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Topic: PLUTO reactor

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	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Pluto (Hades) was the Roman (Greek) mythical god of the Underworld, where the dead remained.
		Pluto was also the god of the growing crops and has been portrayed with the horn of plenty.
		In a normal nuclear reactor most of the heat is produced by the rare fissile form of uranium, but the newly created plutonium also contributes, by its fission, to the heat.
	www.antenna.nl /nvmp/pluto2.htm (2940 words)

	Project Pluto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The notion of using a nuclear reactor to heat the air was fundamentally new.
		Unlike commercial reactors, which are surrounded by concrete, the Pluto reactor had to be small and compact enough to fly, but durable enough to survive a 7,000 mile (11,000 km) trip to a potential target.
		Pneumatic motors necessary to control the reactor in flight had to operate while red-hot and in the presence of intense radioactivity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Project_Pluto (795 words)

	Simpson (ID02) - Press Releases - Almost Poetic: Plutonium to Pluto By the Idaho Congressional Delegation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Pluto was discovered in 1930, and although plutonium was discovered in 1941, its discovery was not announced until after World War II because it was part of the Manhattan Project.
		Idaho’s Advanced Test Reactor (ATR), materials for the space batteries can be produced, refined, packed and assembled all at one laboratory, which means improved security and efficiency, and in the end, lower costs as well.
		Upgrades and replacements of reactor components result in essentially a new reactor every ten years or less, keeping the reactor on the cutting edge and available for evolving missions to support nuclear power research of all kinds.
	www.house.gov /list/press/id02_simpson/pluto_oped.html (687 words)

	Pluto Explored - Discover Magazine - science news articles online technology magazine articles Pluto Explored (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Far from being an oddity, Pluto is now seen as the most accessible object in the most interesting place in the solar system: the recently discovered Kuiper belt, a system of icy worlds that extends 19 billion miles or so beyond Pluto.
		When Stern and the Pluto Underground were sitting down to dinner in 1989, the planet had reached its near point to the sun at about 2.7 billion miles and had begun receding toward the far end of its orbit, about 4.5 billion miles out.
		One theory is that Pluto and its ilk were ejected from the inner solar system by the gravitational tug of Jupiter and Neptune.
	www.discover.com /issues/mar-06/features/pluto-explored (2811 words)

	Questions re: proposed MOX shipment through Michigan for the Oct. 31 Meeting in Lansing with the Dept. of Energy - NIRS
		Transport accidents, or worse still, reactor accidents involving plutonium there would endanger the heart of the Great Lakes and millions of people across the region, as shown by the scope of the Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe, which has contaminated an area of land larger than the entire State of Michigan with long-lived radioactive poisons, including plutonium.
		It would be remiss to fail to point out that the Bruce nuclear reactors have been closed since 1997 due to gross mismanagement and plant deterioration that seriously lowered the margin of safety.
		It seems likely that, after it has run reactors into the ground, it will perform a quick and cheap decommissioning on reactors, leaving behind dangerous radioactivity while making off with hundreds of millions of dollars per reactor in the form of the already-collected decommissioning funds, which Amergen inherits when it purchases reactors.
	www.nirs.org /reactorwatch/mox/questonparallex103199.htm (1541 words)

	Personal Astrology Online - Natal Relationship Event charts - Free Horoscopes
		After the Pluto cycle we are usually a lot happier than we were before as it has established a new order and we are much more centred and anchored.
		Pluto experiences put us in touch with our own power center, causing an awakening to new possibilities and capabilities that were previously dormant.
		The negative side of Pluto cycles usually occurs during the approaching half of the cycle and the positive aspects begin as the cycle passes its peak.
	www.astroreadings.com /Support/Pluto.asp (1899 words)

	The Metal-Planet Affinities
		Pluto's domain gained its ‘plutocratic’ wealth from minerals, especially precious stones and metals, underground: advocates of a plutonium economy foresaw an era of cheap energy that would ensue from using it.
		That quintile between Pluto and Uranus met and re-met altogether five times (due to the retrograde motions), and Plutonium was created at the last of these five quintiles.
		When Pluto was discovered a decade earlier (by Clyde Tombaugh at Flagstaff, Arizona, at 4.00 am on Feb 18th, 1930), the ascendent at Flagstaff was three-and-a-half degrees of Leo: the genesis-moment for plutonium had Pluto rising and on the ascendent degree of its own discovery!
	www.levity.com /alchemy/kollerstrom_plutonium.html (1309 words)

