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Topic: Oxaloacetate

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	Gluconeogenesis
		The formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate is carried out by the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase and occurs in the mitochondria.
		The formation of phosphoenolpyruvate from oxaloacetate occurs in the cytoplasm and is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.
		Oxaloacetate is oxidized to malate which is transported out of the mitochondria and then reduced to reform oxaloacetate.
	www.db.uth.tmc.edu /faculty/amoretti/alevine/1521_2000/gneogen.htm (805 words)

	eMedicine - Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency : Article Excerpt by Richard E Frye
		Oxaloacetate is one of two essential substrates needed to produce citrate, the first substrate in gluconeogenesis.
		The precursor of oxaloacetate, pyruvate, is shunted towards alternate metabolic pathways, leading to an increase in lactic acid, alanine, and acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl-CoA).
		Aspartic acid, which is derived from oxaloacetate, is required for the urea cycle.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/Pyruvate-Carboxylase-Deficiency.htm (644 words)

	Zentralbibliothek, Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Metabolic precursors of lysine biosynthesis are oxaloacetate and pyruvate.
		Oxaloacetate itself is synthesized by the anaplerotic enzymes pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase.
		Oxaloacetate decarboxylase and malic enzyme were inactive in vivo.
	www.fz-juelich.de /zb/text/publikation/xjuel3875.html (326 words)

	Oxalaoacetate, glucose, ketone bodies, FATTY ACIDS, mitochondria, JH Koeslag, Physiology, metabolism
		In resting muscles the oxaloacetate levels in their mitochondria are kept very low, but as soon as we start exercising we rapidly break the glycogen stored in those muscles down to pyruvate and then to oxaloacetate, which is fed to the mitochondria.
		At the end of exercise the oxaloacetate is removed from the mitochondrion via malate, and resynthesised into glycogen, or it can discharged into the circulation as lactate to be converted to glucose by the liver.
		The oxaloacetate that most tissues require to maintain the Citric Acid Cycles of their mitochondria is derived directly from glucose absorbed from the blood.
	academic.sun.ac.za /medphys/oxaloacetate.htm (1525 words)

	[No title]
		Oxaloacetate is regarded as a catalyst in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
		Oxaloacetate is regarded as a catalyst in the Krebs cycle because it is regenerated in the last step of the cycle; it is therefore not consumed in the course of the Krebs cycle.
		oxaloacetate has been called a catalyst in the cycle because it is not consumed during the course of the cycle.
	bmbiris.bmb.uga.edu /3100/Dervar2.htm (2689 words)

	The chemical logic behind... Gluconeogenesis
		Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from other organic compounds (pyruvate, succinate, lactate, oxaloacetate, etc. Most of the reactions involved are quite similar to the reverse of glycolysis.
		Oxaloacetate decarboxylation releases the energy needed to enable C2 phosphorylation by GTP, yielding phosphoenolpyruvate (in a reaction catalyzed bynuma phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase - PEPCK).
		Oxaloacetate produced by the pruvate carboxylase cannot cross the mithochodrial membrane.
	www2.ufp.pt /~pedros/bq/gng.htm (455 words)

	Amino Acids - Aspartic Acid
		Note that aspartic acid has an α-keto homolog, oxaloacetate, just as pyruvate is the α-keto homolog of alanine.
		Aspartic acid and oxaloacetate are interconvertable by a simple transamination reaction, just as alanine and pyruvate are interconvertible.
		Oxaloacetate is one of the intermediates of the Krebs cycle.
	www.biology.arizona.edu /biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/aspartate.html (171 words)

	Some Lactobacillus L-Lactate Dehydrogenases Exhibit Comparable Catalytic Activities for Pyruvate and Oxaloacetate -- ...
		oxaloacetate in the assay mixture, not from contaminant pyruvate.
		Saturation curves for pyruvate and oxaloacetate for the wild-type and mutant L.
		Dashed and solid lines indicate the calculated saturation curves for pyruvate and oxaloacetate, respectively, by kinetic parameters shown in Table 2.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/183/1/397 (1694 words)

