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Topic: P waves

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	Seismic Waves
		Compressional waves, also known as primary or P waves, travel fastest, at speeds between 1.5 and 8 kilometers per second in the Earth's crust.
		P waves shake the ground in the direction they are propagating, while S waves shake perpendicularly or transverse to the direction of propagation.
		Although wave speeds vary by a factor of ten or more in the Earth, the ratio between the average speeds of a P wave and of its following S wave is quite constant.
	www.seismo.unr.edu /ftp/pub/louie/class/100/seismic-waves.html (1065 words)

	P Wave Animation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		P waves are the fastest body waves and arrive before the S waves, or secondary waves.
		The P waves carry energy through the Earth as longitudinal waves, moving particles in the same line as the direction of the wave.
		P waves are generally felt by humans as a bang or thump.
	mceer.buffalo.edu /infoService/faqs/pwaveanim2.html (94 words)

	[No title]
		P waves, or primary waves, are the first type of waves to be felt at a considerable distance, and they travel very fast, more than 13,000 miles per hour.
		P waves are primary waves that travel quicly and are the first to be felt at a distance, they are capable of passing through solid and liquid material.
		P waves are called primary waves because they travel very fast through both liquids and solids, and they are the first to be felt at a distance.
	www.colorado.edu /physics/phys2900/6.html (4506 words)

	Speed of Sound through the Earth
		P waves or body waves are the first waves produced by an earthquake.
		P waves are the only waves that are able to move through fluids and rock.
		P waves are the first waves to arrive at a seismic station.
	hypertextbook.com /facts/2001/PamelaSpiegel.shtml (392 words)

	Body waves inside the earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In P or compressional waves, the vibration of the rock is in the direction of propagation.
		P waves travel fastest and are the first to arrive from the earthquake.
		The energy from surface waves is confined to a smaller volume at the surface and the wave amplitude to carry that energy is therefore larger than body waves.
	quake.wr.usgs.gov /info/1906/earthwaves.html (329 words)

	P Waves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		P waves are also known as compressional waves.
		This diagram illustrates the compressional nature of P waves.
		The darker bands shows the "crests" of these waves, where the energy transmitted by the wave is greatest and the rock has been compressed the most.
	mceer.buffalo.edu /infoService/faqs/pwaves.html (89 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		P waves are also called compressional waves because they consist of alternating compressions and expansions.
		P waves are longitudinal; they cause particle motion that is back and forth, in the same linear direction as energy transfer.
		Because it was not possible to have P waves traveling in the same medium at different velocities, and the earlier P arrivals were only seen at some distance from the epicenter, he reasoned that the two (different arrival times represented two different phases of P waves traveling different paths.
	www.fema.gov /txt/hazards/earthquakes/nehrp/fema-253-07_unit3a.txt (8244 words)

	Theoretical Basis of Electrocardiography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		P waves absent and replaced by a background which is coarsely or finely irregular.
		P waves precede the QRS but the PR interval is variable and the shape of the P wave is variable - usually either Wandering Atrial Pacemaker (rate < 100) or Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (rate > 100).
		P wave precedes the QRS but the PR interval is short and accompanied by a delta wave (a slurred upstroke at the beginning of the QRS) giving a wide QRS complex - Wolf Parkinson White (Pre-Excitation) Syndrome.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/MEDICINE/medclerk/ekg/lesson.htm (3692 words)

	USC Readers Plus: Earthquakes 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The propagation of the P wave by the slinky is illustrated in Figure 13 (on the webpage).
		Also, the motion of each person as the wave passed was in the direction of propagation and that, as the wave passed, the people moved closer together temporarily (compression), and then apart (dilation) to return to their original positions.
		Because the shear wave motion is more complicated in the human wave, the S wave will have a slower velocity (greater travel time from source to the end of the line of people), similar to seismic waves in a solid.
	www.usc.edu /dept/LAS/jep/resources/4_5quakes2.htm (2458 words)

	Record Content
		Primary or P waves, (dilatational) in which the particles of the earth are displaced radially in relation to the source, i.e.
		For a spherical wave train, the volume of medium affected is therefore proportional to the area of the diverging wave front, and hence to the square of the distance from the source.
		The main characteristics of Rayleigh waves, Love waves and the T phase were outlined in Section 1.2 and the purpose at this stage is to draw attention to certain additional characteristics of particular seismic paths.
	www.seismo.com /msop/msop79/rec/rec.html (4892 words)

