	FAQs - Vacuum Motors - Outgas - Empire Magnetics Inc.
		Outgassing is the evaporation of oil, dirt, or any other substance from a surface after it is placed in a low pressure or vacuum environment.
		They were able to provide some qualitative data via spectral analysis (i.e., identify what substances were present) but to date they have not been able to quantify the amount of material loss as it was so minimal.
		Since vapor pressure and outgassing rates increase rapidly with temperature, this test result is much worse than a typical application.
	www.empiremagnetics.com /faqs/faq_vac_outgas.htm (415 words)

	Laser Focus World - Resist outgassing challenges loom at 157 nm
		Second, the molecular fragmentation between the lens and the wafer was measured using a complex device built at MIT Lincoln Lab that combined both the nitrogen purging exposure chamber for 157-nm with a mass spectroscopy system for measuring the atomic distribution.
		While they did not find outgassing rates at 157-nm to be significantly different from that at 248-nm and at 193-nm, the researchers did find a broader variety of compounds generated, with benzene being the predominant compound, as at the other two wavelengths.
		The researchers found that outgassing could be minimized by judicious choice of film material and that ozone purging of fluorine contaminants could still take place at the relatively low oxygen concentrations required for 157-nm operation.
	lfw.pennnet.com /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Article_ID=101917&CFID=41561&CFTOKEN=72244164 (613 words)

	HPOP: Advanced Force Models - Outgassing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Outgassing is acceleration caused by degradation of the materials of which a satellite is composed.
		Enter a value (in scientific notation) for outgassing acceleration in the Y direction of the selected coordinate system.
		Equations for calculating acceleration due to outgassing are given in the Technical Notes.
	www.stk.com /resources/help/stk613/helpSystem/advhpop/hpopOutgas.htm (202 words)

	Public Lessons Learned Entry: 0778
		These test data provide outgassing information on a wide variety of materials and should be used as a guide by engineers in selecting materials with low outgassing properties.
		Noncompliance with outgassing requirements could result in degraded science data due to excessive contamination of an instrument, or in the complete failure of a space flight mission.
		Vacuum outgassing tests are conducted on materials intended for space flight use, and a compilation of outgassing data, Reference 1, is maintained and constantly updated as new materials are tested.
	www.nasa.gov /offices/oce/llis/0778.html (846 words)

	Rohm and Haas Powder Coatings - Industry Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the outgassing cycle, the part is preheated prior to powder coating at a higher temperature and/or for a longer dwell time than is required to cure the powder coating.
		The defects caused by outgassing of volatiles in substrate can be minimized or eliminated by proper cleaning and pretreatment, the use of an outgassing cycle, by varying cure rates or by using some special powder formulations.
		But the single most important factor in minimizing outgassing is reducing the amount of porosity contained in the metal structure to be coated.
	www.rohmhaas.com /powdercoatings/tech/industry_articles/in_articles_nov99_p2.html (729 words)

	Outgassing in elastomers; we solve o-ring problems
		Outgassing in elastomers is the release of volatile materials when the elastomers are heated.
		Outgassed components may include water vapor from the reaction of acid scavengers (i.e., MgO) and acid during the curing process of elastomers.
		Weight loss measurements are often used as an indicator of outgassing in elastomers.
	www.pspglobal.com /outgassing-elastomers.html (174 words)

	11784. Passivated SS and outgassing problems on optics
		Outgassing of nearly any material, particularly adhesives, will, over time, undergo some photochemical reaction and polymerize on the end of the fiber depositing a film which grows with time and degrades the light coming out of the fiber.
		Many companies have found that mixture to be too strong, and have switched to the same amounts of sodium citrate, water, sodium dichromate.
		This mix is easier to neutralize and usually prevents the outgassing problem.
	www.finishing.com /117/84.shtml (541 words)

	SGC - Toxin Information - Outgassing
		Outgassing can result in anything from mild irritation of the nasal system, eyes, or skin to serious health issues such as insomnia and short-term memory loss.
		It has been documented that removal of outgassing components from offices and other work environments results in employees taking less sick days and increasing their productivity when they are at the office.
		The first of these is ventilation, which prevents outgassed materials from accumulating inside an interior space and channels them to the outside air.
	www.sarasotagreenconnection.com /ToxinPages/Outgassing.htm (424 words)

	ARM - Education: Teachers' Lounge
		The content of the ARM website is available to any browser, but for the best experience we highly recommend you upgrade to a standards-compliant browser such as the latest version of Mozilla, Netscape, Internet Explorer, or Opera (all available for free download).
		The objective is to demonstrate the concept of outgassing and to explain the origins of the earth's atmosphere.
		Gas dissolved in magma within the earth is released to the atmosphere when the magma rises to the surface due to decreases in pressure.
	education.arm.gov /teacherslounge/lessons/outgassing.stm (401 words)

	Material Outgassing Studies, Oneida Research Services, Inc. Laboratory Services, Anylytical Services, Gas Analysis, ...
		A possible application is to draw an outgassing curve as a function of time for a specific temperature.
		Moisture and CO2 are generally the main compounds outgassed from epoxy materials mainly because of under curing or over curing problems.
		Epoxy materials have specific outgassing signatures which are easily identified and quantitated with the use of glass ampoules; this technique is useful to optimize pre-seal bakeout and to identify thermal stress by-products.
	www.ors-labs.com /outgass.html (286 words)

