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Topic: Ovimbundu

	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Ovimbundu in Angola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Ovimbundu has two of the factors that encourage rebellion: a history of rebellion (the civil war ended in 2002) and a history of government repression.
		The Ovimbundu are the largest ethnic group in Angola and were originally based in west-central parts of the country.
		Because of the civil war, the situation of the Ovimbundu in Angola is difficult to determine.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=54002 (749 words)

	Ovimbundu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ovimbundu are a large ethnic group of traders, farmers and herders who live on the Bié Plateau of central Angola, Africa.
		The Ovimbundu were a main force behind the UNITA rebel army.
		Huambo and Kuito, the two main cities of Ovimbundu territory were completely destroyed in the bloody civil war during the years of 1992-1994.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ovimbundu (164 words)

	Ovimibunda
		Most of the Ovimbundu living in urban centers have taken on much of the Portuguese physical culture of food and clothing and the taking of only one wife.
		Of the Protestant religions the largest denomination active in the Ovimbundu area is the Congregational Church.
		Catholicism mainly from the Portuguese colonists is by far the strongest Christian influence the Ovimbundu have received, with its primary influences being felt in the 19th and 20th centuries.
	cesa.imb.org /peoplegroups/ovimibundu.htm (1203 words)

	Angola - Ovimbundu Social Structure
		In at least one study of a section of the Ovimbundu, it was found that each entity defined as a village consisted almost exclusively of either Protestants or Roman Catholics.
		In 1967 the colonial authorities, concerned by the political situation east of the Ovimbundu and fearing the spread of rebellion to the plateau regions, gathered the people into large villages to control them better and, in theory at least, to provide better social and economic services.
		Largely dependent on agriculture, Ovimbundu village life was seriously disrupted, and large numbers of Ovimbundu were forced to flee, abandoning their traditions along with their homes.
	countrystudies.us /angola/69.htm (692 words)

	Angola - Ovimbundu
		The core area of the Ovimbundu kingdoms was that part of the Benguela Plateau north of the town of Huambo.
		With the decline of the slave trade in the last decades of the nineteenth century, the entrepreneurs among the Ovimbundu turned to the rubber trade, abandoning the warfare and raiding that had hitherto been integrally related to their economic activities.
		Given the degree of change in Ovimbundu society and the involvement of the Ovimbundu with UNITA, it was difficult to determine their long-range role in Angolan politics.
	countrystudies.us /angola/59.htm (616 words)

	Modupe G. Labode, "A Native Knows a Native"
		Despite the celebratory ways in which the fl missionaries noted the Ovimbundu's recognition of African Americans as "natives," the missionaries were forced to recognize that the Ovimbundu did not understand the connection between themselves in the same way.
		Ovimbundu means natives of the country in their native state.
		The mission discourse, which presumed that the Ovimbundu reciprocated the missionaries' perspective, required the suppression of Ovimbundu's alternative ways of understanding the relationship between missionaries and the Ovimbundu.
	northstar.vassar.edu /volume4/labode2.html (3077 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: Three Armies, Fighting for Angola
		UNITA draws its support from the Ovimbundu of the southeast, who represent 38 per cent of the population, as well as from basically non-aligned tribes in the center.
		Ovimbundu living in Southwest Africa are so troublesome to South Africa that the Vorster government is considering allowing them to secede and unite with their brethren in Angola.
		Angola could be partitioned along political tribal geographical lines: the Bakongo and the Ovimbundu might rejoin their countrymen to the north and the south, leaving an MPLA rump consisting of Luanda and its hinterland.
	www.thecrimson.com /printerfriendly.aspx?ref=144277 (1419 words)

	Angola
		The Ovimbundu were more competitive than the sertanejos (people of the frontier, as Europeans and their representatives in the rural areas were called), who often had to pay tribute and fines to African chiefs through whose territory they traveled.
		On the eve of independence, UNITA controlled many of the rich, food-producing central and southern provinces and was therefore able to regulate the flow of food to the rest of the country.
		Although they acquired a certain meaning for the people included in them in the course of the colonial period and during the nationalist struggle, these categories were neither fixed nor internally homogeneous, and they were subject to change under shifting historical conditions.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/angola/all.html (17969 words)

	Abstracts
		To meet the tax and labour obligations of the Portuguese colonial power, Ovimbundu males penetrated free women’s spheres of control, such as control of slave labour and market trade, and women’s relative autonomy declined.
		As colonial control of the Ovimbundu consolidated, women bore a large proportion of the emerging labour requirements, and also became increasingly vulnerable to sexual exploitation and violence.
		Women were becoming socially and politically marginalized, but by studying neglected sources, including the records of foreign missionary societies, travellers’ accounts, Ovimbundu biographies, proverbs and folk tales, it becomes evident that Ovimbundu women were actively resisting this marginalization through indigenous institutions, such as witchcraft, and exorcist rituals and new opportunities presented by Christian missions.
	caas.concordia.ca /htm/abs07.htm (775 words)

