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Topic: PID loop

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PID controller

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	PID Tutorial
		The PID control algorithm is used for the control of almost all loops in the process industries, and is also the basis for many advanced control algorithms and strategies.
		Standard methods for tuning loops and criteria for judging the loop tuning have been used for many years, but should be reevaluated for use on modern digital control systems.
		Also discussed will be the digital PID control algorithm, how it works, the various implementation methods and options, and how these affect the operation and tuning of the controller.
	www.jashaw.com /pid/tutorial (256 words)

	Proportional Integral Derivative Control - PID Control
		In a PID loop, correction is calculated from the error in three ways: cancel out the current error directly (Proportional), the amount of time the error has continued uncorrected (Integral), and anticipate the future error from the rate of change of the error over time (Derivative).
		Software PID loops are the most stable, because they do not wear out, and their expense has been decreasing.
		Electronic analog PID control loops were often found within more complex electronic systems, for example, the head positioning of a disk drive, the power conditioning of a power supply, or even the movement-detection circuit of a modern seismometer.
	www.webservicesfree.com /Articles/Automatic-control-Articles/PID-Control.htm (2977 words)

	PID controller
		In loops with response times of several minutes, mathematical loop tuning is recommended, because trial and error can literally take days just to find a stable set of loop values.
		PID controller functionality is a common feature of programmable logic controllers.
		Software PID loops are the most stable, because they do not wear out, and their high expense has been decreasing.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pi/PID_loop.html (596 words)

	PID and Servos - Tutorial by Thomas Bullock
		PID has been much more common in process control where temperatures, pressures, etc. need to be optimally controlled.
		It is not unusual for a positioning servo to have a bandwidth of 10 Hz or for a process loop to have a bandwidth of 0.1 Hz.
		PID is a relatively sophisticated compensation technique to improve the performance of a servo.
	www.ctc-control.com /customer/elearning/servotut/pid.asp (1511 words)

	ADI - Analog Dialogue \| Logarithmic Analog Processing
		Because processes with many lags or substantially delayed response are hard to control, a simple PID controller is best used for processes that react readily to changes in the manipulated variable (which often controls the amount or rate-of-flow of energy added to the process).
		PID control is useful in systems where the load is continually varying and the controller is expected to respond automatically to frequent changes in setpoint—or deviations of the regulated variable (due to changes in ambient conditions and loading).
		One might consider the use of a PID loop, for example, in an air conditioning or refrigeration system to accurately maintain temperature in a narrow range, using continuous monitoring and control (as opposed to thermostatic on-off control).
	www.analog.com /library/analogDialogue/archives/38-01/pid.html (1625 words)

	What are PID Controllers?
		Unlike simpler controllers, the PID can adjust process outputs based on the history and rate of change of the error signal, which gives more accurate and stable control.
		PID controllers do not require advanced mathematics to design and can be easily adjusted (or "tuned") to the desired application, unlike more complicated control algorithms based on optimal control theory.
		In these cases, the PID loop may have a "deadband" to reduce the frequency of activation of the mechanical device.
	www.what-is-net.info /what-are-PID-Controllers.html (387 words)

	Loop Tuning Fundamentals - 7/1/2003 - Control Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: )
		PID loop tuning may not be magic, but its intricacies do lie somewhere between science and art.
		A control loop is a feedback mechanism that attempts to correct discrepancies between a measured process variable and the desired setpoint.
		Different PID controllers use different versions of the PID formula, and each must be tuned according to the appropriate set of rules.
	www.manufacturing.net /ctl/index.asp?layout=article&articleId=CA307745&text=pid (1672 words)

	Tuning cascade loops (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tuning a cascade loop is simple, as long as the concepts of the cascade loop are understood.
		The tuning of a cascade loop is quite simple as long as the concepts of the cascade loop are understood.
		PID 1 is dependent on PID 2 being in control in order to control the temperature.
	www.controlglobal.com /articles/2005/547.html (782 words)

	View topic - Anyone made an relay autotuning PID I can use? :: AVR Freaks
		Also, there will be a 11 tick delay between 1st PID loop and back to the 1st PID loop, there will be a 100mSec delay from 1st PID loop and back to 1st PID loop, in other words, my software ramp will have chunks of dead time embedded in it.
		For example and assuming your PID loops are working, if I place my scope probe on your pwm signal then surely the quantization would be apparent?(descreet sudden changes).
		It is a new design, that said, a few years back, I developed an analogue controller whereby the PID parameters where calculated and the components hard wired or soldered into the controller, as such, the PID parameters were fixed, anyhow the entire exercise was to test my own understanding of PID.
	www.avrfreaks.net /index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=viewtopic&t=42912&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=40 (1559 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| Embedded C++ \| April 15, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The objective in using PID is to control the output along a smooth curve (vs. time) towards the set-point while minimizing overshoot.
		A PID control algorithm includes a term which is proportional to the output error, a term proportional to the integral of the error, and a term proportional to the rate of change (derivative) of the error.
		The PID algorithm calculates a weighted sum of these three terms, which is applied as a gain control to a device such as a motor or a heater.
	www.ddj.com /184403292?pgno=3 (1203 words)

