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Topic: Oxidation number

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Oxidation state

Oxidation

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Oxidizer

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Valence electron

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	Oxidation state - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In chemistry, the oxidation state is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound.
		The increase in oxidation state of an atom is known as an oxidation: a decrease in oxidation state is known as a reduction.
		The algebraic sum of oxidation states of all atoms in a neutral molecule must be zero, while in ions the algebraic sum of the oxidation states of the constituent atoms must be equal to the charge on the ion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oxidation_state (825 words)

	EXERCISE 13-1 Oxidation and Reduction
		The oxidation number of nitrogen in nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide) is:
		The oxidation number of nitrogen in nitrite is:
		The oxidation number of chromium in dichromate is:
	virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us /smurov/ex13-1c.htm (433 words)

	Oxidation number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In chemical nomenclature, the oxidation number (formerly known as the Stock number) of an element in a molecule or complex is the charge that it would bear if all the ligands were removed along with the electron pairs that were shared with the central atom.
		The oxidation number is usually numerically equal to the oxidation state of the central atom.
		However the oxidation state of transition metals in certain of their complexes can be difficult to ascertain, hence the slightly different formalism for defining an unambiguous oxidation number for the purposes of nomenclature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oxidation_number (252 words)

	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Oxidation number - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The oxidation state or oxidation number is defined as the sum of negative and positive charges in an atom, which indirectly indicates the number of electrons it has accepted or donated.
		Oxygen has an oxidation number of -2 in compounds, except (i) in the presence of fluorine, in which fluorine's oxidation number takes precedence; (ii) in oxygen-oxygen bonds, where one oxygen must neutralize the other's charge; (iii) in peroxide compounds, in which it takes an oxidation number of -1.
		Halogens, besides fluorine, generally have -1 oxidation numbers in compounds.
	www.kidsseek.com /encyclopedia-wiki/ox/Oxidation_number (655 words)

	Oxidation and Reduction
		The earliest view of oxidation and reduction is that of adding oxygen to form an oxide (oxidation) or removing oxygen (reduction).
		The view of oxidation and reduction as the loss and gain of electrons, respectively, is particularly appropriate for discussing reactions in electrochemical cells.
		Oxidation is then viewed as a reaction which increases the oxidation number and reduction as one which reduces the oxidation number.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/chemical/oxred.html (728 words)

	Oxidation Number Method
		The underline principle is that the gain in the oxidation number (number of electrons) in one reactant must equal to the loss in the oxidation number of the other reactant (Conservation of Electrons).
		The increase in the oxidation number by the oxidized species means oxidation reaction and the decrease by the reduced species means reduction reaction.
		When multiple atoms of the element undergoing change in oxidation number is present in its molecular formula, determine such change in oxidation number per unit formula and indicate the change per unit formula by multiplying the increase/decrease in oxidation number (e.g.
	www.molecularsoft.com /data/help/Oxidation.htm (749 words)

	[No title]
		Oxidation numbers (Section 6.2A) have many uses, but the one that concerns us here is their role in determining whether or not a particular reaction involves oxidation-reduction.
		In the reaction of sodium with chlorine, sodium atoms are oxidized to sodium ions; the oxidation number of sodium increases from 0 to +1.
		The oxidation number of magnesium increases from 0 to +2; magnesium is oxidized.
	genchem.chem.wisc.edu /sstutorial/Text8/Tx83/tx83.html (1039 words)

	Oxidation Numbers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The oxidation number for an element in its elemental form is 0 (holds true for isolated atoms and elemental substances which bond identical atoms: e.g.
		The sum of the oxidation numbers is zero for an electrically neutral compound and equals the overall charge for an ionic species.
		Compounds of the alkali (oxidation number +1) and alkaline earth metals (oxidation number +2) are typically ionic in nature.
	wine1.sb.fsu.edu /chm1045/notes/Bonding/OxNum/Bond10.htm (588 words)

	Oxidation Numbers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The oxidation number of sodium in the Na ion is +1, for example, and the oxidation number of chlorine in the Cl ion is -1.
		The sum of the oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion is equal to the charge on the ion.
		The oxidation number of the sulfur atom in the SO ion must be +6, for example, because the sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in this ion must equal -2.
	xenon.che.ilstu.edu /genchemhelphomepage/topicreview/bp/ch2/oxnumb.html (422 words)

