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Topic: Oxalate

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	Decomposition of Oxalate by Microorganisms
		In the animal kingdom oxalate and its salts are presented in urine and blood of mammals.
		Aggregation of calcium salts of oxalate and phosphate may cause formation of mineral deposits in the kidney and urinary tracts and the process of stone formation is known as urolithiasis.
		Oxalate is detoxified (catabolized) via the action of two enzymatic proteins, formyl coenzyme A transferase (encoded by the frc gene) and oxalyl coenzyme A decarboxylase (encoded by the oxc gene), contained in the cytosol of Oxalobacter formigenes that colonizes the human intestinal tract.
	www.geocities.com /oxalate2000 (1530 words)

	EHS: Mosby's Drug Consult - Drug Updates - Escitalopram Oxalate 003568 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The efficacy of escitalopram oxalate as a treatment for major depressive disorder has been established, in part, on the basis of extrapolation from the established effectiveness of racemic citalopram, of which escitalopram is the active isomer.
		The efficacy of escitalopram oxalate in the treatment of major depressive disorder was established, in part, on the basis of extrapolation from the established effectiveness of racemic citalopram, of which escitalopram is the active isomer.
		In placebo-controlled trials of escitalopram oxalate, activation of mania/hypomania was reported in one (0.1%) of 715 patients treated with escitalopram oxalate and in none of the 592 patients treated with placebo.
	www.mosbysdrugconsult.com /DrugConsult/003568.html (6685 words)

	RedOrbit - Science - Oxalate Production By Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum Deregulates Guard Cells During Infection1[W] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Oxalate is associated with metabolic disorders and infectious diseases (Holmes and Assimos, 1998; Nakagawa et al, 1999).
		In contrast to wild-type fungus, oxalate- deficient S. sclerotiorum is unable to produce oxalate during infection of petals, which are an important source of inoculum in the field and during in vitro cultivation (Godoy et al., 1990; Jamaux et al., 1995).
		The aperture of light-adapted stomata decreased in response to ABA (Fig.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=110436 (6126 words)

	VegSource Article
		Studies on the occurrence of urinary stone disease in Leeds between 1960 and 1980 show that there was an increase in the number of stones formed during the period 1960-1970, a fall between 1972 and a subsequent rise between 1977 and 1980.
		Further research is needed to find types of soybeans with less oxalate, or to develop a processing method to remove the compound before it reaches consumers, she added.
		But Massey said high levels of oxalate in the urine increase the risk and those with a family history of the ailment are more likely to suffer from the condition; individuals with a low probability of kidney stones are unlikely to be affected by oxalate in soy-based foods.
	www.vegsource.com /articles/harris_kidney_stones.htm (1496 words)

	Calcium oxalate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They contain calcium oxalate, a compound derived from oxalic acid, as well as enzymes which trigger the release of antibodies called histamines in the bloodstream of persons who ingest the leaves.
		Oxalates are needle-like crystals, which, when eaten, may pierce the mouth, throat and digestive tract as they pass through, causing, at the very least, intense discomfort.
		Calcium oxalate also forms a major component of beerstone, a brownish precipitate that tends to accumulate within vats, barrels and other containers used in the brewing of beer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Calcium_oxalate (379 words)

	duckweed nutritional composition
		Calcium oxalate is not a nutrient (nor a beneficial source of calcium), and it can be toxic in large doses.
		In these edible vegetables, calcium oxalate is found in at levels up to 0.5 — 1 percent.
		Elevated calcium in the water favors formation of calcium oxalate crystals, and their content can be lowered by growth on low-calcium medium.
	www.mobot.org /jwcross/duckweed/nutritional-composition.htm (1192 words)

	Lexapro Online, Description, Chemistry, Ingredients, Blackbox - Escitalopram Oxalate - RxList Monographs
		Escitalopram oxalate occurs as a fine white to slightly yellow powder and is freely soluble in methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), soluble in isotonic saline solution, sparingly soluble in water and ethanol, slightly soluble in ethyl acetate, and insoluble in heptane.
		LEXAPRO (escitalopram oxalate) is available as tablets or as an oral solution.
		LEXAPRO tablets are film coated, round tablets containing escitalopram oxalate in strengths equivalent to 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg escitalopram base.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic/lexapro.htm (362 words)

