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Topic: Ozone hole

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	The Ozone Hole
		Ozone depletion begins, and the ozone “hole” appears.
		The Antarctic ozone hole was discovered in 1985 by British scientists Joesph Farman, Brian Gardiner, and Jonathan Shanklin of the British Antarctic Survey.
		The ozone hole is defined geographically as the area wherein the total ozone amount is less than 220 Dobson Units.
	www.theozonehole.com (553 words)

	Ozone Depletion FAQ Part III: The Antarctic Ozone Hole
		The ozone hole occupies the region of the polar vortex where temperatures are below -80 C and where polar stratospheric clouds are abundant.
		The ozone hole is confined to the lower stratosphere.
		Depletion of the ozone layer therefore cools the stratosphere, and in this sense the hole is self-stabilizing.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/ozone-depletion/antarctic (6371 words)

	The Ozone Hole
		The ozone hole is a bit of a misnomer since it is actually a decrease in the amount of ozone in the atmosphere, rather than an absence of ozone in the atmosphere.
		The amount of ozone in the atmosphere changes on a seasonal basis and is at its lowest levels in January, during Antarctic spring as the animation we created demonstrates.
		Ozone levels are measured in Dobson Units, a measurement of the thickness of pure ozone at normal sea level temperature and pressure.
	octopus.gma.org /surfing/human/ozonehole.html (0 words)

	U.S. EPA: Ozone Depletion
		The ozone hole is represented by the purple, red, burgundy, and gray areas that appeared over Antarctica in the fall of 2003.
		The ozone hole is defined as the area having less than 220 Dobson units (DU) of ozone in the overhead column (i.e., between the ground and space).
		The science of the ozone hole is quite complex, but our understanding of the many factors that combine to create it has improved greatly since the first investigations in the 1980s.
	www.epa.gov /ozone/science/hole (0 words)

	Top Story - AGU - WAVES IN THE ATMOSPHERE BATTER SOUTH POLE, SHRINK 2002 OZONE HOLE - December 06, 2002
		The left image is a typical ozone hole with large losses from colder stratospheric temperatures as indicated by the larger, and darker blue area.
		The September 2002 ozone hole was half the size it was in 2000.
		Newman stressed that the smaller ozone hole this fall is not an indication that the ozone layer is recovering.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/20021206ozonehole.html (0 words)

	Ozone Hole FAQ : Weather Underground
		Ozone loss in the Arctic is highly dependent on the meteorology, due to the importance of cold-weather Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) that act as reactive surfaces to accelerate ozone destruction.
		A future Arctic ozone hole similar to that of the Antarctic appears unlikely, due to differences in the meteorology of the polar regions of the northern and southern hemispheres (WMO, 2002).
		Ozone depletion has not not yet affected the tropics (-25° to 25° latitude), and that is where much of the decline in amphibians has been observed.
	www.wunderground.com /education/holefaq.asp (0 words)

	Ozone Hole
		The fact that ozone does absorb UVB light so strongly makes life on Earth possible in that an intact ozone layer is fully absorbing all UVB light from the sun, and hence is protecting life from this highly damaging radiation.
		Underneath the 1992 ozone hole the UVB radiation was almost twice as strong as underneath the 1987 ozone hole.
		Underneath the 1992 ozone hole, already two thirds of the whole solar UVB radiation is reaching the Earth's surface.
	www.atm.damtp.cam.ac.uk /people/mgb/ozonehole.html (740 words)

	Antarctic Ozone Hole
		The antarctic ozone hole is an area of the antarctic stratosphere in which the recent (since about 1975) ozone levels have dropped to as low as 33% of their pre-1975 values.
		The ozone hole occurs during the antarctic spring, from September to early December, as strong westerly wind start to circulate around the continent and create an atmospheric container.
		Many were worried that ozone holes might start to appear over other areas of the globe but to date the only other significant, localized depletion is a much smaller ozone ''dimple''(R.Parson FAQ) ; observed during the arctic spring over the north pole.
	www.nas.nasa.gov /About/Education/Ozone/antarctic.html (815 words)

	Ozone Hole (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The aim was to understand the important role that ozone plays through absorbing solar energy, in determining the temperature profile of the stratosphere and its wind circulation.
		Ozone is destroyed in the Antarctic spring by chlorine formed during the sunless winter.
		Data in yellow pre-date the discovery of the Ozone hole in 1985.
	www.antarctica.ac.uk /Key_Topics/The_Ozone_Hole (404 words)

	An Olympic-Sized Ozone Hole
		Ozone gas is a molecular "cousin" of the oxygen that we breathe.
		Some ozone is found in the troposphere, the layer of the atmosphere which extends about seven miles upward from Earth's surface.
		Ozone is constantly produced and destroyed in a natural cycle, with the overall level remaining roughly the same.
	www.riverdeep.net /current/2000/09/091300ozonehole.jhtml (0 words)

