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Topic: Overgrazing

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	Overgrazing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It reduces the usefulness of the land and is one cause of desertification and erosion.
		Overgrazing is also seen as one cause of the spread of non-native plants.
		Overgrazing is used as the canonical example of the Tragedy of the commons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Overgrazing (87 words)

	DESERTIFICATION OF ARID LANDS
		Overgrazing and woodcutting are responsible for most of the desertification of rangelands, cultivation practices inducing accelerated water and wind erosion are most responsible in the rain-fed croplands, and improper water management leading to salinization is the cause of the deterioration of irrigated lands.
		Overgrazing, soil erosion, and salt damage to irrigated land are long-standing problems in the Middle East and Central Asia, as is water erosion on the rain-fed cultivated lands of India, Pakistan, and the loessial plateau of China.
		Along with that went localized overgrazing of livestock and the cultivation of the nearby slopes, with the inevitable accelerated erosion, It was not until the 19th and 20th centuries, however, that land degradation on the slopes of the Andes Mountains and the coastal ranges become widespread.
	www.ciesin.org /docs/002-193/002-193.html (8340 words)

	Environment-current issues. The World Factbook. 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		water-borne diseases are prevalent; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; poaching; overfishing
		deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources
		overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification; wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction
	www.bartleby.com /151/fields/17.html (4161 words)

	Overgrazing: More Deadly Than Any Hunter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Overgrazing is still more the rule than the exception in the Altar Valley, although conditions have improved somewhat.
		While many people are of the opinion that overgrazing is a practice that stopped long ago when management of public lands came under the control of state and federal land management agencies, the facts are something else entirely.
		Whether overgrazing was responsible for its demise, as was the case with the bobwhite, is impossible to determine.
	www.rangebiome.org /cowfree/gallizioli/Overgrazing1977.htm (2233 words)

	Overgrazing Effect on Rangeland Soil Properties
		Overgrazing is one of the main factors causing range degradation by leading erosion, reducing biodiversity, and altering soil properties.
		Overgrazing and its attendant effect of depletion of plant cover and litter and trampling of the soil is the most important factor contributing to erosion (Branson et al.
		An overgrazed rangeland and a rangeland protected from grazing for ten years were selected to determine changes in some soil properties and biomass.
	www.toprak.org.tr /isd/can_44.htm (1456 words)

	Waste of the West: Public Lands Ranching - Ch. 6 Global Perspective
		Overgrazing has reduced or extirpated native vegetation throughout much of the continent and replaced it with more than 800 species of exotic "weeds," and bare dirt.
		Overgrazing and deforestation in the Himalayan watershed cause landslides, fill reservoirs with silt, lower water tables, and flood the Ganges Plain.
		Overgrazing, forest clearing, and other livestock production activities are major factors in the decline of most African endangered wildlife, including the gorilla.
	www.wasteofthewest.com /Chapter6.html (9494 words)

	FS-786 - Grazing Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		What causes overgrazing: allowing animals to regraze plants before they are able to replace root reserves used for regrowth.
		Overgrazing reduces root reserves, which leads to fewer leaves and a weakened root system.
		Overgrazing is the primary reason that forage stands in pastures thin out and ultimately stop being productive.
	www.agnr.umd.edu /MCE/Publications/Publication.cfm?ID=545&cat=3 (1596 words)

	February 5, 2002: World's Rangelands Deteriorating Under Mounting Pressure
		Even though the damage from overgrazing is spreading, the world's livestock population continues to grow, tracking the growth in human population.
		Overgrazing of rangelands initially reduces their productivity but eventually it destroys them, leaving desert.
		Iran, recognizing the threat of overgrazing and other population-related stresses it was facing some 15 years ago, dropped its population growth from 4 percent a year to scarcely 1 percent in 2001, illustrating what can be done with committed leadership.
	www.earth-policy.org /Updates/Update6.htm (1261 words)