	PID controler, fast 24 bit math
		By increasing the open loop gain Kp, the performance of the system with feedback will be improved and all system paramters, like speed of moving to the SetPoint, overshoot and final Error will improve.
		For PID * Ko, we have 3 terms (is 2 bits), each consisting of a multiplication of an errorterm of 13 bits and a K-factor of 6 bits, so in totally we need 21 bits (consisting of 20 bits magnitude and a sign bit).
		Finally, increase D until the loop is acceptably quick to reach its setpoint.
	oase.uci.kun.nl /~mientki/data_www/pic/jalcc/examples/example_pid_24bit.html (1827 words)

	pid_theory
		Unlike simpler control algorithms, the PID controller can adjust process outputs based on the history and rate of change of the error signal, which gives more accurate and stable control.
		Intuitively, the PID loop tries to automate what an intelligent operator with a gauge and a control knob would do.
		The operator would read a gauge showing the output measurement of a process, and use the knob to adjust the input of the process (the "action") until the process's output measurement stabilizes at the desired value on the gauge.
	linuxcnc.org /docs/html/motion/pid_theory/index.html (1191 words)

	PID Control
		PID Control (proportional-integral-derivative) is by far the widest type of automatic control used in industry.
		There are many subtly different forms of PID controller, and the structure you are working with needs to be taken into account when tuning and designing the control system.
		Basically, PID time-proportional is a way to control the CV of your PID loop using a discrete output.
	www.isc-ltd.com /resource_centre/tech_pid.html (714 words)

	AzeoTech, Inc. Products
		PID loops are the standard for controlling closed loop systems.
		The PID algorithm is a tried and true method used throughout science and industry.
		Like most of the DAQFactory tools, setting up a PID loop is as simple as creating a new loop and filling in a few boxes with the desired parameters.
	www.azeotech.com /npidloops.php (194 words)

	PID Controller Tuning
		When optimizing your PID settings, you can specify the admissible range for each of the three PID parameters (available only in version 5).
		The PID loop simulation software can automatically generate CO and PV data file.
		Since you have full access to the source code of this PID loop simulation package, you can change the plant to any process you want to control.
	bestune.50megs.com (1673 words)

	Partlow Multi-Loop Control System
		The cost of installation is dramatically reduced by eliminating wiring, reducing the number of holes that have to be cut into the panel, and reducing the overall panel size.
		Individual loops can be removed without affecting the performance of other modules in the system.
		In addition, the LCM design enables individual loop integrity to be maintained and also has the added benefit of allowing auto-configuration and hot-swapping of each individual module as described above.
	www.inotek.com /Catalog/partlow4th.html (457 words)

	Process Automation Technologies \| Loop gain in aluminum extrusion processes \| Control Global
		Process control authority Béla Lipták answers a reader's question regarding PID loops and if they can be used without having to change the loop gain when the number of pumps used is changed.
		The ram cylinder is powered by six hydraulic pumps, and the ram speed is determined by the total fluid flow from the pumps, which is determined by the pump stroke (how far the valves supplying fluid to the pumps are opened).
		In your case, the process gain is the ratio of a 1% change in the manipulated variable (m = the output of the speed controller) and the resulting change in the controlled variable (c = the speed change of the ram).
	www.controlglobal.com /articles/2006/207.html (1006 words)

	Auto-Tuning Control Using Ziegler-Nichols - 10/1/2006 - Control Engineering
		Then, as now, the point of “tuning” a PID loop is to adjust how aggressively the controller reacts to errors between the measured process variable and desired setpoint.
		If the sensor in the loop happens to be located some distance from the actuator, the process’s response to such a step input may also demonstrate a deadtime between the instant that the step was applied and the instant that the process variable first began to react.
		PID (proportional-integral-derivative) control has been the state of the controller art since the 1950s and is still the predominant method in use today.
	www.controleng.com /article/CA6378136.html (2048 words)

	A Self-Testing PID Loop
		In many other cases, PID controls have already proven themselves to be perfectly adequate, and, given that they are perfectly adequate, nothing more complicated is justified.
		The goal of the self-testing PID control is to make this much easier, by integrating important parts of the testing and data pre-processing into the controller itself.
		Loop gain settings are installed by sending command messages, using the same supervisory communication channels.
	www.mstarlabs.com /control/selftest.html (2844 words)

