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Topic: Overfishing

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Sustainable fisheries

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	oceans campaign, global overfishing
		Overfishing is increasingly suspected as the primary culprit in the steep declines in many wildlife populations of the North Pacific and Bering Sea.
		The overfishing level is defined for each species as the fishing mortality rate that reduces the level of spawning biomass per recruit to some percentage of its original, pristine level.
		Some investigators believe that overfishing of the Pacific ocean perch may be responsible for the increased abundance of the faster-growing pollock in parts of the North Pacific ecosystem in the 1970s.
	archive.greenpeace.org /oceans/globaloverfishing/sinkingfast.html (14608 words)

	Overfishing
		Overfishing not only affects the size of harvestable stocks but can lead to major shifts, direct and indirect, in community structure, both of fish species and reef communities as a whole.
		Overfishing can lead to short-term losses in biodiversity, the loss of species with critical roles in the ecosystem, and may also lower the resilience of the reef to other threats.
		The Reefs at Risk indicator for the overfishing threat identified highly populated areas and areas where coastal shelves are narrow (such as in the Eastern Caribbean) as being under high threat, based on the large numbers of fishers and relatively small fishing area (see Map 6: Reefs Threatened by Overfishing).
	marine.wri.org /pubs_content_text.cfm?ContentID=3060 (1170 words)

	:: SCRIPPSNEWS : RESEARCH SHOWS OVERFISHING OF SHARKS KEY FACTOR IN CORAL REEF DECLINE
		In the Caribbean, overfishing of sharks triggers a domino effect of changes in abundance that carries down to several fish species and contributes to the overall degradation of the reef ecosystem.
		Overfishing species randomly, the study shows, is not likely to cause these cascading effects.
		Thus overfishing of sharks may contribute further to the loss of resistance of coral reefs to multiple human disturbances.
	scrippsnews.ucsd.edu /article_detail.cfm?article_num=670 (700 words)

	Overfishing
		Overfishing of coral reefs is widespread in Southeast Asia.
		Overfishing is a complex problem with varied impacts on coastal communities, the economy, and coastal ecosystems.
		When overfishing is caused by large-scale commercial operations, government regulations and enforcement may be the key to reducing the problem.
	biodiv.wri.org /pubs_content_text.cfm?ContentID=714 (700 words)

	Alaska Oceans Program - Ocean Facts - Overfishing
		Overfishing is suspected as the reason for the steep declines in many wildlife populations of the Bering Sea.
		Overfishing happens when a fishing effort removes a volume of fish from a fish population in numbers that exceed the stock's ability to replenish itself.
		Most marine scientists believe that overfishing contributes in large part to the worldwide decline of marine fisheries, and many believe it is the primary cause.
	www.alaskaoceans.net /facts/overfishing.htm (594 words)

	status of stocks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Overfishing is determined to be occurring for those stocks for which the fishing mortality rate exceeds the fishing mortality rate or level required to produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) on a continuing basis.
		When a queen conch stock is not overfished, overfishing is defined as a harvesting rate that, if continued, would lead to a state of the stock or stock complex that would not at least allow a harvest of OY on a continuing basis.
		Overfishing and overfished parameters cannot be estimated for all species because of the wide range of knowledge available for the species managed under the PCGFMP.
	www.nmfs.noaa.gov /sfa/reg_svcs/statusostocks/Stock_status01.htm (16913 words)

	Overfishing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biological overfishing occurs when fishing mortality has reached a level where the stock biomass has negative marginal growth (slowing down biomass growth), as indicated by the red area in the figure.
		Overfishing has depleted fish populations to the point that large scale commercial fishing, on average around the world, is not economially viable without government assistance.
		Overfishing can be viewed as a case of the tragedy of the commons; in that sense, solutions would promote property rights, such as privatization and fish farming.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Overfishing (1415 words)

	Coral reefs doomed, study says / Centuries of overfishing killing ecosystems
		Pummeled by overfishing, the world's coral reef ecosystems "will not survive for more than a few decades" unless drastic action is taken to protect them, experts warn.
		Historical evidence dating back thousands of years proves that overfishing, not recent coral diseases or other causes, is the main cause of the slow death of the world's coral ecosystems, marine paleontologist John Pandolfi of the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and 11 other researchers say in the article.
		Based on the historical records, overfishing should be targeted as the No. 1 cause of coral ecosystem decline, the scientists concluded.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/08/16/MN227977.DTL (811 words)