	IPCC Bogs & Fens of Ireland Conservation Plan 2005 - Campaign Action
		The problem of overgrazing by sheep in blanket bogs in the west of Ireland was first highlighted in the early 1990's with reported damage to important game fisheries due to excessive amounts of peat silt from eroding peatlands (Huand and O'Connell 1992).
		Overgrazing by sheep is one of the principal contributing factors, and this problem has arisen as a direct result of EU-funded incentives.
		Overgrazing on blanket bog has resulted in a decrease in vegetation cover, a depletion of bog species, invasion by species alien to the bog habitat and erosion of peat surfaces (Bleasdale 1995, MacGowan and Doyle 1996 and 1997, and McKee et al 1998).
	www.ipcc.ie /currentaction2005-12.html (635 words)

	Waste of the West - Livestock Grazing: Environmental Effects
		Overgrazing in P-J and potential P-J areas is very common, and the thin soils normally associated with this vegetation type make it highly sensitive to livestock influences.
		While it is generally accepted that overgrazing has resulted in major changes to Western brushland vegetation, the nature and extent of these changes typically have been misinterpreted by those with vested interests in eliminating any and all brush.
		Because overgrazed deserts are devoid of preferred forage and browse, cattle and sheep also eat from these trees, even thorn-covered palo verde, hackberry, smoke tree, and ironwood.
	www.wasteofthewest.com /Chapter3.html (16698 words)

	Not All Heavy Grazing Is Overgrazing
		"The term overgrazing is often used incorrectly to refer to grazing that exceeds an arbitrary level determined by the eye of the beholder," states Lee Manske, range scientist at NDSU's Dickinson Research Extension Center.
		Overgrazing significantly reduces the total leaf area and photosynthetic capacity of plants.
		Overgrazing can result from defoliation that occurs when plants are at or near stressful stages of development; that is too severe and removes too much leaf area, forcing plants to draw on limited stored carbohydrates; or that occurs too frequently to allow plants adequate recovery time.
	www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu /dickinso/grassland/news/news7.htm (500 words)

	Livestock vs
		While the results of overgrazing may not be as shockingly apparent as a strip-mined landscape, nor as obviously destructive of wildlife values as a bulldozed stand of riparian vegetation, the consequences of prolonged range abuse by livestock are far more damaging to wildlife in general than various other insults to which the habitat is subjected.
		Even more disturbing than the impact of overgrazing on wildlife populations is the effect it has on the soil, the most basic of natural resources.
		The solution to the problem of overgrazing can be verbalized as simply as was the problem itself: Reduce the number of livestock to a level where the land can begin to heal itself.
	www.rangebiome.org /cowfree/gallizioli/LivestockVsWildlife1976.htm (2576 words)

	About Us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The effects of overgrazing are severely harmful to the environment if the overgrazing is for a prolonged period of time.
		Surveys and studies have shown that overgrazing results in damage to pastureland through soil erosion and the altering of the vegetation that occupies the land.
		Certain species of plants dwell on the bare land that is left from the overgrazing and some of these plants are not natives to the area and may have harmful effects on the community.
	mini-cows.com /page3.html (1939 words)

	Environment Watch Ireland - Report on Overgrazing in Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It is generally within these zones that erosion as a result of overgrazing occurs because when the vegetation cover is removed or reduced the rather impermeable peat soil is readily removed by weathering coupled with the high rates of surface run-off.
		However the uplands whose slopes are most severely affected by erosion due to overgrazing were not covered in the survey nor were severely overgrazed lowland areas (where known) as the survey aimed to identify the more intact and potentially conservable areas.
		If fertilisers are used on peat soils to counteract overgrazing nutrient enrichment may occur leading to development of grassland vegetation thus interfering with the recolonisation of characteristic peatland vegetation.
	home.zonnet.nl /ireland22/mayo3.htm (1083 words)