	RedOrbit - Science - Oxalate Mediates Fungal Infection By Affecting Stomatal Function
		Oxalate is an essential virulence factor of S. sclerotiorum because mutants that are deficient in oxalate biosynthesis are less pathogenic than wild-type fungus.
		Consistent with a role for oxalate in this process, the exogenous application of oxalic acid to the detached abaxial epidermis of V. faba leaves induces stomatal opening, apparently by causing potassium accumulation and starch breakdown in the guard cells.
		Thus, oxalate influences stomatal function by causing the accumulation of osmotically active molecules in guard cells and by inhibiting ABA-induced stomatal closure.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=110438 (361 words)

	The influence of dietary minerals on calcium oxalate kidney stones Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients - Find ...
		Urinary oxalate increases as dietary calcium is reduced (3)--perhaps because dietary calcium precipitates oxalate in the intestines to form calcium oxalate which is not absorbed (4); thus the risk of calcium oxalate stones may increase.
		Increased calcium intake in the form of supplements taken with meals may effectively reduce oxalate absorption in patients with malabsorption, yet supplemental calcium, in contrast to dietary calcium, has been found to be associated with a slightly increased risk for kidney stones.
		In the event that calcium supplementation is indicated to prevent bone resorption in a patient with recurrent kidney stones, it should be given in the form of carbonate, citrate, gluconate or lactate, all of which tend to alkalinize the urine which decreases urinary calcium excretion.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0ISW/is_267/ai_n15966275 (798 words)

	Glossary: oxalate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A chemical or chemical compound, usually taken as food, that not only nourishes the body but also is essential to life.
		For all the calcium in spinach, it's estimated that only 5 percent is absorbed by the body; the lion's share combines with oxalic acid, forming the insoluble oxalate.
		Cocoa contains oxalates, too, but not enough to block the absorption of the calcium in hot chocolate or chocolate milk.
	www.becomehealthynow.com /glossary/oxalatebh.htm (98 words)

	Feline Oxalate Bladder Stones
		Unlike Struvite stones, Calcium Oxalate stones cannot be dissolved with special diets; surgery is needed to remove any stones too large to pass.
		In 2-4 weeks, a urinalysis is performed to see if there are calcium oxalate crystals present (there should not be), if the urine is dilute (the specific gravity of the urine should be less than 1.030), and if the urine pH is alkaline (it should be 6.8-7.5).
		Oxalate crystals are classically marked with an “X” (the “X” is naturally present in the crystals when viewed under a microscope)
	www.marvistavet.com /html/body_feline_oxalate_bladder_stones.html (849 words)

	Oxalate, Quantitative, 24-Hour Urine
		Oxalate in acidified urine is stable up to 7 days following collection at room temperature or refrigerated at 2°C to 8° C.
		Oxalate excretion is increased in vegetarians, despite low animal protein ingestion.
		Vitamin C increases oxalate excretion and may be a risk factor for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in individuals consuming "megadose" vitamin C. Such ingestion can usually be determined by the history.
	www.labcorp.com /datasets/labcorp/html/chapter/mono/sc017100.htm (617 words)

	Vulval Pain Society: The low-oxalate diet
		The association of oxalates and vulval pain was highlighted in an article in an American medical journal in 1991 where a woman with vulvodynia was found to have abnormally high levels of oxalate in her urine.
		She was treated with a combination of a low-oxalate diet and given a drug called calcium citrate which removes the oxalate from the body.
		This is the only reference to the oxalate diet in the literature, however, as a treatment it is widely used in the United States as a treatment for vulvodynia.
	www.vulvalpainsociety.org /html/oxalate.htm (381 words)

