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Topic: Oxaloacetic acid

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	Oxaloacetic acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oxaloacetic acid, also known as oxosuccinic acid or oxalacetic acid, is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid appearing as an intermediate of the citric acid cycle.
		In vivo, oxaloacetate (the ionised form of oxaloacetic acid) is formed by the oxidation of L-malate, catalysed by malate dehydrogenase, and reacts with Acetyl-CoA to form citrate, catalysed by citrate synthase.
		Oxaloacetic acid is unstable in solution, decomposing to pyruvic acid by decarboxylation over a period of hours (room temperature) or days (0°C).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oxaloacetate (198 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Citric acid cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration.
		In these aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is a metabolic pathway that forms part of the break down of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water in order to generate energy.
		The citric acid cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle after Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900-1981), who proposed the key elements of this pathway in 1937 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for its discovery in 1953.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Citric_acid_cycle (690 words)

	Healing Foods Chapter 5-2
		Lactic acid is partly neutralized and expelled with the urine and partly reconverted in the liver to pyruvic acid in the presence of sufficient nicotinamide.
		Therefore, oxaloacetic acid is produced in excess, while lack of acetyl coenzyme A prevents the citric acid cycle from fully operating.
		Then not sufficient oxaloacetic acid is formed to combine with an abundance of acetyl coenzyme A, which is produced internally or by a high-fat diet.
	users.mrbean.net.au /~wlast/HF5-2.html (1942 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Krebs cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is a complex set of chemical interconversions called carbohydrate catabolism, and the Krebs cycle is the second of three major stages in the process, occurring between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.
		After condensation, the oxaloacetic acid and acetyl CoA react to produce citric acid, which serves as a substrate for seven distinct enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in sequence and proceed with the formation of seven intermediate compounds, including succinic acid, fumaric acid, and malic acid.
		Malic acid is converted to oxaloacetic acid, which, in turn, reacts with yet another molecule of acetyl CoA, thus producing citric acid, and the cycle begins again.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/K/Krebscyc.asp (638 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although most of the citric acid is secreted from the cell to the medium part of the citric acid is converted to the other intermediates of the citric acid cycle.
		An Austrian group explains citric acid formation by the activity of the cytosolic pyruvate carboxylase which means that carbon dioxide is required (to convert pyruvic acid to oxaloacetic acid).
		In addition, we have evidence that citric acid is produced from pyruvic acid in the mitochondria and not via oxaloacetic acid in the cytosole.
	www.bashaar.org.il /view_question.asp?id=133 (662 words)

	title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pyruvic acid from glycolysis (after its conversion to acetic acid and its combination with vitamin B5 to form Acetyl-CoEnzyme A) is used to activate and speed up the citric acid cycle.
		Citric acid is synthesized using Oxaloacetic acid and acetic acid.
		Oxaloacetic acid is converted to Citric acid, this a repetition of step 1, so the cycle starts again.
	my.cybersoup.com /biochemistry/citriccycle.html (356 words)

	Vinegar for Long Life
		These are the seven acids which work in the citric acid cycle with the oxaloacetic acid, asparagine, and glutamic acid from which those seven acids are composed, and acetic acid, which is the original form of fatty acids.
		Virtanen, a Finnish scientist, studied oxaloacetic acid extensively and was awarded a Nobel prize in 1945 for his "Study on Oxaloacetic Acid." His work and the importance of this acid were not known to the world, however, possibly because of the social unrest after the end of World War II.
		To take citric acid, please put its proper amount on the middle of the tongue and swallow it with a lot of water, or keep it with water your mouth for a few seconds until it is mingled with and dissolved in the water, then swallow it.
	www.naturodoc.com /library/lifestyle/umeboshi_vinegar.htm (5697 words)

	Matrix (biology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The location of the Citric acid cycle (or Kreb cycle or TCA cycle) is within the mitochondrial matrix.
		In this cycle, pyruvic acid generated from glycolysis is converted into acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) by losing a Carbon Dioxide molecule.
		It then combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, a six-carbon molecule.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Matrix_(biology) (455 words)

	Mechanism of ketosis, ketogenesis, gluconeogenesis, ketone bodies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The combined molecule (acetic acid-oxaloacetic acid) then undergoes a series of chemical changes which result in the acetic acid turning into carbon dioxide and water, leaving, once again, a molecule of oxaloacetic acid which combines with the next acetic acid to be released from the breakup of the fatty acid.
		Oxaloacetic acid is reformed every time one acetic acid molecule is burnt.
		In fact, pyruvic acid, lactic acid and some amino acids have first to be converted into oxaloacetic acid before their atoms can be rearranged to form glucose.
	academic.sun.ac.za /med_physbio/med_physiology/dept/footnote.htm (396 words)

	Aspartic Acid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Aspartic acid is a nonessential amino acid that is critical in the many complex metabolic processes associated with proteins.
		Aspartic acid is responsible for the synthesis of both essential and nonessential amino acids, including; arginine, asparagine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, and various nucleotides.
		Aspartame is a dipeptide composed of the amino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine.
	www.supplementnews.org /aspartic-acid (867 words)