	Civilization.ca - African Treasures from Tervuren Museum - Peoples of Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		he OviMbundu, who occupy the Benguela plateau in Angola, are the little-known neighbours of the Tshokwe and, like them, belong to the vast cultural area dominated by the great Luunda families, as the myths about the foundation of their kingdoms and chiefdoms testify.
		The Tervuren Museum's OviMbundu collection, made up of nearly 140 objects compiled and clearly identified in 1949 by Robert Verly in Angola, is one of the most important in the world.
		The other figure, with a proud look, was discovered in a chief's court and is an example of what Verly calls "royal art." The OviMbundu's female representations and anthropomorphic staffs are distinguishable above all by their elegant braided hairstyles and the delicate realism of their facial features.
	www.civilization.ca /cultur/tervuren/terb06e.html (191 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Ovimbundu in Angola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		By this time, over 500,000 Ovimbundu were considered refugees by the United Nations.
		Food shortages due to conflict and drought were evident in the central highlands, traditional homelands of the Ovimbundu.
		The central highlands are ethnically Ovimbundu from which UNITA takes its support.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=54002 (2616 words)

	Kuito - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The city of Kuito is built in the traditional center of the Ovimbundu kingdom headquarters.
		The ruler of the Ovimbundu was named Viye and he married a Songo woman named Cahanda.
		The Ovimbundu were known for selling captives from neighboring tribes to the European slave traders which made the area an ideal location for the slave business and brought colonists to the area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kuito (380 words)

	Music of the Ovimbundu in Angola
		The Ovimbundu are a Bantu speaking people, living in the central highlands of Angola, and on the evidence of this CD, they have - or more probably had in 1971/2, when the recordings were made - a rich and varied musical culture.
		Christianity had been overlaid on older beliefs, also bringing monogamy in its wake; the authority of traditional healers and the tribal chiefs had been sapped by the Portuguese administration; the Ovimbundu men had become wage workers on the coffee plantations; and traditional agricultural practices were no longer enough to ensure self-sufficiency.
		A number of Ovimbundu instruments descend from or are inspired by European instruments; the presence of home-made guitars comes as no surprise, although unfortunately the musician heard on two tracks is a rather limited player.
	www.mustrad.org.uk /reviews/ovimbund.htm (725 words)

	Mbundu
		The North Mbundu are bordered by the Kongo people to the north, the Chokwe to the east, and primarily the Mbundu (Ovimbundu) to the south.
		Another group of people, called Ovimbundu in their language, are called Mbundu.
		The standard English forms of the names are Mbundu for Ovimbundu, and North Mbundu for the people sometimes called Kimbundu, which is really the name of their language.
	cesa.imb.org /peoplegroups/mbundu.htm (1151 words)

	Winne.com - Report on Angola - Angola's tormented path to petro-diamond led growth
		The Umbundu-speaking Ovimbundu are the largest ethnic group and accounted for 38% of the African population in the 1960 census.
		Nganguela (also spelled Ganguela) is a term, pejorative in connotation, applied by the Ovimbundu to the peoples living east and southeast of them.
		For the most part thinly scattered in an inhospitable territory, split by the southern expansion of the Chokwe, and lacking the conditions for even partial political centralization, let alone unification, the groups constituting the category went different ways when nationalist activity gave rise to political movements based in part on regional and ethnic considerations.
	www.winne.com /angola/bf04.html (4235 words)

	Angola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		While the official language of Angola is Portuguese, over 98% of the population speak a Bantu language.
		The largest ethnic groups are the Ovimbundu, Kimbundu, and Bakongo; there is also a sizable mixed-race population.
		It is currently estimated that 47% of Angolans are Roman Catholic, 38% are Protestant, and 15% Indigenous.
	www.hosanna.org /africanamerican/InternationalMissions/angola.htm (543 words)

	The New York Review of Books: Inside Angola
		It is here, among his fellow Ovimbundu, that Savimbi must survive in the event of a cutoff of South African aid.
		No Ovimbundu is on the politburo in Luanda and just three or four are on the central committee.
		Among the Ovimbundu there is probably the usual and sometimes ambiguous mixture of pro-guerrilla sympathy, mixed with fear and resentment, and a desire for peace at almost any cost.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/6321 (7891 words)

	Foreign Policy In Focus - Self-Determination - Regional Conflict Profile - Angola
		The Ovimbundu had to seek employment on the coffee plantations, since their agricultural economy of the central highlands was too weak to sustain their large population.
		The defection of Jonas Savimbi (one of the few Ovimbundu intellectuals of the time) from FNLA and his creation of UNITA added to the mix a third leader with little taste for political compromise.
		Despite Savimbi's megalomania and the over-representation of his Ovimbundu people among UNITA leaders, his movement did express a call for the inclusion of the poor and disinherited of the interior in the benefits of independence.
	selfdetermine.irc-online.org /conflicts/angola_body.html (1742 words)