	Overgrazing Can Hurt Environment
		Overgrazing reduces plant leaf areas, which reduces interception of sunlight and plant growth.
		Under continuous grazing, overgrazed pastures are predominated by short-grass species such as bluegrass and will be less than 2-3 inches tall in the grazed areas.
		Overgrazing is also indicated in livestock performance and condition.
	www.wvu.edu /~agexten/forglvst/overgraz.htm (768 words)

	Stop Overgrazing
		Of course, they didn't respond, “I overgraze.” In fact, most of your neighbors may not even know what overgrazing is or understand its consequences.
		Overgrazing is grazing a plant before it has recovered from a previous grazing.
		Overgrazing happens when animals are kept in a paddock too long or brought back too soon.
	beef-mag.com /mag/beef_stop_overgrazing/index.html (604 words)

	Deforestation and Overgrazing in Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Deforestation and overgrazing are aspects of the overall problem of soil erosion and land degradation in Africa.
		Both are substantially consequences of a growing population and the extension of subsistence farming and marginal grazing activities to cover larger proportions of the region.
		While overgrazing kill the grasses that are necessary to combat the effects of soil erosion, grazing within forested areas damages the foliage and root systems of the plants and trees which not only maintain the health of the soil but provide a bulwark against erosion and desertification.
	www.mts.net /~gcg/resources/africa/index04.html (478 words)

	Glossary for managing wholes: O
		Overgrazing and overrest typically occur side-by-side on the same pasture when continuously stocked at low density.
		Overrest and overgrazing often take place in the same pasture and even on different parts of the same plant.
		Overrest occurs mainly in brittle environments, where in the absence of large herbivores, decay happens slowly by weathering and oxidation, and dead stems may stand for years.
	managingwholes.com /glossary/o.htm (501 words)

	::archipelago.gr::
		The uncontrolled overgrazing of many thousands of goats and sheep, subsidised by the E.U. causes great destruction to the islands of the Aegean Sea.
		The uncontrolled and intensive overgrazing of goats in regions where there are small natural grazing areas, has detrimental impact on the local flora.
		Finally, we have to stress that all these problems that have been created in the past decades by the uncontrolled overgrazing, have created intense social unrest in the local communities, given that inhabited as well as agricultural areas are being ‘invaded’ by the livestock.
	www.archipelago.gr /defaulten.asp?page=en/viewsubject.asp&module=subjects.en.subj.xml&recordID=17429710394&curPath= (971 words)

	Desertification from overgrazing in Botswana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		According to UNEP, overgrazing is the cause of most desertification and hence is the main cause of adverse impacts on livelihoods, biodiversity and carbon sequestration in arid lands.
		According to the UNEP World Atlas of Desertification, overgrazing is the most common cause of desertification worldwide and is the principal cause of 58% of Africa's desertification.
		As elsewhere, the main symptom of this damage in the Kalahari is an increasing area of bush thicket and a decline in grassy savanna.
	www.iucn.org /bookstore/readingroom/aridlnd/smith.html (1606 words)

	Grazing and overgrazing -- articles & links
		Overgrazing has been misunderstood for thousands of years, as human-created deserts in the Middle East, northern Africa, India, and North America attest.
		Its purpose is to let you experiment and see what happens when relatively simple behaviors interact in complex ways over time.
		Is overgrazing caused by too much livestock, or something else?
	managingwholes.com /_eco-graze.htm (356 words)

	Desertification
		In the Sahel, (the semi-arid area south of the Sahara Desert), for example, the desert moved 100 km southwards between 1950 and 1975.
		Plants of semi-arid areas are adapted to being eaten by sparsely scattered, large, grazing mammals which move in response to the patchy rainfall common to these regions.
		Where not correctly planned and managed, provision of drinking water has contributed to the massive advance of deserts in recent years as animals gather around waterholes and overgraze the area.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /Envfacts/facts/desertification.htm (904 words)