	Oxidation Numbers and Redox Reactions
		The oxidation number of an atom in the elemental state is zero.
		The oxidation number of hydrogen in a compound is 1+, except when hydrogen forms compounds called hydrides with active metals, and then it is 1-.
		The oxidation number of oxygen in a compound is 2-, except in peroxides when it is 1-, and when combined with fluorine.
	www.chem.vt.edu /RVGS/ACT/notes/oxidation_numbers.html (727 words)

	Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: Redox
		The oxidation number is defined as the effective charge on an atom in a compou nd, calculated according to a prescribed set of rules.
		An increase in oxidation number corresponds to oxidation, and a decrease to reduction.
		The oxidation number of a compound has some analogy to the pH and pK measurements found in acids and bases -- t he oxidation number suggests the strength or tendency of the compound to be oxidized or reduced, to serve as an oxidizing agent or reducing agent.
	www.shodor.org /UNChem/advanced/redox (2044 words)

	Cornell College - Chemistry - Official Handouts
		The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a neutral molecule is equal to 0.
		The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in an ion is equal to the charge of the ion.
		The oxidation number of the higher atomic number halogens (chlorine, Cl, Bromine, Br, and iodine, I) is usually -1.
	www.cornellcollege.edu /chemistry/chemstds/oxidation.shtml (199 words)

	Lesson 5-2 Oxidation Numbers
		The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1, except when in is bonded to a metal as a negative ion, in which case it is -1.
		In a polyatomic ion, the sum of oxidation numbers of all the elements in the ion must be equal to the net charge of the ion.
		Chromium(III) is Chromium with an oxidation number of +3.
	www.fordhamprep.com /gcurran/sho/sho/lessons/lesson52.htm (788 words)

	Oxidation-Reduction Examples
		The oxidation number of the carbon in methane is -4, while the oxidation number of the carbon in carbon dioxide is +4.
		Since its oxidation number increases, the carbon atom in methane is oxidized when the methane is converted into carbon dioxide.
		The oxidation number of the oxygen atom in dioxygen is 0.
	www.usm.maine.edu /~newton/CHY100/POs/PO6/PObjs_6.html (1210 words)

	Chemistry Equations, Oxidation States, Balancing Equations
		Such partial loss of electrons likewise constitutes oxidation in its broader sense and leads to the application of the term to a large number of processes which at first sight might not be considered to be oxidation’s.
		Dehydrogenation is also a form of oxidation, when two hydrogen atoms, each having one electron, a removed from a hydrogen-containing organic compound by a catalytic reaction with air or oxygen, as in oxidation of alcohol’s to aldehyde’s.
		) the oxidation number of barium is +2 and of chlorine is -1.
	www.chemistry.co.nz /chemequa.htm (1246 words)

	Oxidation State
		Assign an oxidation state (or oxidation number) to an atom in a molecule or ion.
		When an oxidation number is assigned to the element, it does not imply that the element in the compound acquires this as a charge, but rather that it is a convenient number to use for balancing chemical reactions.
		The oxidation state of hydrogen is +1 in its compounds, except for metal hydrides, such as NaH, LiH, etc., in which the oxidation state for H is -1.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /~cchieh/cact/c123/oxidstat.html (686 words)

	Oxidation Number
		Hydrogen in compounds is assigned an oxidation state of +1.
		Oxygen in compounds is assigned an oxidation state of -2.
		The sum of the oxidation states of all the atoms in a species must be equal to net charge on the species.
	www.molecularsoft.com /data/help/Oxidation_Number.htm (167 words)

	Chem - Topic 10 - Oxidation and reduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The oxidation number of an ion is equal to the charge of the ion.
		The oxidation numbers of ions will be related to the group of the element (ie group 1 elements will be +1...up to group sever elements which will be -1).
		The number after the Iron is determined by the oxidation number of the iron in the compound.
	homepage.mac.com /stray/ib/chem/SSC/topic10.html (570 words)

	Oxidation states (oxidation numbers)
		The sum of the oxidation states of all the atoms or ions in a neutral compound is zero.
		The sum of the oxidation states of all the atoms in an ion is equal to the charge on the ion.
		What is the oxidation state of chromium in the dichromate ion, Cr The oxidation state of the oxygen is -2, and the sum of the oxidation states is equal to the charge on the ion.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /inorganic/redox/oxidnstates.html (2005 words)

	OX NUMBERS
		Oxidation number of C in CO is +2
		Oxidation number of O in CO is -2 (known)
		Oxidation number of N in NH is -3
	www.chem.lsu.edu /lucid/allen/OxNumbers.htm (568 words)

	Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Oxidation number is a number that reflects the extent to which an element has been oxidized or reduced.
		Oxidation numbers are due to a SHIFT (NOT a transfer) of valence electrons from the more electropositive atom to the more electronegative atom.
		The oxidation number of a covalently bonded element is the charge the element would have if all the shared pairs of electrons in the Lewis structure for the species were transferred to the more electronegative atoms.
	tooldoc.wncc.nevada.edu /bigredox/bigredox.htm (5002 words)

	Redox Reactions - Title
		If on the other hand, its oxidation number decreased in the course of the reaction, we can say that the substance was reduced.
		The number of electrons lost by a substance in an oxidation must be gained by the substance being reduced.
		From the sketch we can see that the chamber were the oxidation takes place, is called the anode and that the chamber were the reduction takes place is called the cathode.
	www.chemistry.nmsu.edu /studntres/chem112.spring.1997/Redox.html (827 words)

	How to Write Chemical Formulas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The oxidation number for the element written as the second part of the compound is determined by subtracting 8 from the Roman numeral located at the top of the column containing this nonmetal on the Periodic Table.
		Means the same as the prefix pyro- ; double the number of each element in the polyatomic ion and subtract one oxygen; double the oxidation number of the polyatomic ion and add +2.
		the reduced oxidation number of the positive ion minus its sign becomes the subscript for the negative ion, and the reduced oxidation number of the negative ion minus its sign becomes the subscript for the positive ion.
	www.woodrow.org /teachers/chemistry/links/chem1/WritingFormulas.html (1274 words)

	JCE Software, 6B1: Oxidation Number Rules
		To provide the computer with enough information to reliably assign oxidation numbers to all our test compounds, it was necessary to develop a set of 16 major rules, one of which consisted of 12 subrules.
		Oxidation Number Rules allows an instructor to select any combination from the list of 27 rules and subrules that were taught to the computer.
		The computer will assign oxidation numbers to those elements for which the selected rules apply and indicate those elements that it was unable to assign.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu:8000 /JCESoft/Issues/Series_B/6B1/prog3-6B1.html (417 words)

	Oxidation Number Assignments
		All halogens (besides fluorine) have a -1 oxidation number in compounds, except when with oxygen or other halogens where their oxidation numbers can be positive.
		Hydrogen is always assigned a +1 oxidation number in compounds, except in metal hydrides (e.g.
		Oxygen is assigned an oxidation number of -2 in compounds, with two exceptions...
	www.chemistry.co.nz /redox_oxi_aa.htm (217 words)

	Oxidation and Reduction Section 1
		We have done so to stress that a reaction is classified as oxidation-reduction if in its course two elements change oxidation number; one must increase in oxidation number, and the other must decrease in oxidation number.
		If an element's oxidation number increases, the element must have lost electrons, which is the criterion for oxidation.
		Table 14.2 lists the criteria of oxidation and reduction and states that the substance oxidized is the reducing agent in the reaction.
	genchem.chem.wisc.edu /sstutorial/Text14/Tx141/tx141.html (457 words)

	Oxidation Number Student Survey
		We would like to collect some information regarding the first part of the bonus homework assignment on oxidation numbers that you are completing for CHE 105.
		The assignment of oxidation numbers seems to be a topic that must be memorized and little understanding appears to be involved.
		It appears that the rules used to assign oxidation numbers are reasonable and based on concepts that can be understood.
	www.uky.edu /~holler/cgi/oxnuma.html (312 words)

	oxstate.htm
		The determination of oxidation states is based on knowing which elements can have only one oxidation state other than the elemental state and which elements are able to form more than one oxidation state other than the elemental state.
		For example, what is the oxidation state of chromium in dichromate ion, (Cr As before, assign the oxidation state for oxygen, which is known to be -2.
		Using a number line may be helpful in identifying the substances reduced or oxidized and thus whether they are oxidizaing agents or reducing agents, respectively.
	www.towson.edu /~ladon/oxstate.html (914 words)

	Indirect Determination of the Oxidation Number
		4) The sum of the oxidation numbers of all elements being nil for a neutral compound or equal to the charge for an ionic species, the oxidation number of all other elements can be worked out in a combination with hydrogen, oxygen, alkali or earth-alkali metals from the difference.
		It is sometimes possible to use fractional oxidation numbers, this is the case when an element is present in different oxidation states in the same compound.
		The indirect method would assign an oxidation number of -1/3 (corresponding to the arithmetic average) to the three nitrogen atoms.
	chimge.unil.ch /En/redox/1red7.htm (286 words)

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