	Outgassing SE Asian Deeps
		Outgassing could increase the buoyancy, producing upwelling of potentially noxious deep waters into the photic zone and even to the surface where the greeenhouse gases would be added to the atmosphere.
		A consequence of outgassing is to change the local density and create positive buoyancy.
		Although the physical chemistry, geology, and oceanography suggest the potential for increased anoxia and destabilization of clathrates in two of the silled basins in SouthEast Asian waters, one factor needs to be proven to fully assess the environmental consequences of warming of these waters.
	www.marscigrp.org /sing95.html (2471 words)

	Outgassing of a Lunar Atmosphere
		The atmosphere of the Moon may come from a couple of sources, one source is outgassing or the release of gases such as radon, which originate deep within the Moon's interior.
		Compared to the Earth, the Moon is tectonically inactive, however moonquakes do occur, usually originating in the region between the lithosphere of the Moon and the Moon's core.
		By measuring outgassing events by special detectors such as the Alpha Particle Spectrometer onboard Lunar Prospector, researchers may be able to infer information about the character and frequency of that tectonic activity.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/earth/moon/lunar_outgassing.html&edu=high (235 words)

	Cryocooler Contamination Study: Temperature Dependence of Outgassing
		And with the life extension, the contamination control of the manufacturing process has to be revisited, or cooler life may fall short of expectation, because outgassing is a function of time.
		Outgassing curves of water, alcohol, and acetone at 71°C were presented in the above study.
		This is a follow-up study emphasizing the temperature dependence of outgassing.
	www.yutopian.com /Yuan/00Contam.html (254 words)

	Apparatus and method for eliminating outgassing of sports lighting fixtures patent invention
		The heat and light involved in operation of such fixtures can cause outgassing of parts in the fixture, which in turn can precipitate onto the lamp, reflecting surfaces, or lens and block or scatter light that otherwise would be useful at the target for the fixture.
		In one example, an apparatus and methods are utilized to reduce outgassing of the lighting fixture.
		A reduction in outgassing and/or foreign substances on such surfaces or parts can increase the amount of light emanating from the fixture for the same amount of energy used by the fixture.
	www.freshpatents.com /Apparatus-and-method-for-eliminating-outgassing-of-sports-lighting-fixtures-dt20060817ptan20060181869.php (1204 words)

	MICRO: Defect/Yield Analysis - Kumar (January 2001)
		The outgassing organic compounds were then cryofocused on a cold trap, after which the cold trap was rapidly heated to desorb compounds into the chromatograph for analysis.
		When dynamic headspace sampling is used, outgassed compounds, including reactive compounds, are swept out of the sampling vessel onto an adsorbent as soon as they are outgassed.
		The dynamic headspace 100°C outgassing GC-MS screening method is recommended as a first line of defense for assessing the organic outgassing of prospective cleanroom materials.
	www.micromagazine.com /archive/01/01/kumar.html (2740 words)

	Re: Breathing , coughing, outgassing - wheat.
		Later I found out it was probably the outgassing that triggered the symptoms.
		Outgassing happens because cleaning fluids (like carpet shampoo)or new household furnishing items like mattresses or curtains, even new cotton clothes contain a whole range of toxic chemicals which give off vapours that people breathe in.
		I'm pretty sure now that if I'm ER my system copes much better all round with outgassing, not only that the throat tissues begin to heal and are less likely to be irritated.
	www.dadamo.com /forum/archive8/config.pl?read=45758 (571 words)

	BOC Edwards Measure Outgassing - Materials and Components (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One important consideration is the outgassing rate, the time-dependent rate at which gases and vapors are released under vacuum.
		Specific short-term outgassing measurements (< 1 minute) for investigation of the performance of materials in load-lock applications, including candidate next generation lithography resist formulations.
		Analysis of the mass spectra obtained during the test can point to the presence of water and hydrocarbon (such as greases or solvents); in certain cases this can help to optimize the manufacture and preparation of components and materials designed for use in UHV environments.
	www.bocedwards.com /Semiconductor_Subsystems/Lithography/outgassing.shtml (324 words)

	Rohm and Haas Powder Coatings - Industry Articles
		Surface defects may develop during the cure of the powder coating film as a result of outgassing from the substrate, the coating or any surface contamination not removed or adequately dried in the pretreatment process.
		Improved casting methods in the manufacture of substrate; better cleaning and pretreatment methods; utilizing an outgassing cycle; varying cure rates; and using specialized powder formulations all can be employed to eliminate or minimize problems caused by outgassing.
		The outgassing leads to coating defects, such as pinholes and craters.
	www.rohmhaas.com /powdercoatings/tech/industry_articles/in_articles_nov99_p1.html (566 words)

	Outgassing Search and Report Help
		The Outgassing Materials Search and Report function provides the capabilility to search all across materials tested at GSFC for determining the mass loss in a vacuum and for collecting the outgassed products.
		For some early tests, tape samples were applied to a tubular screen (S), permitting the adhesive to be exposed totally to vacuum or were adhered to an aluminum ring (R), with the adhesive lying against the aluminum to permit outgassing at the edges.
		Similarly, double-sided tapes and transfer film adhesvies are applied to pre-weighed aluminum foil (F) and covered with another piece of foil, a procedure that permits outgassing at the edges.
	outgassing.nasa.gov /help/og_help.html (657 words)

	Polyimide labels and Outgassing FAQ's
		Of course, if excessive heat is applied, the outgassing becomes due to chemical decomposition of the label materials.
		Answer #3: Outgassing of VOC's as discussed in Question #1 above is exacerbated in outer space due to the major decrease in atmospheric pressure,i.e.
		In addition to fogging up optics, windows, mirrors and the like, the outgassing may also cause adhesive failure of labels, allowing them to be "blown off" the objects they are adhered to, thereby rendering them useless as identifiers.
	www.polyonics.com /nm/publish/news_11.html (564 words)

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