	Citric Acid Cycle Reactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Acetyl CoA, whether from glycolysis or the fatty acid spiral, is the initiator of the citric acid cycle.
		The reactions for the citric acid cycle are shown in the graphic on the left.
		This reaction is catalyzed by citric acid synthetase.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/611citricrx.html (946 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		NOTE: Oxaloacetic acid is also the first compound to react with acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle.
		The [acetyl CoA] and ATP determines the fate of oxaloacetic acid.
		The reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the _____________which is also the location of the electron transport chain.
	eee.uci.edu /programs/biotutor/winter05/98a/stephweek7.doc (354 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Food Works"
		Amino acids are called "amino acids" because they all contain an amino group (NH) and a carboxyl group (COOH), which is acidic.
		That is true of all amino acids -- the little chain at the bottom (the H or the CH in these two amino acids) is the only thing varying from one amino acid to the next.
		However, different vegetable sources are deficient in different amino acids, and by combining different foods you can get all of the essential amino acids throughout the course of the day.
	home.howstuffworks.com /food3.htm (531 words)

	ATP Production: An Introduction
		The fate of pyruvic acid depends upon the presence of absence of oxygen.
		The dehydrogenase that catalyzes this reaction is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
		Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated to begin the cycle again.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/CampOLs/RespKrebs.html (569 words)

	USANA Health Sciences - Pantothenic Acid (Calcium Pantothenate) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pantothenic acid (sometimes referred to as vitamin B5) is a water-soluble essential nutrient widely synthesized by plants and many bacteria, but required in the diets of vertebrate animals, including man.
		Pantothenic acid is widely distributed in foods where about 85% occurs as coenzyme A. Free pantothenic acid is released from this bound form in the gut through hydrolysis.
		Cooking is reported to destroy 15-50% of the pantothenic acid in meat, and studies have shown that 37-78% of the vitamin in fruits and vegetables can be lost during processing.
	www.usana.com /en/company/science/components/USNUSUPPINGREDIE_19459.shtml (501 words)

	Carbonyl Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Formic acid and acetic acid have a sharp, pungent odor.
		Butyric acid, for example, is found in sweat, and the odor of rancid meat is due to carboxylic acids released as the meat spoils.
		Tartaric acid, for example, is a by-product of the fermentation of wine, and succinic, fumaric, malic, and oxaloacetic acid are intermediates in the metabolic pathway used to oxidize sugars to CO
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/2organic/carbonyl.html (1650 words)

	Citric Acid Cycle
		Citric acid goes through a number of steps (shown as the circle in the center of this diagram) and then recombines with acetyl CoA to make more citric acid which goes through the same cycle of steps again.
		After you've looked at the citric acid cycle, which is also known as the TCA cycle and the Krebs cycle, as it is represented in different sources, select the one that presents you with the clearest presentation of what happens at each step.
		This compound is and isomer of citric acid (and thus it is named isocitric acid).
	dl.clackamas.cc.or.us /ch106-06/citric.htm (1525 words)

	Aspartic acid information page. All about aspartic acid and the role it plays in your diet.
		Aspartic acid is a non-essential amino acid and is found in abundance in plant proteins, especially in sprouting seeds but can be manufactured in the body from oxaloacetic acid and was first isolated in 1868 from legumin in plant seed.
		It is of paramount importance in the metabolism during construction of other amino acids and biochemicals in the citric acid cycle.
		Among the biochemicals that are synthesized from aspartic acid are asparagine, arginine, lysine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and several nucleotides.
	www.anyvitamins.com /aspartic-acid-info.htm (340 words)

	[No title]
		Summarize the major reactions of the Krebs Citric Cycle, and be able to follow the fate of a carbon atom from glucose to CO Discuss the role of the electron transport system in terms of the chemiosmotic hypothesis of Peter Mitchell.
		The Citric Acid Cycle - this cycle is a series of nine enzyme-catalyzed reactions that begins with the transfer of the acetyl group from acetyl CoA to oxaloacetic acid forming the six carbon citric acid molecule.
		It is correctly called a cycle because it begins and ends with oxaloacetic acid, a four carbon keto-acid with two carboxylic acid functional groups.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/tmullins/BCH3023/fall98/lecturenotes14.html (1090 words)

	deana
		The succinic acid is oxidized to fumaric acid and FAD is reduced to FADH2.
		Water is added to the fumaric acid which creates malic acid and it is oxidized and NAD is reduced to NADH.
		http://www.j-c-a.com/newvis/rep/facts.html Pyruvic acid is not chemically stable so in order to stabalize it, the pyruvic acid must be combined with a salt such as sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /AnS/psychology/health_psychology/pyruvate.htm (1486 words)