	Maryland Geological Survey: Earthquakes in Maryland
		These shock waves, or seismic waves, radiate in all directions from the focus, much as ripples radiate outward in two dimensions when a pebble is dropped into a pond.
		The faster moving P waves are compressional waves, and the slower S waves are shear waves.
		Compressional waves involve a "push-pull" vibration of earth material in the same direction as the P waves are moving.
	www.mgs.md.gov /esic/brochures/earthquake.html (4011 words)

	Bryce Canyon National Park: GEODETECTIVE Program
		There are two types of waves associated with earthquakes: P wave s and S wave s.
		The fastest of the waves is a primary wave, or P wave.
		P waves feel like someone has run a semi-truck into your house and S waves feel more like you are riding waves at a lake or ocean.
	www.nps.gov /brca/geodet/geodet_waves.html (626 words)

	p waves - First Off - More p waves
		Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through and around the earth.
		P waves are even able to pass all...
		Compressional waves, also known as primary or P waves, travel fastest, at speeds between 1.5 and 8 kilometers...
	www.szlabourlawyers.com /p-waves.html (272 words)

	Palisades guide - Body waves
		The P wave arrival time can be measured as the first instant when the amplitude exceeds the background noise level.
		Compared to the P wave, the S wave will have lower frequency content and the exact onset of the signal may not be as clear.
		PS is similar to PP except the second leg is travelled as a shear wave.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~mwest/palguide/body.html (1401 words)

	Publications Equipe FDL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Labaume, P., and I. Moretti, Thrust-faulting, fluid flow and hydrocarbon migration in the Andean foothills, in Geofluid II Conference, Belfast, 1997.
		Travé, A., P. Labaume, F. Calvet, and A. Soler, Sediment dewatering and pore fluid migration along thrust faults in a foreland basin inferred from isotopic and elemental geochemical analyses (Eocene South-Pyrenees, Spain), Tectonophysics, 282, 375-398, 1997.
		Benedicto, A., P. Labaume, M. Séguret, and M. Séranne, Low-angle crustal ramp and basin geometry in the Gulf of Lion passive margin: the Oligocene-Aquitanian Vistrenque graben, SE France, Tectonics, 15-6, 1192-1212, 1996.
	www-lgit.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr /recherche/fluides-transferts/publi.html (4164 words)

	Diagostic Tip (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		P waves are absent because the atria cannot depolarize due to hyperkalemia in this dog.
		P waves are sometimes difficult to see in patients with a rapid ventricular tachycardia.
		Once you are convinced that P waves don't exist, you are probably dealing with either atrial fibrillation (rapid irregularly irregular rhythm), supraventricular tachycardia (rapid regular rhythm), or atrial standstill (slow regular or irregular rhythm).
	www.vetmedtelemedicine.com /Issue_1/Diagnostic_1.htm (743 words)

	Free-ResearchPapers.com - Earth Quake Reference Files
		P waves are compression waves because the rocky material in their path moves back and forth in the same direction as the wave travels alternately compressing and expanding the rock.
		P waves are the fastest seismic waves; they travel in strong rock at about 6 to 7 km (4 mi.) per second.
		P waves are followed by S waves, which shear, or twist, rather than compress the rock they travel through.
	www.free-researchpapers.com /dbs/b8/sff323.shtml (5461 words)

	Earhtquake waves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Though "P" and "S" waves originates from the centre of earthquake simultanously, it saperates as it travels because of characteristics of waves.
		It has been established that velocity of "P" waves is 1.68 to 1.75 times than "S" waves, means "P" waves travels about 1.68 to 1.75 times faster than destructive "S" waves, velocity is depending on the particular soil construction.
		To calculate "P" and "S" wave separation is : Devide straight line distance between epicentre of an earthquake and the place where Quake Alarm™ is installed by 6.44 to obtain tentative time gap between "P" wave and "S" wave reaching to Quake Alarm™.
	www.giplindia.com /waves.htm (294 words)

	Where Did the Quake Hit? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		P waves travel through rock faster than S waves.
		Because of this speed difference, the more time P and S waves have to race away from an earthquake, the farther ahead the P waves will be.
		In fact, if you measure how many minutes the S waves are behind the P waves, you can estimate how long they have been traveling and how far away they came from.
	cse.ssl.berkeley.edu /lessons/indiv/davis/inprogress/Where.html (906 words)