	7th Chemical: Document #8202
		PLUTO has theoretical power plant designs which utilize quantum reactions to obtain the same power generation results with virtually any fuel.
		The current antimatter reactors are larger than conventional nuclear reactors due to the additional containment equipment for the antimatter.
		Incidentally, the extra-dimensional instability of SIGIL aircraft is identical to the temporal flux experienced by the USS ELDRIDGE during 1943-1983, albeit on a smaller scale and shorter duration.
	home.hawaii.rr.com /maninblack/seven/pluto.html (1740 words)

	Project Pluto (Bill Higgins; Henry Spencer)
		Actually, the radiation concern with Pluto was not so much the exhaust plume as the direct radiation from a totally unshielded half-gigawatt reactor.
		Newsgroups: sci.space.history From: Henry Spencer Subject: Re: Project Pluto (was Re: fission in space?) Date: Wed, 24 Dec 1997 05:15:59 GMT In article <67pbub$87k@news2.aero.org>, Greg Fruth wrote: >I also wonder how they planned to launch the thing for real.
		Although these were issues, and there were a number of problems with testing a dangerous ultra-fast experimental unmanned aircraft with global range (cruising range at 30kft was 72400 miles [!], and at 1kft this declined to a mere 9450 miles -- at Mach 3.9 and 3.2 respectively), the real killer was elsewhere.
	yarchive.net /space/exotic/project_pluto.html (1472 words)

	The Hutchinson News, Hutchinson, Kans. \| Local News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		NASA launched the New Horizons spacecraft in January, expecting it to reach Pluto in July 2015.
		Before working on the Pluto mission, he helped develop satellite navigational technology and worked on strategic defense initiatives.
		Because of the immense distance to Pluto from the sun - approximately 2,976 million miles, or 30 times the distance of the Earth from the sun - the New Horizons team couldn't rely on solar power to fuel the mission.
	www.hutchnews.com /news/local/stories/pluto052406.shtml (641 words)

	Global Network - Nuclear powers NASA visions - 16/1/06
		A Pluto mission launching Tuesday is the latest to use nuclear power to explore the solar system, despite critics' worries.
		At Pluto, New Horizons will be able to squeeze out about 20 0 watts of electricity - equivalent to a couple of light bulbs - to power its science instruments.
		Pluto is moving away from the sun in a wide arc.
	www.space4peace.org /articles/pluto-kuiper/nuclear_powers_nasa.htm (1098 words)

	slam
		Further internal Air Force studies and reactor development at General Electric’s Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Project and later at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory of the University of California indicated overall feasibility of the nuclear reactor.
		In early 1961 another competition was held among the three aircraft companies for a contract to study and demonstrate the feasibility of the missile airframe and subsystems.
		Pluto was the code name of the ceramic reactor development project then being done at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory.
	www.vought.com /heritage/products/html/slam.html (389 words)

	Yorkshire CND - NASA Stops Work on Mission to Mysterious Pluto - 22/9/00
		That could delay the craft's expected arrival at Pluto and its moon Charon by seven years, and by that time, the distant little planet's tenuous atmosphere could have started to freeze as Pluto moves into a winter lasting more than 100 years.
		Pluto, the most distant planet from the Sun, was only discovered in 1930 and takes 248 years to make one solar orbit, so scientists have never observed its winter and do not know exactly what to expect, said Ellis Miner, a spokesman for the American Astronomical Society.
		Pluto came closest to the Sun in 1989 and has been moving away ever since.
	www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org /yspace/articles/pluto2.htm (743 words)

	Final Pluto Showdown Looming
		First, of course the latter effect is steadily increasing the amount of Pluto (and its similarly tilted moon Charon) that is shrouded in permanent night and thus cannot be photographed again until Pluto reaches the opposite side of its vast solar orbit 124 years from now.
		For this reason, and because of the low relative flyby velocities required and the requirement to reach Pluto at the earliest possible date, an NEP option with the necessary advanced ion engines is not appropriate.
		Pluto and Charon are little worlds -- the faster a craft flies by them, the less time it has to make observations, and the more motion-blurred its photos are likely to be.
	www.spacedaily.com /reports/Final_Pluto_Showdown_Looming.html (2298 words)