	N101 \| Low-Oxalate Diet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A low oxalate diet is not always effective in reducing urinary oxalic acid levels because most oxalate found in urine is made in the body and does not come from the diet.
		Scientists once thought that the greater the oxalate level in a food, the more likely it was to increase the risk of forming a kidney stone.
		The foods reported by at least one group of researchers to cause a significant increase in urinary oxalate include spinach, rhubarb, beets, nuts, chocolate, wheat bran, strawberries, peanuts, almonds, and tea.
	www.n101.com /Static/HNs/Diet/Low_Oxalate_Diet.htm (803 words)

	Oxalate Uroliths
		The usual patient with oxalate cystic calculi is male or female, and a large dog or a small dog?
		Another recommendation in the prevention of oxalate bladder stones is that Vitamin C be avoided.
		There is an experimental population of cats that forms oxalate stones out of a true B-6 deficiency.
	www.vin.com /vin_ce/abvp/html/oxalate_uroliths.html (457 words)

	Anxiety Zone - Escitalopram oxalate
		Escitalopram oxalate (also known as LexaproTM and CipralexTM) is a medication developed by the Danish pharmaceutical company Lundbeck, that acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or SSRI.
		It is typically used as an antidepressant to treat depression associated with mood disorders although also may be used in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder and anxiety.
		Escitalopram oxalate is derived from the drug citalopram which is made up of two mirror-image isomers, only one of which is thought to be an effective medication.
	www.anxietyzone.com /drugs/escitalopram_oxalate.html (302 words)

	Dependence of Oxalate Absorption on the Daily Calcium Intake -- von Unruh et al. 15 (6): 1567 -- Journal of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		70 mg increased the oxalate absorption by 1% and vice versa.
		to increase the gastrointestinal absorption of oxalate (2),
		Mean oxalate absorption values from six volunteers at 200 mg Ca/d (circle) and from all eight volunteers (squares) for the other Ca intakes.
	jasn.asnjournals.org /cgi/content/full/15/6/1567 (3327 words)

	Canine Oxalate Bladder Stones
		Calcium oxalate stones cannot be made to dissolve over time by changing to a special diet (as can be done with struvite or uric acid bladder stones).
		Prevention centers on creating a urinary environment with minimal calcium and minimal oxalate as well as creating a urine pH that is not conducive to calcium oxalate formation.
		Calcium binds to citrate instead of to oxalate which is a desirable event since calcium citrate tends to stay dissolved whereas calcium oxalate tends to precipitate out as mineral deposit.
	www.marvistavet.com /html/body_canine_oxalate_bladder_stones.html (1144 words)

	The Low Oxalate Diet
		If a food has been listed as both medium and high in different tests, it is listed in the medium group and indicated by the notation "(?high)" as well as being listed in the high group.
		Then, you can add medium oxalate foods one at a time, eating a small amount three days in a row.
		It is not a good idea to try to eliminate all oxalate from your diet because your body will just manufacture more.
	branwen.com /rowan/oxalate.htm (281 words)

	All About Ferric Oxalate How to make etc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Free oxalic acid in the ferric oxalate is an issue, especially if one wishes to use it for Kallitype printing where the free oxalic will form an insoluble silver oxalate [Ag2C2O4], sludge that will interfere with the Kallitype process.
		Note that the ferric oxalate solution should be at room temperature when the test is made.
		Ferrous oxalate is the result of the decay by light or age of ferric oxalate.
	www.bostick-sullivan.com /Technical_papers/all_about_ferric_oxalate.htm (1559 words)

	Oxalate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An oxalate (called also: ethanedioate) is a salt or ester of oxalic acid.
		Consumption of oxalates (for example, the grazing of animals on oxalate-containing plants such as greasewood) may result in kidney disease or even death due to oxalate poisoning.
		sodium oxalate - Na calcium oxalate - CaC
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oxalate (191 words)