	GUS
		An Ovimbundu mother “[…] will teach her daughter saying, A girl does not play with boys, for boys are sharp ones[1].
		No speculations are made for possible instructions at the onjango (men’s club), an institution in decline where boys learned “to know his social status and all the etiquette pertains to it”, or at the initiation.
		The Ovimbundu education is said to be generally casual.
	www2.hu-berlin.de /sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/UMBUNDU.HTM (297 words)

	NGOs and the Peace Process in Angola: Special Reports: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace
		After the Portuguese departed, the argument goes, the Ovimbundu were oppressed by the mestizos and Mbundu who live in Angola's coastal cities and who hold most political and economic power.
		There is no doubt that many Ovimbundu, who populate the central and southern regions, feel oppressed and distrust not only the MPLA leadership but many MPLA supporters.
		One complicating factor, and probably a basis for some hope as well, is that it is not always easy to identify "the enemy." It would be erroneous to assume that all those residing on the government side of the ceasefire line are MPLA supporters and that those in UNITA-held areas support UNITA.
	www.usip.org /pubs/specialreports/early/angola.html (3772 words)

	Staff: Female Half Torso [Angola; Ovimbundu] (1978.412.572) \| Object Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This scepter was once part of a treasury of royal prestige items owned by an Ovimbundu chief in what is today north-central Angola.
		This important polity expanded its power and influence along trade routes that penetrated this region, forming alliances with smaller chiefdoms that eagerly adopted aspects of its prestigious political system and courtly art forms.
		The Ovimbundu chief who owned this scepter may have wished to associate himself with Luba ideals by emulating this characteristic element of Luba regalia.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/luba/hod_1978.412.572.htm (365 words)

	International Communications Forum
		As a matter of fact, the Ovimbundu ethnic group accounts for over 35% of the Angolan population, thus being the largest ethnic group in the country.
		The Ovimbundu also form the backbone of UNITA, the former rebel group.
		What I have mentioned, in brief, is just a replay of the State media’s role in fueling the massacres of May 27 1977, throughout Angola, which claimed the lives of between 30,000 to 60,000 people, according to different accounts.
	www.cabinda.net /opiniao3.htm (1495 words)

	Angola: Profiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Savimbi, an Ovimbundu, was dissatisfied with the Bakongo dominance of the FNLA, its military ineffectiveness, the American influence and the authoritarian leadership of the party's founder, Holden Roberto.
		His promotion of Ovimbundu ethnic consciousness became more pronounced as his support base became more regionalized in the clash between liberation movements.
		Savimbi cultivated a relationship with the Protestant leadership and co-opted many Ovimbundu organizations, widening the division between the Ovimbundu elites and the state.
	www.c-r.org /our-work/accord/angola/profiles.php (5494 words)

	Contested Power: Ovimbundu & Angola, 1580460631, £45.00/$75.00, 313 2000
		A detailed, historiographical examination of the Ovimbundu people in Angola from 1840s through to the present day.
		The book focuses on the relationship between the Ovimbundu and the colonial regime and the efforts they made to gain and wield influence in the colony.
		The book concludes with an interesting look at the role the Ovimbundu played in the post-independence civil was and its aftermath.
	www.boydell.co.uk /80460631.HTM (224 words)

	Angola Mission Team - History of Angola
		The major tribal groupings included the Bakongo in the North, the Ovimbundu in the central highlands, and the Mbundu between them.
		It was not until 1776, however, that the Portuguese finally moved into the central highlands and established control over the Ovimbundu.
		This group, UNITA, began mostly within the Ovimbundu tribe, though it later encompassed a wider cross-section of peoples.
	angolateam.org /angola_history.html (1077 words)

	FREE In-depth report - Ovimbundu Social Structure - Angola
		In at least one study of a section of the Ovimbundu, it was found that each entity defined as a village consisted almost exclusively of either Protestants or Roman Catholics (see Christianity, this ch.).
		In 1967 the colonial authorities, concerned by the political situation east of the Ovimbundu and fearing the spread of rebellion to the plateau regions, gathered the people into large villages to control them better and, in theory at least, to provide better social and economic services (see Angolan Insurgency, ch.
		If you did not find the information you were looking for on the subject of Ovimbundu Social Structure you may wish to do another search of Exploitz.com: related Ovimbundu Social Structure search
	www.exploitz.com /Angola-Ovimbundu-Social-Structure-cg.php (829 words)

	AllRefer.com - Angola - Ovimbundu \| Angolan Information Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The largest ethnolinguistic category, the Ovimbundu, were located in west-central Angola, south of Mbundu-inhabited regions (see fig.
		Over time, a number of political entities, usually referred to as kingdoms, were formed (see Ovimbundu and Kwanhama Kingdoms, ch.
		The introduction of cash crops, particularly coffee, led to a series of changes in settlement patterns and social arrangements (see Structure of Society, this ch.).
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/angola/angola68.html (752 words)

	Ovimbundu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Ovimbundu people live in the highlands of Angola, Africa. ; They are spread throughout Angola as a result of the civil war, though they are mostly located in the Benguela highlands.
		Umbundu was the original language of the Ovimbundu people.
		The Ovimbundu moved into Angola in the 17
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/ovimbundu.html (50 words)

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