	Ozone
		Ozone is made when a electric spark passes through air, and this accounts for the characteristic odor give off by some electrical motors.
		Ozone is produced by the reaction of sunlight, oxygen, and automobile exhaust (which contains hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides).
		Ozone also damages plants and may be an important factor in the damage that is occurring to forests in Europe and North America.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/O/Ozone.html (0 words)

	Images Of The Day - Antarctic Ozone Hole - RedOrbit
		One Dobson Unit is the number of molecules of ozone that would be required to create a layer of pure ozone 0.01 millimeters thick at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere (the air pressure at the surface of the Earth).
		The average amount of ozone in the atmosphere is roughly 300 Dobson Units, equivalent to a layer 3 millimeters (0.12 inches) thick—the height of 2 pennies stacked together.
		Average ozone concentrations in the ozone hole are around 100 Dobson Units—about the height of a dime.
	www.redorbit.com /images/images-of-the-day/img/12895/antarctic_ozone_hole/index.html (0 words)

	Climate Prediction Center - Stratosphere: SBUV-2 Total Ozone - Ozone Hole
		The ozone hole is defined geographicaly as the area wherein the total ozone amount is less than 220 Dobson Units.
		This is graphically illustrated in ozone hole area versus Julian day plots for the years: 1979-80, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005.
		The current year's ozone hole plot shows the progression of this year's ozone hole (red line) and is placed in reference with last year's ozone hole conditions (blue line) and conditions over the previous ten years.
	www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov /products/stratosphere/sbuv2to/ozone_hole.shtml (0 words)

	The Antarctic Ozone Hole
		The 2003 ozone hole size and persistence developed similarly to the year 2000, with an early rapid growth observed during August, a record size observed in September and finally its disappearance in mid November.
		The 2004 ozone hole continues to be much smaller than the average size over the past decade, and for late October, nearly as small as it was in 2002 after the ozone hole had split into two parts in late September.
		The area where total ozone was less than 220 DU (also called "ozone hole area") was larger than ever before, at that time of the year, during the first two weeks of August.
	www.nilu.no /projects/nadir/o3hole (525 words)

	Chemical & Engineering News: Latest News - Ozone Hole Grows
		The seasonally variable hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica has set new records both for its average area and its thickness, scientists from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reported on Oct. 19.
		By early October, the amount of ozone in the hole directly over the South Pole was 93 Dobson units, down from about 300 DU in mid-July.
		Scientists estimate the ozone hole will decrease in area by about 0.1 to 0.2% annually for the next five to 10 years, although seasonal fluctuations will continue to mask these changes.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/news/84/i43/8443ozone.html (448 words)

	As ozone hole approaches annual peak, NASA scientists reveal latest information and images
		Now, as the Antarctic ozone hole approaches its annual peak nineteen years later, NASA scientists are using the latest tools to determine what effect the ban on CFCs and related chemicals has had and how long we will have to wait for a full ozone layer recovery.
		The ozone "hole" is not a hole in the literal sense where no ozone exists, but a region above the Antarctic where significant amounts of ozone are destroyed based on the temperature and amount of ozone-depleting gases in the air.
		Ozone is created when a free oxygen atom joins with an oxygen molecule to form a molecule of ozone.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-09/nsfc-aoh092706.php (579 words)

	Ozone Hole 2003
		Ozone values over Antarctica have declined from the late spring peak and there are lower values over the centre of the continent than over the southern ocean.
		The ozone hole is usually largest in early September and deepest in late September to early October.
		Ozone values peaked in December and are slowly declining towards the normal autumn minimum.
	www.theozonehole.com /ozonehole2003.htm (0 words)

	CIESIN Ozone Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The purpose of this guide is to help you find selected key documents that pertain to the issue of ozone depletion: causes, human and environmental effects, and policy responses.
		The 1985 report of the discovery of an "ozone hole" over Antarctica focused attention on the idea that humans can have a significant impact on the global environment.
		This discovery, along with evidence that ozone is being lost at nearly all latitudes outside the tropics, has prompted much research into the causes of ozone depletion and the biological effects of increased ultraviolet radiation exposure.
	www.ciesin.org /TG/OZ/oz-home.html (193 words)

	USATODAY.com
		All ozone molecules consist of three oxygen atoms, while the molecules of ordinary oxygen - the stuff in the air that all animals need - are made of two oxygen atoms.
		By the way, the ozone hole is not a "hole" in the usual sense; we don't have to worry about things such as the atmosphere leaking away through the "hole," and there is no way to send the Space Shuttle up to patch it in some way.
		One of the big failings in most attempts to teach people about the ozone hole is the failure to make the point that the ozone hole comes and goes with the sun over Antarctica.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/wozone0.htm (0 words)