	The Ocean Conservancy:
		Progress in ending overfishing and rebuilding depleted fish stocks has been limited by the failure of managers to end persistent overfishing in a number of important fisheries, including some that have experienced overfishing every year since reporting began in 1997.
		Overfishing is defined as a rate of fishing that exceeds a maximum fishing mortality rate (MFMR), and overfished is defined as stock abundance that falls below the stock’s minimum stock size threshold (MSST).
		For each fish stock, a score of 1 was assigned for stocks with overfishing not occurring, a score of 0 was assigned for stocks with identified overfishing, and a score of 0.5 was assigned for stocks “at risk” because of insufficient information for status determination or no status determination criteria.
	www.oceanconservancy.org /site/PageServer?pagename=scorecard (1622 words)

	overfishing
		Environmentalists have long been concerned at the wider implications of overfishing, in particular the devastation wrought on oceanic food chains.
		The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that worldwide overfishing has damaged oceanic ecosystems to such an extent that their ability to support increased fish numbers is significantly reduced.
		With better management of fishing programmes the fishing catch could in principle be increased; however, it is estimated that, annually, tens of millions of tonnes of fish are discarded from fishing vessels at sea, because they are not the species sought.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0031759.html (343 words)

	The Ocean Conservancy: Overfishing
		Overfishing occurs when fish are caught faster than they can reproduce.
		Evidence of overfishing abounds throughout U.S. waters, including the near-disappearance of fish that were once abundant, and the shrinking sizes of average-sized fish.
		Overfishing probably contributes to declines of marine birds and mammals, by reducing their food supplies.
	www.oceanconservancy.org /site/PageServer?pagename=issues_overfishing (364 words)

	Overfishing
		Most of the problems associated with overfishing have been caused in the last 50 years by the rapid advances in fishing technology.
		These are just a few examples of how overfishing can seriously affect not only the fish stocks, but also the livelihoods of many people who depend on fishing as a job.
		The overfishing of a particular species does not just damage the population of that fish alone.
	www.yptenc.org.uk /docs/factsheets/env_facts/overfishing.html (1120 words)

	Is it over fishing?
		If overfishing continues, the FAO predicts that only 74 million tons of fish (wild and from fish farms) will be available for us to eat in 2010.
		Overfishing can do more than endanger our food supply.
		Although fertilizer, runoff, sedimentation and exotic species are destroying ecosystems, they argue that overfishing came first -- and if it's controlled, ecosystems often recover.
	whyfiles.org /139overfishing (435 words)

	SCIENTISTS: COLLAPSE OF COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS TIED TO PAST OVERFISHING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Among the interesting tidbits that emerge: While overfishing reached its zenith in Colonial and modern times, it was a problem in native societies long before Europeans arrived, “contrary to romantic notions of the supposedly superior ecological wisdom of non-Western and pre-Colonial societies,” the paper states.
		Bjorndal says scientists have missed the connection between past overfishing and current ecological problems in part because they don’t feel comfortable working with historical data, which may not conform to the rigors of scientific testing and experiment.
		Recognition and study of the past richness of coastal ecosystems highlights “the extraordinary magnitude of economic resources that are retrievable” and is a first step toward rebuilding the systems to their past glory, they say.
	www.napa.ufl.edu /2001news/OVERFISHING.htm (951 words)

	Monterey Bay Aquarium: Seafood Watch Program - Issues - Overfishing
		Overfishing pushes the fish population lower and lower, until fish are so few that fishermen can't make a living any more.
		Overfishing has also forced fishermen to look deeper for new species like orange roughy and Chilean seabass.
		Cod reproduce prolifically, and so should be able to sustain heavy fishing, but long-term overfishing and destruction of their seafloor habitat by bottom trawlers have sent Atlantic cod into drastic declines.
	www.mbayaq.org /cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_of.asp (360 words)

	Archived conservation news articles on Overfishing
		Overfishing: The rate or level of fishing mortality that jeopardizes the capacity of a fishery to produce the maximum sustainable yield on a continuing basis.
		Overfishing, the importation of new predators such as dogs, cats and foxes as well as global warming are also hurting the population.
		Overfishing, poor management of coastal areas and sedimentation due to creeping urbanisation are often cited as the main threats to reef ecosystems, although...
	conservation.mongabay.com /news/Overfishing.htm (11792 words)