	To Pluto And Beyond
		On the other hand, Pluto is spherical, which means it has enough mass to form a sphere; it has an atmosphere; it has similar attributes that we normally associate with planets.
		Sure, Pluto is our prime target, but we also want to know how Pluto fits in relative to all the other objects in the solar system.
		In this artist's concept, Pluto and its moon Charon are seen from the surface of one of Pluto's newly discovered satellites.
	www.physorg.com /news11610.html (1787 words)

	SLAM
		The reactor for the ramjet was developed at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (which eventually became the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, LLNL), while ramjet itself would be built by Marquardt.
		The initial reactor prototype was called TORY-IIA and ran for the first time in May 1961.
		While reactor development was going on, the USAF had selected an airframe contractor for the actual cruise missile.
	www.astronautix.com /lvs/slam.htm (960 words)

	Re: Nuclear Powered aircraft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		"Pluto's designers calculated that its shockwave alone might kill people on the ground" (during operation sound pressure alone was >150 db) "Then there was the problem of fallout.
		In addition to gamma and neutron radiation from the unshielded reactor, Pluto's nuclear ramjet would spew fission fragments out in its exhaust as it flew by".
		Project Pluto was cancelled by the AEC and Air Force in 1964 before it ever got off the ground.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /radsafe/9703/msg00366.html (353 words)

	Accelerating Future » A Nuclear Reactor in Every Home
		Three were built as part of the US Aircraft Reactor Experiment (ARE), whose purpose was to build a reactor small and sturdy enough to power a nuclear bomber.
		Because thorium reactors present no proliferation risk, and because they solve the safety problems associated with earlier reactors, they will be able to use reasonable rather than obsessive standards for security and reliability.
		For a $40,000 reactor, and $1,000/year in operating costs, you get enough electricity for 100 people, which is enough to accomplish all sorts of antics, like running thousands of desktop nanofactories non-stop.
	www.acceleratingfuture.com /michael/blog/?p=212 (4193 words)

	DOE - NNSA/NSO -- News & Views Project Pluto
		This research became known as "Project Pluto" and was moved from Livermore, California to new facilities constructed for $1.2 million on eight square miles of Jackass Flats at the Nevada Test Site (NTS).
		Unlike commercial reactors, which are surrounded by concrete, the Pluto reactor had to be small and compact enough to fly, but durable enough to survive a 7,000 mile trip to a potential target.
		The need to maintain supersonic speed at low altitude and in all kinds of weather meant the reactor, code named "Tory", had to survive temperatures of 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit, and conditions that would melt the metals used in most jet and rocket engines.
	www.nv.doe.gov /library/publications/newsviews/pluto.htm (374 words)

	SEI TECHNICAL CONCEPTS - Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Two liquid core reactors were identified, with operating temperatures in the range of 3000 K to 9000 K. Major technical uncertainties include the effectiveness of heat transfer from the reactor to the propellant, as well as the risk of significant fuel droplet loss through the nozzle.
		Pressure-fed nuclear reactors were considered in the early 1960s, but the conventional graphite core reactors of that period operated at such high core pressures as to render the concept impractical.
		In this concept, hydrogen propellant passes through the center of the reactor core and is heated as it passes over a surface molten Uranium, which is maintained in a liquid annulus on a substrate of solid uranium supported by a rotating Be moderator, which is in turn supported by a stationary moderator.
	www.fas.org.cob-web.org:8888 /nuke/space/c07sei_2.htm (8025 words)

	NUMEC made significant advancements - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
		This was a new fuel for nuclear reactors.
		According to the NRC, the material was shipped to Rocky Flats, Colo. Project Pluto included the Tory II nuclear-powered ramjet engines, built to demonstrate the feasibility of an air-breathing jet engine powered by a nuclear reactor.
		The Pluto reactor had to be small and compact enough to fly, but durable enough to survive a 7,000-mile trip to a potential target.
	pittsburghlive.com /x/.../news/specialreports/buriedlegacy/s_88361.html (1443 words)