	How Do I Read a Seismogram? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The P wave will be the first wiggle that is bigger than the rest of the little ones (the microseisms).
		Surface waves travel a little slower than S waves (which are slower than P waves) so they tend to arrive at the seismograph just after the S waves.
		For shallow earthquakes (earthquakes with a focus near the surface of the earth), the surface waves may be the largest waves recorded by the seismograph.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /UPSeis/reading.html (310 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Atrioventricular block, EKG tracing
		P waves show that the top of the heart received electrical activity.
		Each P wave is usually followed by the tall (QRS) waves.
		When a P wave is present and not followed by a QRS wave (and heart contraction), there is an atrioventricular block, and a very slow pulse (bradycardia).
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/imagepages/1429.htm (200 words)

	Glossary of Geophysical Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A P Wave is one of two types of body waves.
		Seismology is the study of earthquakes and waves generated by earthquakes and explosions.
		Surface waves are seismic waves which travel along the surface of the earth.
	www.geo.lsa.umich.edu /~MichSeis/QUAKEVIEW/Tutorials/glossary.html (601 words)

	Waves
		There are three types of waves that are created when stress is released as energy in earthquakes: P, S, and surface waves.
		P waves, like sound waves, are compressional waves, which means that they compress and expand matter as they move through it.
		S waves are the more dangerous type of waves because they are larger than P waves and produce vertical and horizontal motion in the ground surface.
	scign.jpl.nasa.gov /learn_unix/eq6.htm (231 words)

	GCSE Physics: S and P Waves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		are longitudinal waves that push and pull the earth.
		are transverse waves, which make the earth shake from side to side.
		Slower than P waves, they average about 4 km/s so arrive second.
	www.gcse.com /waves/earthquakes2.htm (66 words)

	Nomenclature of Seismic Phases
		P waves reflected j-1 times from the inner surface of the core, thus passing j times within the core.
		A wave of PP type reflected or scattered at the underside of a discontinuity at depth d in the Earth's mantle (Bolt, 1970).
		P or S waves reflected from the surface as P waves.
	www.seismo.com /msop/msop79/rec/nomen.html (527 words)

	Multiple choice
		If only density increases with increasing depth within the Earth, the velocity of a P wave should ___________.
		If a P wave were to go from a solid to a liquid - what would happen to its velocity?
		In general, the most destructive earthquake waves are the __________.
	www.uh.edu /~jbutler/physical/chap18mult.html (697 words)

	Papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tang, X.M., C.H. Cheng and M.N. Toksöz, Stoneley wave propagation in a fluid-filled borehole with a vertical fracture, Geophysics, 56, 447-460, 1991.
		Paillet, F.L., C.H. Cheng and P. Hsieh, Experimental verification of acoustic waveform and VSP seismic tube wave measurements of fracture permeability, Trans.
		Wu, R.S. and K. Aki, Elastic wave scattering by a random medium and the small scale inhomogeneities in the lithosphere, J. Geophys.
	eaps.mit.edu /erl/research/papers.html (8678 words)

	[No title]
		Pg waves: t(Pg) = R/6.23 + 0.6 R = 0 - 400 km 3.
		Lg waves: t(Lg) = R/3.53 + 1.0 R = 250-2500 km 4.
		Sn waves: t(Sn) = R/4.75 +15.6 R = 250-2500 km ======================================================== #3.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~armb/TTR.txt (583 words)

	Parent's Guide - P (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Two are body waves, which means that they travel through the body of the Earth and the other is surface waves, which means that they travel along the surface of the Earth.
		Because the P wave is traveling faster, the time between the P and S wave increases away from the earthquake.
		The smaller P wave is also responsible for many of the reports that animals “knew” an earthquake was coming.
	pasadena.wr.usgs.gov /ABC/pp.html (565 words)

	Cardiac Rhythm Highlights
		If determinable and not buried in the T wave, they will be within normal limits.
		If present, the P waves are usually inverted.
		There are more P waves than QRS complexes.
	www.sirtwazzler.com /ACLS/rhythms2.html (661 words)

	Earthquakes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		P and S waves are reflected and refracted as they pass through the Earth’s different layers
		P waves pass through, but are strongly reflected and refracted by the liquid outer core
		P wave velocities give us good estimates of the density of the crust and mantle
	vortex.weather.brockport.edu /~mnoll/ch18.html (1779 words)

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