	Hans Krebs - brief biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		He further discovered that adding a small amount of malate or oxaloacetate stimulates the reduction of far more oxygen than is needed to completely oxidize the substance added.
		Since malonate, which competitively inhibits succinate dehydrogenase, completely stopped the oxidation of pyruvate by the addition of organic acids, he concluded that the succinate to fumarate reaction must be a critical link in a chain of reactions involving all of the known catalytically active acids that can stimulated oxidation of pyruvate.
		Malonate poisoning also limited the ability of oxaloacetate to stimulate the oxidation of pyruvate - where one molecule of oxaloacetate could stimulate the oxidation of many molecules of pyruvate in the uninhibited system, only one molecule of pyruvate was oxidized per molecule of oxaloacetate in the malonate-poisoned system.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~bioslabs/studies/mitochondria/krebs.html (591 words)

	Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Chem*4520 Metabolic Processes
		Oxaloacetate may also be derived from amino acids that breakdown into TCA cycle intermediates:
		There is no transporter for oxaloacetate to cross the mitochondrial membrane, so excess oxaloacetate is reduced back to malate in the mitochondria, transported to the cytoplasm and then reoxidized to oxaloacetate:
		Hence accumulation of mitochondrial oxaloacetate leads to transfer to the cytoplasm.
	www.chembio.uoguelph.ca /educmat/Chm452/lecture6.htm (982 words)

	Gluconeogenesis
		Acetyl CoA enters Krebs Cycle by condensing with oxaloacetate, whose concentration tends to be limiting for Krebs Cycle.
		When Gluconeogenesis is active in liver, oxaloacetate is diverted to form glucose (via PEP).
		Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these (see diagram p.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/gluconeo.htm (1209 words)

	Role of the Bacillus methanolicus Citrate Synthase II Gene, citY, in Regulating the Secretion of Glutamate in ...
		The precursors (acetyl-coenzyme A, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and 2-oxoglutarate) for lipids, amino
		From pyruvate, the carbon flow is split between entering the TCA cycle or conversion to aspartate and its related amino acids.
		of carbon to oxaloacetate (and aspartate) by altering or deregulating
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/7/3986 (5630 words)

	BIOL 400/401/612 Lecture 11 Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It's called a cycle because it begins and ends with oxaloacetate-the same compound used at the beginning is regenerated at the end.
		In this and the other drawings, the atoms in magenta (pink) are derived from the newly-added acetyl group, while the green atoms are from oxaloacetate.
		We are left with a 4-carbon compound that has to be transformed into oxaloacetate in order for the cycle to be complete.
	web.ku.edu /~micro400/lectures/lecture11/lect11.htm (1182 words)

	Atomistic Simulations of Competition between Substrates Binding to an Enzyme -- Elcock 82 (5): 2326 -- Biophysical ...
		The starting position of the oxaloacetate was assigned by docking it adjacent to arginine 152 and therefore close to the MDH
		Before simulation of the diffusion of oxaloacetate, the malate molecules and sodium ions were allowed to diffuse freely for
		The position of the oxaloacetate was monitored throughout.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/82/5/2326 (4308 words)

	Oxaloacetate Transport into Plant Mitochondria -- Hanning et al. 119 (3): 1025 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
		Oxaloacetate Transport into Plant Mitochondria -- Hanning et al.
		The properties of oxaloacetate (OA) transport into mitochondria from potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber and pea (Pisum sativum)
		Identification of the Yeast Mitochondrial Transporter for Oxaloacetate and Sulfate
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/abstract/119/3/1025 (487 words)

	BCHS 3305 Exam #1 02/06/96
		In glycogen metabolism, phosphorylated form of phosphorylase kinase is _____, phosphorylase is _____, and glycogen synthase is _____ than their corresponding dephosphorylated forms.
		In converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase and subsequently to phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) by PEP carboxykinase, the carbon in HCO3- is incorporated into____ [(1) oxaloacetate but not PEP; (2) PEP but not oxaloacetate; (3) neither oxaloacetate nor PEP; (4) both oxaloacetate and PEP].
		The conversion of malate to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase in cytosol requires ____ as a substrate.
	www.bchs.uh.edu /~dtu/SampleTest.htm (1137 words)

	Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Chem*4520 Metabolic Processes
		Citrate synthase may also consume some of the extra oxaloacetate, but this enzyme may be limited by its capacity since it is not quite at equilibrium.
		Since the minimum [oxaloacetate] needed to make citrate synthase run is much less than the maximum put out by malate dehydrogenase, the reaction sequence can still proceed even though the absolute steady state concentration of oxaloacetate is so low.
		This allows a much higher level of oxaloacetate to accumulate than is available in the mitochondrion, helping the PEP carboxykinase if gluconeogenesis is active.
	www.chembio.uoguelph.ca /educmat/Chm452/answers3.htm (387 words)

	Computer Simulation of Metabolism - Center for Plant Environmental Stress Physiology - Department of Horticulture and ...
		Thus, O represents unlabeled oxaloacetate, and O123 represents oxaloacetate labeled in the 1, 2 and 3 positions.
		It is assumed that the reverse reactions from oxaloacetate to fumarate are very rapid in comparison to the reaction of citrate synthase, resulting in full symmetrical equilibration of label between carbons 1 and 4, and between carbons 2 and 3 in oxaloacetate, malate and fumarate.
		As noted earlier, it is assumed that the reverse reactions from oxaloacetate to fumarate are very rapid in comparison to the reaction of citrate synthase, resulting in full symmetrical equilibration of label between carbons 1 and 4, and between carbons 2 and 3 in oxaloacetate, malate and fumarate.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /cfpesp/models/mo00013.htm (2094 words)

	[No title]
		This family describes the bacterial oxaloacetate decarboxylase alpha subunit and its equivalents in archaea [1].
		The oxaloacetate decarboxylase Na+ pump is the paradigm of the family of Na+ transport decarboxylases that present in bacteria and archaea.
		The energy released by the decarboxylation reaction of oxaloacetate is coupled to Na+ ion pumping across the membrane.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR005776 (117 words)

	eMedicine - Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency : Article Excerpt by: Richard E Frye, MD, PhD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Pathophysiology: Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is a biotin-dependent mitochondrial enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate.
		Oxaloacetate is one of two essential substrates needed to produce citrate, the first substrate in gluconeogenesis (Image 1).
		The highly inefficient process of glycolysis causes glucose to be degraded at a very high rate, resulting in a glucose deficit, thereby compounding the problem.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/byname/pyruvate-carboxylase-deficiency.htm (568 words)

	Sequence of the sodium ion pump oxaloacetate decarboxylase from Salmonella typhimurium -- Woehlke et al. 267 (32): ...
		Sequence of the sodium ion pump oxaloacetate decarboxylase from Salmonella typhimurium -- Woehlke et al.
		Sequence of the sodium ion pump oxaloacetate decarboxylase from Salmonella typhimurium
		entire sequence of the oxaloacetate decarboxylase was determined.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/267/32/22798 (302 words)

	Botany online: Photosynthesis - C3, C4 and CAM. Regulation of The Activity
		It is produced by the addition of one molecule of carbon dioxide to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
		The oxaloacetate is usually converted into malate of which the carbon dioxide is split off again with the help of an enzyme.
		Furthermore produces the PEPC intermediates of the citric acid cycle (oxaloacetate and / or malate), a back-up in case of shortages.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e24/24b.htm (1272 words)

	Protein Molecular Modeling
		Glucose is not the only feeder of citric acid cycle other sources of energy such as fatty acid also enter this cycle as Acetyl-CoA (Figure.1).
		The first step of this cycle is condensation of Acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
		Then citrate is oxidized in the following steps of the cycle and finally oxaloacetate is produced from malate to start another cycle.
	mason.gmu.edu /~sbekri/chem350/Projects/protein/gooz.htm (1305 words)

	Identification of the Yeast Mitochondrial Transporter for Oxaloacetate and Sulfate -- Palmieri et al. 274 (32): 22184 ...
		Identification of the Yeast Mitochondrial Transporter for Oxaloacetate and Sulfate -- Palmieri et al.
		reduces transport of oxaloacetate sulfate, thiosulfate, and malonate.
		of ammonium salts of oxaloacetate, sulfate, thiosulfate, and malonate,
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/274/32/22184 (650 words)