	NOVA \| Teachers \| Einstein's Big Idea \| Student Handout: A Trip to Pluto \| PBS
		As they zing along, their energy is shared through collisions with many other atoms and heat is generated.
		In a nuclear reactor, the rate of reaction is controlled.
		The energetic fission fragments heat the surrounding water, which is used to create steam and run electric generators.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/3213_einstein_16.html (462 words)

	SDI - NUCLEAR AND OTHER POWER SOURCES - Nuclear Thermal Propulsion
		The PLUTO-Derivative reactor is based on the Tory II-C reactor (which was tested at 500 MW thermal with a coolant outlet temperature of 1450 K), modified to eliminate internal structural elements.
		The PLUTO fuel elements are composed of a homogeneous mixture of BeO moderator and 93% enriched UO fuel formed into hexagonal elements 0.683 cm across the flats perforated by a 0.4 cm diameter coolant channel.
		This reactor is similar in concept to the Particle Bed Reactor, with the propellant passing through a porous graphite and ZrC coated foam containing UC filling a pressure vessel.
	www.fas.org /nuke/space/c06sdi_2.htm (5352 words)

	PLUTO reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		PLUTO was a nuclear reactor at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, Oxfordshire in the United Kingdom, one of five reactors on the site.
		It was based on the design of DIDO and used enriched uranium metal fuel, and heavy water as both neutron moderator and primary coolant.
		PLUTO was the third DIDO class reactor to become operational, after DIDO itself and HIFAR.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/PLUTO_reactor (153 words)

	Pluto - Why Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Pluto and its relatively large moon, Charon (you can pronounce it either like the female name "Karen" or like the female name "Sharon"), together orbit our sun in a highly eccentric orbit in which they come closer to our sun (and us) than Neptune and then go out significantly farther away, and back and forth.
		It is now known that for a temporary period of time when Pluto is around its closest approach, it has an atmosphere.
		By studying Pluto and Charon close up now, we will gain critical scientific information about many things such as how the solar system formed / evolved / came to be in its present form and about how the chemical elements, especially the building blocks of life, moved about as the solar system formed.
	home.comcast.net /~jeromys-site/space-pluto-go.htm (3269 words)

	Reactor Power In Space - Shooting For The Moons - ORNL Review Vol. 37, No. 1, 2004
		NASA desires to go to different planets (and their moons) with more robust spacecraft that can maneuver around moons, collect more data, and communicate the information to Earth more quickly than can be done with current technologies.
		ORNL also is coordinating the development of the autonomous reactor control, strategies, and control-system concepts required to enable the JIMO reactor to deal with its environment and changing power demands without human intervention (and the associated time delays).
		ORNL also will guide the design of the reactor's nuclear shield, which protects the spacecraft's electronics, controls, and science packages from radiation emanating from the reactor.
	www.ornl.gov /info/ornlreview/v37_1_04/article_08.shtml (1198 words)

	Fission Reactor Analysis \| Nuclear Engineering, UC, Berkeley
		The ENHS is based on the technology of lead-bismuth cooled small reactors the Russian developed for their most advanced nuclear submarines.
		Following the postulation, in 1998, of this reactor concept by Ehud Greenspan and David Wade, its feasibility has been studied during 1999 through 2002 with the support of the DOE NERI program.
		Following this feasibility study the ENHS was selected as one of the reactor concepts that are candidates for Generation IV reactors.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /research/fission/fission.htm (1610 words)

	SPACE.com -- NASA to Seek Nuclear-Powered Spaceflight Alternatives
		Forthe first time in a decade, the space agency is seeking funds to proceed withdeveloping the power source, seen as critical to move forward on future space explorationinitiatives.
		The last U.S. space reactor developmentprogram, a joint NASA-Defense Department effort known as the SP-100, wasterminated ten years ago following the expenditure of nearly half a billiondollars.
		Theuse of space nuclear reactors, Aftergood said, is dictated whenever moderate levelsof electrical power -- tens ofkilowatts or more -- are required in space over an extended period of time.
	www.space.com /news/nasa_nuclear_020201.html (680 words)

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