	Prone to Kidney Stones? Watch What You Eat
		The most common type of kidney stone is made up of calcium oxalate, thus preventing the buildup of oxalate in the urine could help prevent the development of stones.
		A study in Kidney International has linked high amounts of oxalate in the urine to eating meat in people known to be at risk of developing oxalate kidney stones.
		On average, the men with a history of kidney stones developed higher levels of oxalate in their urine while on the high protein diet compared with the medium protein diet.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/33/1728_84384.htm?src=rss_cbsnews (537 words)

	PowerLabs Silver Oxalate Synthesis
		The Silver Oxalate is than filtered from solution, washed in Absolute Ethanol, and dried.
		The Oxalate decomposes from heating without flame and with the formation of a white cloud (presumably Silver Oxide, Water Vapor, CO2).
		Mercury Oxalate was synthesized in the same fashion, but did not decompose in a violent fashion.
	www.powerlabs.org /chemlabs/silver_oxalate.htm (316 words)

	Lexapro ( escitalopram oxalate ) data sheet
		Lexapro (escitalopram oxalate) is a prescription medication for the treatment of depression and anxiety.
		Lexapro (escitalopram oxalate) is an antidepressant that is the newest member of the family of medications known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
		Lexapro (escitalopram oxalate) was developed by isolating a part of the CELEXATM (citalopram HBr) molecule, known as an isomer.
	psyweb.com /Drughtm/jsp/lexapro.jsp (1151 words)

	PA-03-065: CALCIUM OXALATE STONE DISEASES
		Background Although calcium oxalate stone disease is a very common health problem among adults in the United States, it is poorly understood at the basic science level.
		There are several rare, heritable causes of nephrolithiasis that result in the onset of oxalate stone disease early in childhood and frequently lead to renal failure.
		The non- catabolized glyoxylate is oxidized to oxalate and is excreted in excess in the urine.
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/pa-files/PA-03-065.html (2851 words)

	Dietary Advice to Help Prevent Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stones
		A kidney stone is a hard mass developed from crystals that separate from the urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney.
		Oxalate is in many foods, and it binds to calcium in your body.
		But if oxalate doesn't find calcium to bind with in your stomach, it will get into your kidneys, find calcium to bind with there, and form stones.
	www.pamf.org /patients/calciumoxalate_stones.html (455 words)

	A Diet For Treating Kidney Or Bladder Oxalate Stones
		At WellVet.com, we believe that only animals that have repeatedly produced oxalate stones, or animals that are strongly genetically predisposed to oxalate stones, should be on a diet devoid of meat.
		Many animals that develop oxalate stones have been previously placed on diets that artificially lower (acidify) the body's pH because of a prior incident of cystitis (for example, cats with FLUTD also called FUS).
		We believe that vegetarian diets will lead to other problems, and that stones can be prevented with moderate amounts of meat, limiting foods that produce oxalates and calcium, and increasing the amount of magnesium in the diet.
	www.wellvet.com /oxalatestonediet.html (864 words)

	Calcium Oxalate Stone Prevention
		Some people who develop calcium oxalate stones have a specific medical condition which is causing the problem.
		These stones are made of calcium and oxalate, so it would seem sensible to exclude these from the diet to fix the problem.
		The bound oxalate cannot be absorbed and is excreted in the faeces.
	www.hollywoodurology.com /caox.html (945 words)

	Oxalic Acid & Oxalates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Oxalic acid is a strong acid, and is irritating to tissue all by itself.
		Oxalates, on the other hand, form tiny little insoluble crystals with sharp edges, which are also irritating to tissue.
		They may also contribute to the formation of kidney stones (the most common form of kidney stone is composed of calcium oxalate).
	www.cloudnet.com /~djeans/Asides/OxalicAcid.htm (246 words)

	Diethyl Oxalate
		Diethyl Oxalate is a chemical intermediate used in the manufacture of compounds such as phenobarbital and various dyes.
		It is a solvent for a number of synthetic and natural resins.
		Diethyl Oxalate is miscible with alcohols, ether and other common organic solvents.
	www.morflex.com /products/c-oxalate.html (194 words)

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