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Topic: PEMFC

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	Fluent - Fuel Cells - Membrane-Electrode Assembly (PEMFC)
		In modeling PEMFC, the thin polymer membrane and catalyst layers are combined and treated as a single layer called the MEA layer.
		The MEA model predicts the net transfer of liquid water and electrical losses across the membrane-electrode assembly in PEMFC.
		Liquid water travels across the membrane due to electroosmatic drag and molecular diffusion.
	www.fluent.com /solutions/fuel_cells/appl3.htm (76 words)

	EGSA Powerline Magazine - Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This thin membrane is the heart of the PEMFC, and this is where the electrical energy is produced by a reaction between the hydrogen and oxygen from the air.
		A PEMFC system designed for residential application consists of three major subsystems: a PEMFC stack; a fuel processor that supplies hydrogen to the fuel cell; and the balance-of-plant (BOP) which includes all of the mechanical components needed to support operation of the PEMFC and fuel processor.
		Although technically a success, the PEMFC system did not incorporate a fuel processor and therefore required that a semi-truck trailer of hydrogen gas be parked in front of the house to supply hydrogen to the fuel cell.
	www.egsa.org /powerline/plarticle.cfm?article=56 (2173 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0020142205
		[0015] In the PEMFC stack according to the present invention, it is preferable that the air flow field portion comprises a parallel flow field including an air flow channel and a vertical flow field made of a porous material.
		[0016] In the PEMFC stack according to the present invention, it is preferable that the fuel flow field comprises an orthogonal flow field in contact with the catalyzed membrane and a parallel flow field in contact with the orthogonal flow field, and the parallel flow field has a greater porosity than the orthogonal flow field.
		The PEMFC stack was operated with a dry H.sub.2 pressure of 20 psia and an air pressure of 25 psia.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20020142205&OS=20020142205&RS=20020142205 (3964 words)

	The Five Types of Fuel Cells \| The Hydrogen Fuel Cell Institute
		This lower-temperature PEMFC has a few advantages due to its electrolyte being a polymer (with the feel of cloth) that allows the protons - but not electrons - to migrate across it.
		PEMFC also faces many unique and delicate problems at present, including the fact it's easily poisoned by impurities in fuel such as sulphur, or by carbon monoxide in even tiny amounts.
		As noted, in a PEMFC the ion conducting polymer (electrolyte) is sandwiched between two catalyzed porous electrodes.
	www.h2fuelcells.org /commentary1_3.html (6023 words)

	PEMFC products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The PO1 - 1.0 - 1.5 PEMFC stack is intended for stationary applications and long lifetime.
		The P03 PEMFC stack series is designed for stationary applications such as Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) and Combined Heat and Power (CHP).
		This design allows the PEMFC stack to be easily dismantled for service or for the exchange of individual cells.
	www.ird.dk /PEMFCprod.htm (369 words)

	BOARD MEETING DATE: September 12, 1997 AGENDA NO. 5
		To date, most RDandD efforts for PEMFC vehicle applications have focused on either direct-hydrogen systems or those that steam-reform methanol into hydrogen.
		Although the project was not completely successful in achieving its original objectives, DOE and AQMD technical staff have been pleased with the progress made, especially in the last year when key new personnel were added to AlliedSignal’s fuel cell team.
		Continued involvement of this company in PEMFC RDandD greatly enhances the prospect for fuel cells to become technically and economically viable as alternatives to internal combustion engines within the time frame identified in the AQMP.
	www.aqmd.gov /hb/1997/97095a.html (972 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs (2004)
		The PEMFC operating temperature of 150°F is lower than that of the PAFC and much lower than the operating temperatures of the other fuel cell systems in development: the solid oxide fuel cell and the molten carbonate fuel cell.
		PEMFC applications can be considered as a niche market, particularly in the under-25-kW size, because in this size range the PEMFC must compete with existing DG technologies that have heating and cooling system applications and are reliable, durable, and low-cost.
		PEMFCs for stationary applications have similar RandD needs to those for automotive applications, with additional technical challenges related to higher durability (at 40,000 to 50,000 hours), heat utilization (a higher-temperature membrane is needed), power electronics, rapid start-up time for backup power, fuel processing, and development of non-precious-metal catalysts and thermal and water management technologies.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309091632/html/33.html (1212 words)