	GLOSSARY A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The acetyl and oxaloacetic acid form Citric Acid (6-C), which is further oxidized by the reactions of Kreb's Cycle.
		Examples: mammals during the Cenozoic Era after the extinction of dinosaurs at the close of the Mesozoic Era flowering plants during the Cretaceous Period diversified because of their reproductive advantages over gymnosperm and non-seed plants that dominated the floras of the world at that time.
		Archaebacteria today are restricted to extreme environments, such as strongly acid and high temperature regions in hot springs and at hydrothermal vents in mid-ocean ridges.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/bioglosa.txt (876 words)

	ODU Biology 108N: Respiration - Krebs Cycle
		It is impossible to tell whether the carbon atoms in the citric acid molecule released in Step 7 are the same carbons which entered the reaction in the citric acid molecule in Step 2.
		Since the citric acid is regenerated in the process, we need to focus our attention on the other reactant (pyruvic acid) and the products of the seven reactions.
		It is clear the pyruvic acid molecule supplies all of the carbon and hydrogen necessary for the reactions.
	www.lions.odu.edu /~knesius/miniunits/epsilon/epsilon6.html (2016 words)

	acid - Wiktionary
		Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste; tart; having the taste of vinegar: as, acid fruits or liquors.
		Of or pertaining to an acid; as, acid reaction.
		In certain cases, sulphur, selenium, or tellurium may take the place of oxygen, and the corresponding compounds are called respectively sulphur acids or sulphacids, selenium acids, or tellurium acids.
	en.wiktionary.org /wiki/acid (396 words)

	Citric Acid Cycle
		The enzymes that participate in the citric acid cycle are found in the mitochondrial matrix.
		Depletion of oxaloacetic acid under these conditions is prevented by its net synthesis in the pyruvate carboxylase reaction.
		This variant of the malate shuttle is significant because the NADPH is used as reducing agent in the fatty acid synthesis pathway.
	www.nitorig.net /lec32.html (510 words)

	CELLULAR METABOLISM AND FERMENTATION
		The Acetyl Co-A (2-C) is attached to a 4-C chemical (oxaloacetic acid).
		-Ketoglutaric Acid and Succinic Acid the release of carbon dioxide and reduction of NAD
		Between Succinic Acid and Fumaric Acid, the molecular shifting releases not enough energy to make ATP or NADH outright, but instead this energy is captured by a new energy carrier, Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
	www.estrellamountain.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookGlyc.html (1147 words)

	Metabolism of Fats
		The pyruvic acid is converted to a compound called acetyl CoA, which only has two carbon atoms in the acetyl part thus giving off carbon dioxide.
		In the process of losing a carbon atom, the pyruvic acid also combines with something called coenzyme A. Meanwhile, the fatty acids are also converted into acetyl CoA by means of a series of chemical reactions.
		Then a sequence of reactions occurs in which the oxaloacetic acid is regenerated and then converted back in to citric acid by more acetyl CoA.
	dl.clackamas.cc.or.us /ch106-06/metaboli.htm (492 words)

	Cell Respiration Lecture
		molecule is bonded to the resident 4-carbon molecule (oxaloacetic acid) to form citric acid.
		NADH formed by the citric acid cycle or glycolysis transfers electrons to electron transport chains, embedded in the membrane of the cristae (inner membrane).
		A smaller amount of ATP is formed directly during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/CRespIndex.htm (484 words)

	Citric Acid Cycle Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This is the most important link to the electron transport chain where most of the ATP needed for energy reactions is produced.
		The source of acetyl CoA is glycolysis or the fatty acid spiral.
		In the citric acid cycle, there is only one reaction which indirectly produces an ATP and this is at step 7.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/612citricsum.html (485 words)

	Botany online: Basic Metabolism - Biosyntheses - Lipids
		To proceed with fatty acid synthesis, both acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA are needed.
		Dodecatrienic acid, for example, (12 C atoms, three double bonds) can be elongated by three acetyl units and thus be transferred into linolenic acid (18:3).
		A citric acid cycle running too fast means that too many energy-rich compounds are used and transformed into energy that may not be needed any more.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e19/19i.htm (1155 words)

	USANA Corporate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Importantly, pantothenic acid is unstable to heating, acids, and bases.
		Calcium pantothenate and sodium pantothenate are the forms of pantothenic acid most often found in nutritional supplements.
		High oral doses of pantothenic acid or calcium pantothenate (up to 10 grams per day for several weeks) do not appear to be toxic to humans.
	www.usanahealthsciences.com /research/panto.shtml (535 words)

	MoonDragon's Health & Wellness: Nutrition - Amino Acids: Aspartic Acid
		It is one of the components necessary to move high energy NADH molecules from the main body of a cell to its mitochondria, or primary energy-production areas.
		Aspartic acid is one of two amino acids (the other is glutamic acid) that has a negatively charged carboxylate group on the side chain.
		Although aspartic acid is considered a non-essential amino acid, it plays a paramount role in metabolism during construction of other amino acids and biochemicals in the citric acid cycle.
	www.moondragon.org /health/nutritionbasics/aminoacids/asparticacid.html (563 words)

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