	Trees for Life - Overgrazing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Overgrazing by large herbivores such as red deer and sheep has been the primary cause of the lack of tree regeneration in the Caledonian Forest in the past 150-200 years.
		As a result, by the late 20th century, most of the remnants of the forest consisted only of old trees, because all the seedlings were eaten before they could grow to more than a few centimetres in height.
		Although all trees are browsed by deer, broadleaved trees are more palatable than Scots pine, and have probably been selectively overgrazed for centuries, so that they are disproportionately under-represented in many of the forest remnants today.
	www.treesforlife.org.uk /tfl.overgrazing.html (412 words)

	Northern Range Newspaper - What is Overgrazing? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		When concern about overgrazing first surfaced in the 1920s, opinions on how the Northern Range "should" look were based on the only available criteria: that used to evaluate ranges grazed by domestic livestock.
		Scientists had no clear idea of how unmanipulated wildland grazing systems worked or what they typically looked like because by that time they were already gone in the United States, often replaced by domestic livestock operations which have entirely different goals and effects on the landscape.
		Sediments in rivers throughout the park are within the normal range observed in other western streams, and the Lamar Valley is still considered a blue-ribbon trout fishery, comparing favorably with that of other sport fisheries that have no wildlife herds grazing nearby.
	www.nps.gov /yell/nature/northernrange/natreg/overgrazing.html (925 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		4.10 The overgrazing controls as applied to the livestock premium schemes through cross-compliance and to the land-based ERDP schemes through Good Farming Practice are designed to ensure that where overgrazing and unsuitable supplementary feeding is currently occurring action is taken to halt it by stabilising the vegetation and preventing further damage.
		However, another reason for the small number of reports of suspected overgrazing or unsuitable supplementary feeding cases from field inspections may be that the majority of cases occur on common land which is difficult to inspect.
		Localised overgrazing occurs when animals are concentrated in a particular area of the grazing unit.
	www.nationalsheep.org.uk /responses/overgrazing.htm (8391 words)

	Mountain Plover (nativeecosystems.org) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		At issue is the Forest Service's failure to halt ongoing water pollution in the Crow Creek watershed and failure to protect the habitat of the Preble's meadow jumping mouse, a species listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.
		Overgrazing has been causing water pollution and threatens the Preble's mouse.
		This is of particular concern since the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service identified overgrazing as a threat to the mouse and its habitat when it was listed under the Endangered Species Act in 1998.
	www.nativeecosystems.org /grazing/040317_release.htm (708 words)

	Garrett Hardin: The Tragedy of the Commons (1968)
		The negative component is a function of the additional overgrazing created by one more animal.
		Since, however, the effects of overgrazing are shared by all the herdsmen, the negative utility for any particular decisionmaking herdsman is only a fraction of - 1.
		Likewise, the oceans of the world continue to suffer from the survival of the philosophy of the commons.
	www.constitution.org /cmt/tragcomm.htm (7088 words)

	Saving the Miniature Prairie Dragon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The elimination of state and federal subsidies for poisoning alone would not, by itself, cure the vicious cycle of overgrazing and prairie dog infestation.
		As long as federal policies encourage stockmen to graze at levels that could not be sustained without subsidy, overgrazing will continue, prairie dogs will still be hated, and the miniature prairie dragon will be denied the habitat so essential to its recovery (Hess, 1995 and O'Toole, 1994b).
		Federal range improvement and reclamation projects on both private and public lands have, in effect, kept the worst ranchers in business, rewarding overgrazers with bountiful aid and penalizing conservative managers with a government-induced oversupply of beef.
	www.dragonlovers.org /research/RTFToC47.htm (857 words)

	Tragedy of the Commons Game
		The director informs the herders of the cost of the overgrazing for the period, which is to be entered in line 2.
		If it is more than 2.5, the Cost of Overgrazing Table should be checked for the applicable figure, taking into account the number of participants and the number of excess cattle.
		The next step is for each herder to enter the number of cattle they own at the beginning of the period on line 4, which is calculated by adding the number of new cattle purchased during the previous round (line 4).
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /soroos/PS336/CommonsGame.htm (1072 words)

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