	Chapter 17: Did you know . . . ?
		The limitations of the PEMFC system are high manufacturing costs and complex water management issues.
		Although larger in physical size than the PEMFC system, the alkaline fuel cell has the potential of lower manufacturing and operating costs.
		Whereas the separator for the PEMFC stack costs between $800 and $1,100US per square meter; the equivalent of the alkaline system is almost negligible.
	www.buchmann.ca /Chap17-page4.asp (848 words)

	Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) - NFCRC Tutorial
		Some of the advantages of the cell are that it may be operated at high current densities resulting in a cell that has a fast start capability, compact and light weight design, and that there is no corrosive fluid spillage hazard because the only liquid present in the cell is water.
		PEFCs are capable of operation at pressures from 0.10 to 1.0 MPa (10 to 100 psig) and with suitable current collectors and supporting structure, these fuel cells may be capable of operating at pressures as high as 3000 psi.
		The conversion efficiency of fuel bound energy to electricity of a PEMFC is 40 to 47% on a fuel (natural gas) LHV basis.
	www.nfcrc.uci.edu /EnergyTutorial/pemfc.html (467 words)

	Public demonstration of PEM fuel cells
		Thus, PEMFC are ideal for low temperature cogeneration of heat and electricity in individual single family homes or small district heating grids.
		PEMFC can be characterized by their operating pressure level.
		A first small PEMFC co-generation project is planned for the city of Munich during the next years, others will hopefully follow in the not too far future.
	www.hydrogen.org /Wissen/demonstration_PEM_Cells.htm (1872 words)

	Clefs 44 PEMFC low temperature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The cell is built of a stack of elementary converters or "cell units" (see previous articles) connected in series to achieve usable voltages (several tens to several hundreds of volts).
		In a PEMFC cell, the fuel burnt is hydrogen and the oxidant is oxygen, usually taken from ambient air, and the product of the chemical reaction is water.
		In the specific case of PEMFC, the cell must also be linked to a water source to keep the membrane wet.
	www.cea.fr /gb/publications/Clefs44/an-clefs44/clefs4450a.html (782 words)

	Axane - Fuel Cell - Hydrogen - Hydrogen cell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the case of PEMFC cells, it is generally made of platinum or a platinum-based alloy.
		In the case of a PEMFC cell, it includes an anode, a cathode, a proton exchange membrane and current collector plates.
		In the case of Air / H2 PEMFC cell, the energy vector is H2.
	www.axane.fr /axane/gb/lexique/lexique.html (470 words)

	CRS4 Energy and Industrial Processes / projects / 'CRF99' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		CRF99 aims at simulate Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) performances by means of a correct mathematical description of mass and charge transport in the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) and the electrochemical reactions in the reactive layers of the MEA.
		Ideally a single PEMFC could produce 1.23 V but, in practice, voltage outputs are always somewhat lower than the ideal value and decrease with increasing current densities.
		To seek this objective, the project aim to develop a two-dimensional mathematical model for a PEMFC based on mass conservation for the chemical species and charge conservation for protons and electrons which can account for both steady state and transient operations.
	www.crs4.it /ecp/cgi-bin/project-page.cgi?acronym='CRF99' (353 words)

	PEM Fuel Cells in Stationary and Mobile Applications
		PEMFC del día de hoy requieren hidrógeno limpio y puro como carburante que podría venir de procesos químicos, de recursos de energías fosiles y finalmente de recursos de energía renovable.
		PEMFC unit with compact natural gas reformer was the first integrated PEMFC unit to be operated with natural gas.
		A first PEMFC prototype fueled with hydrogen produced with an underoxidized partial burner system from diesel fuel is presently conceived as propulsion unit for a pick-up truck and funded by DARPA.
	www.hydrogen.org /Knowledge/biel97.htm (7047 words)