	NPH's - Control Theory Principles, Technical Letter section
		To obtain accurate control of your process loop, it is necessary to properly match the characteristics of all four components.
		Classic PID control is widely used for stable control results that can be obtained by setting constants of P (proportional band), I (integral time) and D (derivative time).
		In this method, one set of PID constants is set to obtain better characteristics against external disturbances and other PID constants (a, b, y) are set to obtain better characteristics against set point.
	www.nphheaters.com /technical/din_letter.htm (3411 words)

	Loop Tuning Fundamentals - 7/1/2003 - Control Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: )
		PID loop tuning may not be magic, but its intricacies do lie somewhere between science and art.
		A control loop is a feedback mechanism that attempts to correct discrepancies between a measured process variable and the desired setpoint.
		Different PID controllers use different versions of the PID formula, and each must be tuned according to the appropriate set of rules.
	www.controleng.com /article/CA307745.html (1667 words)

	Automation and Control, Educypedia, The educational encyclopedia
		PID controlled systems PID control algorithm is used for the control of almost all loops in the process industries, and is also the basis for many advanced control algorithms and strategies.
		PID Control of Continuous Processes PID (proportional-integral-derivative) is an effective control system for continuous processes that performs two control tasks,...
		PID control technical notes PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control action allow the process control to accurately maintain setpoint by adjusting the control outputs.
	www.educypedia.be /electronics/control-systems.htm (784 words)

	PID Tutorial
		The PID control algorithm is used for the control of almost all loops in the process industries, and is also the basis for many advanced control algorithms and strategies.
		Standard methods for tuning loops and criteria for judging the loop tuning have been used for many years, but should be reevaluated for use on modern digital control systems.
		Also discussed will be the digital PID control algorithm, how it works, the various implementation methods and options, and how these affect the operation and tuning of the controller.
	www.learncontrol.com /tutorial (256 words)

	Tuning PID Control by Simulation
		Verify that the PID controller processes the sampled input and produces an output sequence which is consistent with the input.
		Using the PID parameter values given at the beginning of this test case, the low value of Proportional correction allows the system output to settle far from the setpoint, much like the system of Test Case #1.
		Adding a new control loop is simple by using DAPL to specify the input channel, the output channel, and the PID control process parameters.
	www.mstarlabs.com /docs/tn031.html (3145 words)

	::::: IJCAS :::::
		By using the generalized IMC-PID method for multi-loop systems, the optimization problem involved in finding the PID parameters is efficiently simplified to find the optimum closed-loop time constant in a reduced search space.
		A weighted sum Mp criterion is proposed as a performance cost function to cope with both the performance and robustness of a multi-loop control system.
		Several illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the improved performance of the multi-loop PID controllers obtained by the proposed design method.
	www.ijcas.com /original/year_abstract.asp?idx=465 (142 words)

	Your Personal PLC Tutor Site - Interactive Q & A - "PID Loop"
		A example of a PID loop used for a similar operation would be extremely helpful.
		Clicking the Setup Screen on the PID block will take you to a set-up screen for the PID loop, with constants for setpoint and tuning accessible.
		If you must "disable" the PID, put the block in manual mode, and set the CVP value to where you want it.
	www.plcs.net /dcforum/DCForumID1/2530.html (702 words)

	MachineDesign.com: Getting the most out of servocontrollers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The PID position loop uses a single feedback loop which combines P (proportional), I (integral), and D (derivative) terms along with position sensor feedback to generate a motor command.
		The reason is there are complicating factors that depend on the exact implementation of the PID loop, the presence of any filters in the loop, and even more subtle effects such as the spacing of the quadrature encoder counts.
		By adding these values to the PID filter with a gain factor, it is possible to further improve the performance of the servosystem.
	www.machinedesign.com /ASP/viewSelectedArticle.asp?strArticleId=55300 (2229 words)

	Control.com Schneider Community site (Site not responding. Last check: )
		With the split range, you may argue that it is not a simple PID loop.
		Look at the PID tuning parameters from either IMC method or the Direct Synthesis method (they are all belonged to model based PID tuning), the derivative term is the direct result of the time delay.
		Jan 15, 2002 2:54 pm, by Kent Qi I agree that the derivative part should not be used in most PID control loop unless you have to.
	modicon.control.com /sqposting_html?pid=944065234 (826 words)

	CTM: PID Tutorial
		This error signal (e) will be sent to the PID controller, and the controller computes both the derivative and the integral of this error signal.
		The signal (u) just past the controller is now equal to the proportional gain (Kp) times the magnitude of the error plus the integral gain (Ki) times the integral of the error plus the derivative gain (Kd) times the derivative of the error.
		When you are designing a PID controller for a given system, follow the steps shown below to obtain a desired response.
	www.engin.umich.edu /group/ctm/PID/PID.html (1195 words)

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