	Space Today Online - Solar System - Planet Earth - Antarctic ozone hole is larger than ever
		The ozone hole receded and in September 2002 was the smallest since 1988.
		The ozone hole is influenced by changes in weather, which causes the size, depth and persistence of the ozone hole to vary substantially from year to year.
		Variations in the size of the ozone hole and of ozone depletion accompanying it from one year to the next are not unexpected.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/Earth/AntarcticOzoneHole.html (0 words)

	U.S. EPA: Ozone Depletion
		Ozone levels increase slightly during the Antarctic winter, then plummet in September during the ozone hole.
		The ozone hole opens up during August and reaches a peak size by October, disappearing again by the end of the year.
		When scientists discuss the speed with which the hole grows during a year, they usually mean either how rapidly the area increases or how early the area reaches a certain size.
	www.epa.gov /ozone/science/hole/size.html (0 words)

	Arctic - Ozone Hole over Antarctica
		The British Antarctic Survey's first documentation of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1985 and subsequent NSF-funded study of the phenomenon alerted the world to the danger of chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs.
		The breakdown of this ozone layer by CFC molecules can have harmful effects on a range of life forms, from bacteria to humans.
		Ozone depletion has a direct effect on human inhabitants, but research has only just begun on the effects of increased ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and societies and settlements in the Arctic.
	www.nsf.gov /about/history/nsf0050/arctic/ozonehole.htm (0 words)

	Science - The Antarctic Ozone Hole
		The Antarctic Ozone Hole was discovered by the British Antarctic Survey from data obtained with a ground-based instrument from a measuring station at
		The ozone hole is formed each year in the Southern Hemisphere spring (September-November) when there is a sharp decline (currently up to 60%) in the total ozone over most of Antarctica.
		Although some ozone depletion also occurs in the Arctic during the Northern Hemisphere spring (March-May), wintertime temperatures in the Arctic stratosphere are not persistently low for as many weeks which results in less ozone depletion.
	www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov /science/ozhole.htm (0 words)

	Ozone Hole Watch: What is the Ozone Hole?
		The ozone hole is not technically a “hole” where no ozone is present, but is actually a region of exceptionally depleted ozone in the stratosphere over the Antarctic that happens at the beginning of Southern Hemisphere spring (August–October).
		The ozone hole is the region over Antarctica with total ozone of 220 Dobson Units or lower.
		The ozone hole grows throughout the early spring until temperatures warm and the polar vortex weakens, ending the isolation of the air in the polar vortex.
	ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov /facts/hole.html (0 words)

	Atmosphere, Climate & Environment Information Programme
		Scientists have discovered that the ozone hole over Antarctica started in 1979, and that the ozone layer generally started to get thin in the early 1980s.
		The ozone layer is like a sunscreen, and a thinning of it would mean that more ultra-violet rays would be reaching us.
		Ozone found between 19 and 30 kilometres high in the atmosphere is one of the reasons why we are alive on Earth.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /kids/ozonehole.html (0 words)

	News About The Ozone Layer
		Two new NASA-funded studies of ozone in the tropics using NASA satellite data not previously available are giving scientists a fuller understanding of the processes driving ozone chemistry and its impacts on pollution and climate change.
		Ozone pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels is a major health concern in Earth's Northern Hemisphere mid latitudes, including the United States.
		Optimism that Earth's protective ozone layer, ravaged by chemicals in the 20th century, may be restored within the next couple of decades is premature, according to a study published on Thursday.
	www.terradaily.com /Ozone_News.html (0 words)

	Polar Ozone Hole
		Ozone is constantly produced and destroyed by chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere that involve the breaking of O
		Ozone typically "builds up" to higher values over the poles during the winter and early spring in each hemisphere.
		Human use of materials that themselves can destroy ozone or that can be transformed in the atmosphere into ozone depleting chemicals has upset the natural balance in the stratosphere such that degredation of ozone is favored relative to production.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /GG/ASK/ozonehole.html (0 words)

	CNN.com - Ozone hole stabilizes - October 17, 2001
		In the long term, over a period of 30 to 50 years, the hole is expected to shrink as certain chemicals in the atmosphere decline, NOAA said.
		Nobel Prize-winning chemist Sherwood Rowland and other researchers predicted last year the ozone hole would continue to grow through the first decade of the 21st century, followed by four or five decades of "healing." They said if the ban on CFCs holds, the ozone hole could close up by the end of the 21st century.
		When the ozone layer is thinned or absent, that harmful radiation reaches Earth in much greater quantity, posing a substantial skin cancer risk to humans and potentially affecting vegetation and oceanic plankton -- the basis of life in the rich waters surrounding Antarctica.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/TECH/space/10/17/ozone.hole.size (0 words)

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