	Publications
		Murthy, M., and Van Zee, J. W., "The effect of reformate components on PEMFC performance: dilution and reverse water gas shift reaction", J. Electrochem.
		Soto, H., Lee, W-k., Van Zee, J. W., and Murthy, M., "Effect of transient ammonia concentrations on PEMFC performance", Electrochemical and Solid-State letters, 6 (7), A133- A135 (2003).
		15.Murthy, M., Lee, W-k., Esayian, M., and Van Zee, J. W., "The effect of temperature and pressure on the performance of a PEMFC exposed to transient CO concentration", J. of Electrochemical Society, 150(1), pp.
	www.che.sc.edu /centers/PEMFC/vanzee_hp/publication.html (871 words)

	Types - Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
		Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are believed to be the best type of fuel cell as the vehicular power source to eventually replace the gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines.
		The fuel for the PEMFC is hydrogen and the charge carrier is the hydrogen ion (proton).
		One of the disadvantages of the PEMFC for some applications is that the operating temperature is low.
	www.fctec.com /fctec_types_pem.asp (390 words)

	Olivier Savard's Webpage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is one of the most popular types of fuel cell, because it is the most feasable technology to replace internal combustion engine used in transportation.
		I am interested in the polymers that are use as protons exchange membrane in PEMFC which should combine electrochemical stability, workability, high ionic conductivity, low permeation of the reactants and insulating properties to be suitable for a PEMFC.
		Nafion is the most common polymer used in PEMFC because it is the polymer that has the best compromise to satisfy these properties.
	www.sfu.ca /chemistry/faculty/Holdcroft/olivier.htm (203 words)

	EPRI: Status of Automotive Fuel Cell Development: Applicability to Stationary Fuel Cell Generators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In concept, PEMFC systems could either replace internal combustion engine drivetrains or power auxiliary loads that would otherwise be powered by propulsion power plants.
		Automotive applications of PEMFCs have received more public attention than stationary applications due to the high visibility of the automotive industry coupled with regulatory pressures to reduce vehicle emissions and improve fuel economy.
		As a result, automotive PEMFC developers may sell PEMFC power plants into stationary power generation markets as a means of supporting the long-term cost reduction developments required for the automotive markets.
	www.epri.com /OrderableitemDesc.asp?product_id=1003968 (729 words)

	NRC Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		These last two fuel cells (PAFC and PEMFC) are very similar in their components except for the phosphoric acid electrolyte (also a proton-conducting electrolyte) that is liquid compared to the solid polymer electrolyte in PEMFC.
		Just as in PEMFC, this fuel cell presently uses an ion exchange polymer electrolyte and the bipolar plates are made of graphite, metal or composite materials.
		The catalyst at the anode is composed of a mixture of ruthenium and platinum in order to resist poisoning by carbon monoxide which is an intermediate in the reaction.
	ifci-iipc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca /technology_fc.html (1082 words)

	USC Chemical Engineering: John Van Zee
		“PEMFC Device Modeling: Using CFD Models to Understand PEM Fuel Cell Behavior”, presented at the Workshop for Fuel cells, April 2003, Banff, Calgary, Canada.
		“Using CFD to Understand PEMFC Behavior: The Interaction of CFD and Experiments,” and “A National Science Foundation-Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (NSF-I/UCRC) for PEM Fuel Cell Research at the University of South Carolina,” presented at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, Nov. 22, 2002.
		“Advances in PEMFC Research at the University of South Carolina,” presented to Milliken and Co., April 23, 2002, Spartanburg.
	www.che.sc.edu /faculty/van-zee/Lectures.htm (1681 words)

	CD-adapco - PEMFC water vapor transfer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are the most promising type of fuel cells for automotive applications.
		The humidification of the gas flows to the PEMFC plays an important role to improve durability and to increase power densities.
		One way to achieve this is the selective transfer of water vapor from the output gas flows to the input gas flows.
	www.cd-adapco.com /news/23/pemfc.htm (1011 words)