	Explanation of Growth Overfishing
		Growth overfishing is much more common than recruitment overfishing, but it does not receive the attention given to recruitment overfishing because it does not pose such a serious threat to the continued existence of the resource.
		But growth overfishing still reduces the potential yield from a fishery, and thus the economic and other benefits that could be obtained from the stock.
		Growth overfishing occurs when animals are harvested at an average size that is smaller than the size that would produce the maximum yield per recruit.
	www.lobsterconservation.com /growthoverfishing (276 words)

	Tsunami Less Destructive than Overfishing to Sumatran Reefs
		But overfishing with destructive methods has damaged the reef ecosystems more than the earthquake and tsunami, the scientists found.
		The findings from this study suggest that sedimentation, worsened by the tsunami; overfishing; and the use of destructive fishing methods may represent a greater threat to Aceh’s reef ecosystems than the immediate impacts of the earthquakes and tsunami.
		Reef Check says that because coral reefs can recover relatively quickly following a reduction in fishing pressure, there is now an opportunity to invest in a long-term strategy to rehabilitate the marine resources of Aceh through education, coastal management, regular monitoring and the establishment and maintenance of marine protected areas.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/jan2006/2006-01-13-07.asp (1249 words)

	OVERFISHING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Non-commercial overfishing is a problem tied directly to the population and poverty issues.
		During the 1970s, mechanized ships increased their catch by 15 percent, but overfished the already heavily fished waters and drove down the small-scale fishermen's catch by 50 per cent (Sharma).
		At the same time as mechanized boats contributed to overfishing, their bottom-sweeping techniques also damaged the sea bottom and interrupted sea life involved in the aquatic food chain.
	www.lehigh.edu /~kaf3/books/reporting/fishing.html (654 words)

	GulfBase - Overfishing and Bycatch
		Overfishing is the consequence of removing fish faster than they can replenish themselves.
		The impact of meteorological cycles on the migrations of fish stocks, natural variations in the population of the species or its predators or prey, declining water quality, man-made or natural events are also to blame.
		Governments and researchers in the region all agree that the only way forward is to eliminate overfishing, reduce bycatch, and protect and improve habitat since commercial fishing contributes significantly to the economy of the region.
	www.gulfbase.org /issue/view.php?iid=oab (524 words)

	CNN.com - International talks on overfishing in May - Jan 21, 2005
		Around 70 countries have been invited to the May 1-5 conference in the Atlantic province of Newfoundland to discuss what has become a major political and environmental problem.
		Overfishing is a major problem for Canada, which cracked down last year on foreign boats catching protected species just outside its territorial waters.
		Bevan said that the number of vessels fishing in prohibited areas had dropped to 94 last year compared with 113 in 2003.
	www.cnn.com /2005/TECH/science/01/20/canada.overfishing.reut (317 words)

	NET.org >> OCEANS >> Overfishing and Fish Conservation
		These changes would allow overfishing to continue on already overfished fish populations while also eliminating a key 10-year rebuilding plan for those populations currently suffering from overfishing.
		If their numbers crash, as has already happened with some commercially valuable species, ocean ecosystems could be damaged for decades and the jobs that depend on them could be lost for the foreseeable future.
		Today, habitat destruction, overfishing and bycatch problems have depleted once bountiful fish populations and jeopardized the oceans’ capacity for sustaining life.
	www.net.org /marine/fish.vtml (915 words)

	Boat-building boom threatens Aceh fisheries \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		All along the coast, aid groups are building small boats to replace a fishing fleet that was largely destroyed by the December 2004 tsunami.
		But they're building too many, experts say, and that could lead to overfishing and the destruction of Aceh's best hope for sustainable development: its fishing industry.
		According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, a wing of the United Nations, 4,700 boats were destroyed during the tsunami.
	www.csmonitor.com /2006/0111/p11s01-woap.htm (975 words)

	FISH AND FISHING
		In the 2001 NMFS report to Congress, 93 stocks are reported to be overfished, 163 are reported to be healthy, and the status of 655 is unknown.
		This is mainly due to overfishing using "long lines" - monofilament lines up to 30 to 70 miles long, baited with thousands of hooks.
		After other species living in shallow waters had been depleted by overfishing, there was a nine-year (1969-77) intense fishery on white abalone.
	darwin.bio.uci.edu /~sustain/bio65/lec07/b65lec07.htm (3650 words)

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