	DKA Concepts in the News
		Fumarate permeation in rat liver mitochondria: fumarate/malate and fumarate/phosphate translocators
		Oxaloacetate permeation in rat kidney mitochondria: pyruvate/oxaloacetate and malate/oxaloacetate translocators
		Oxaloacetate uptake into rat brain mitochondria and reconstruction of the malate/oxaloacetate shuttle
	www.diabetes-mellitus.org /dka.htm (630 words)

	Ch438_Lec_37 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Note that the acetyl-CoA is first joined to oxaloacetate to make citrate which is readily transported out of the mitochondria using a co-transporter.
		The citrate is then cleaved to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, a process requiring ATP to make it favorable (recall the condensation was spontaneous).
		Acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis is now available in the cytosol, but oxaloacetate must be regenerated for the mitosol.
	www.humboldt.edu /~rap1/C438.S04/C438Notes/C438nLec37.htm (692 words)

	Ch431_Lec_14Nov
		Note that because all catalysts (oxaloacetate, enzymes etc.) must be regenerated in looking at the overall operation of the cycle, only the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA can be oxidized completely.
		Some intermediates, such as citrate, can be partially oxidized, but Kreb's cycle intermediate catabolism requires leaving the cycle at oxaloacetate and then returning as acetyl-CoA.
		of the carrier is much higher than [oxaloacetate]), malate is the species which actually leaves the mitochondria.
	www.humboldt.edu /~rap1/C431.F01/C431Notes/C431n14nov.htm (469 words)

	Amazon.com: oxaloacetate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Optimal assay conditions for serum and liver glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase and sorbitol dehydrogenase from the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri by S d'Apollonia (Unknown Binding - 1979)
		The Genetics of mitochondrial glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) in Tigriopus californicus: A thesis in genetics by Mary Margarete Matyas (Unknown Binding - 1983)
		Genetic control of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase isozymes in the diploid plant Stephanomeria exigua and its allotetraploid derivative by Leslie D Gottlieb (Unknown Binding - 1973)
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=oxaloacetate&tag=icongroupinterna&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (770 words)

	[No title]
		Because glycogen reserves are depleted after ~24 hours of fasting, a malnourished individual, or one who has missed several meals, is much more susceptible to ethanol-induced hypoglycemia.
		(a) The oxaloacetate or malate allows the TCA cycle to proceed, generating NADH.
		The oxaloacetate concentration is 10 nanomolar, or 1*10
	cmgm.stanford.edu /biochem200/Problem_set_4_answers.html (714 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Step 8: A Dehydrogenation Reaction that will Regenerate Oxaloacetate Malate is dehydrogenated to produce Oxaloacetate by the enzyme Malate Dehydrogenase.
		This step has a high positive delta G but it is immediately followed by a highly spontaneous reaction (Step 1), which helps to drive the reaction forward.
		The 2 molecules of Carbon that are given off as CO2 molecules come from oxaloacetate.
	eee.uci.edu /programs/biotutor/98/udara/udara98final.doc (1092 words)

	UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry Q03030 [DCOA_SALTY] Oxaloacetate decarboxylase alpha chain
		They link to the user manual or other documents.
		Woehlke G. Wifling K. Dimroth P. "Sequence of the sodium ion pump oxaloacetate decarboxylase from Salmonella typhimurium.";
		: Oxaloacetate = pyruvate + CO : Biotin.
	www.expasy.org /uniprot/Q03030 (201 words)

	[No title]
		Malate + NAD+ (oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ malate dehydrogenase (G(‘ = +29.7 kJ/mol Oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA + H2O (citrate + CoASH citrate synthase (G(‘ = -32.2 kJ/mol Oxaloacetate + acetate (citrate citrate lyase (G(‘ = -1.9 kJ/mol What is the (G(‘ for the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA?
		(G((kJ/mol) L-malate + NAD+ (oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ +29.7 acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate + H2O (citrate + CoAH -32.2 A) It must be coupled to ATP hydrolysis to occur.
		The Eo' of the NAD+/NADH half reaction, NAD+ + H+ + 2e- (NADH, is -0.32 V. The Eo' of the oxaloacetate/malate half reaction, oxaloacetate + 2H+ + 2e- ’!
	www.uwm.edu /People/surerus/practiceexam2.doc (1219 words)

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