	Fuel Cells for Transport - Market position and future potential cont. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The German company Siemens has developed PEMFC for military application in submarines where the soundless operation is necessary.
		The Italian company De Nora is developing 40 kW and 30 kW PEMFC stacks for a fuel cell driven bus at Ansaldo (I) or cars (Renault, F).
		They have developed a 205 kW PEMFC powered bus which has the same passenger space as the commercial diesel equivalent, giving it a range of 160 km at a maximum speed of 70 km/h.
	europa.eu.int /comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/fctdmarfutc.html (611 words)

	[No title]
		After having been promising for half a century PEMFCs are about to reach industrialization and commercialisation for a wild range of applications: from micro-sources to stationary power plants.
		In order for the end-users and the energy suppliers to evaluate this technology tests procedures have to be defined and harmonized among the fuel cell community.
		The main goal for these groups will be to establish an exhaustive list of the current testing procedures for PEMFC fuel cells and components regarding their specialties.
	www.jrc.nl /fctestnet/wp05.html (882 words)

	Fuel Cell Today - Fuel Cells in Japan: Residential Applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Two of these systems are taking part in the residential PEMFC programme being conducted by the Japan Gas Association, one in Tokyo and one in Osaka.
		The Japan Gas Association is evaluating a small PEMFC stack made by MHI as part of its residential fuel cell programme.
		It then aimed to start marketing a natural gas 1kW PEMFC system in 2000 and was hoping to generate as much as 50 billion yen in sales in 2001.
	www.e-fuelcells.net /FuelCellToday/IndustryInformation/IndustryInformationExternal/Reports/DisplayReport/0,1620,320,00.html (2494 words)

	KTH in your Pocket: Novel catalytic materials for the cathode in PEMFC
		The project aims at basic research on new non-noble catalytic materials for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC).
		Platinum, which is found in limited resources hampers the large-scale use of fuel cells as alternative and environmentally friendly energy sources replacing fossil fuel-based combustion processes.
		As platinum is invariably the main option for both the cathodic and anodic reactions for these types of fuel cells, the search for inexpensive and effective catalysts among macrocycles, mixed oxides of spinels and perovskites or combinations of them is important as well as challenging.
	www.kth.se /forskning/pocket/project.asp?id=16748 (124 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Fuel Cells Work"
		The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) uses one of the simplest reactions of any fuel cell.
		PEMFCs operate at a fairly low temperature (about 176 degrees Fahrenheit, 80 degrees Celsius), which means they warm up quickly and don't require expensive containment structures.
		Constant improvements in the engineering and materials used in these cells have increased the power density to a level where a device about the size of a small piece of luggage can power a car.
	auto.howstuffworks.com /fuel-cell2.htm (489 words)

	PMR: Electrochemistry of Proton Conducting Membrane Fuel Cells
		A significant performance loss in the PEMFC is associated with the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode.
		Several studies on the effects of peroxide radicals, factors controlling their rate and place of formation in PEMFCs, and evidence of their attack on the membrane in PEMFCs were presented.
		A prototype portable high-temperature PEMFC set-up, having a MeOH-fuelled steam reformer operating at 280ºC and a polybenzimidazole-based (PBI) MEA operating at 150ºC, was described by R. Koripella and coworkers (Motorola, U.S.A.) [Abs# W1-1870].
	www.platinummetalsreview.com /dynamic/article/view/49-1-27-32 (3298 words)

	Supplemental News Pages
		Our core technology adapts very well to other types of fuel cells such as PEMFC that has applications in a broader spectrum of products such as portable equipment and transportation.
		At this stage of industry development we want to remain flexible in our capabilities to provide a variety of solutions to fuel cell stack manufacturers and work with them to enhance the performance of their stack, which is what will ultimately move the industry forward.
		Ion Power is a privately held Delaware based corporation and a leading manufacturer of membrane electrode assemblies for hydrogen fuel cells and water electrolyzers.
	www.fuelcellsworks.com /Supppage330.html (450 words)

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