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Topic: POUM

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Independent Labour Party

Trotskyism

Spanish Civil War

Homage to Catalonia

John Cornford

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Miguel Primo de Rivera

Heimwehr

Leon Trotsky

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History of Spain

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	Durgan: Spanish Trotskyists and the POUM (Part 7)
		But as the POUM continually pointed out, recognition of the need for an electoral agreement with the left wing Republicans to defeat the right at the polls was not the same thing as political capitulation to the petit-bourgeoisie.
		The POUM stressed that the success of the left was neither a victory for bourgeois democracy, nor did it represent mass support for petit-bourgeois Republicanism, but was a by-product of the revolutionary struggle of October 1934.
		The POUM unceasingly denounced the attempts of the Stalinists and the Social Democrats to subordinate the workers’ movement to petit-bourgeois Republicanism.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/document/poum/pt7.htm (2767 words)

	Durgan: Spanish Trotskyists and the POUM (Part 6)
		The POUM (Workers Party of Marxist Unification) was formed on 29 September 1935 at a meeting of the leaders of the BOC and the ICE.
		What can be discounted is the view that the POUM was simply the continuation of the BOC under a different name, and that Maurín had agreed to the fusion of the two organisations solely with the intention of strengthening his party’s leadership with the incorporation of the talented Nin.
		It is worth noting that at least some POUM leaders became extremely critical of the London Bureau during the Civil War, but the subsequent repression of the party prevented this criticism from developing further and into an open split.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/document/poum/pt6.htm (1475 words)

	CNT/UGT \| CrimethInc.Net/work ...v.7.1.8... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The POUM were Marxists (Party of Marxist Unification), the CNT/FAI were the anarcho-syndicalists, and they definitely were big in Catalonia.
		The UGT was STalinist, the CNT was anarchist and the POUM was trotskyist.
		The poum were trotskyites and for the most part were not too bad.
	www.crimethinc.net /node/717 (553 words)

	2. The Hidden Story of the Revolution
		The POUM and other militia had seized a number of villages and strategic points around Huesca between late July and the end of September 1936 (Vidal, the battalion commander, shouts out a list in the later scene when his unit is disbanded).
		On the June 16 (the very day the POUM was declared illegal by the Republican government and Andreu Nin arrested in Barcelona) two battalions of the 129th brigade of the 29th Division (former Lenin Column) were ordered to launch a diversionary attack on the fascist position on the Loma de los Màrtires just outside Huesca.
		The POUM, in contrast, did not argue that the petit bourgeoisie should be ignored, but that the revolution had to address itself to their problems.
	www.wpunj.edu /newpol/issue21/durgan21.htm (2502 words)

	Trotsky and the POUM
		Yet, when the Civil War erupted and the initiative was with the masses, the POUM shifted direction sharply and gave voice to the demands of the socialist revolution.
		Of course, the POUM proposed radical measures to its Stalinist and bourgeois allies: an industrial and credit bank; no compensation to factory owners, etc. But these were rejected and the POUM remained respectfully silent.
		Despite the record of Trotsky's criticism of the POUM it is sad to reflect that the British Trotskyists grouped around Reg Groves, the Marxist League, and their paper the Red Flag tended to obscure these criticisms and parade the POUM as a revolutionary organisation.
	www.revolutionary-history.co.uk /backiss/Vol1/No2/poumwp.html (1297 words)

	Workers' Party of Marxist Unification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		POUM was formed as a communist opposition to Stalinism in 1935 by Andrés Nin and Joaquín Maurín, being heavily influenced by the thinking of Trotsky, in particular his Permanent Revolution thesis.
		This left the POUM isolated along with the purely Trotskyist Seccion Bolshevik-Leninista, and both organisations were driven underground and in exile.
		The POUM was a member of the "London Bureau" of socialist parties that rejected both the reformism of the Second International and the pro-Moscow orientation of the Third International.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/POUM (731 words)

	Norden: Letter - Trotsky and the POUM
		Here Trotsky takes the POUM to task for its claim that the London Bureau was working for “reconstruction of revolutionary unity on a new basis” and insists “in a friendly way” on the need for theoretical and political clarity “in the interests of the future of the new Spanish party”.
		Hassell’s article documents well a number of examples of the POUM’s opportunism, but there is one betrayal by Nin and Andrade he doesn’t mention: their abandonment of the struggle for the Fourth International in favour of vague references about “international revolutionary unity on a new basis“.
		Yet this was at the centre of Trotsky’s critique of the POUM from October 1935 on.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol2/no2/poum.html (1203 words)

	Stalinism and the POUM in the Spanish Revolution - RH
		The POUM (Workers' Party of Marxist Unification) was formed by a fusion of the Workers and Peasants’ Bloc led by Maurin with the Left Communists of Andres Nin.
		The friends of the POUM internationally (some of whom, such as the German SAP, are of extremely doubtful quality and are ready to sell the POUM to the Popular Front for a 'mess of pottage’) often claim that it is the ‘Party of Spanish Bolshevism’ which will lead the working class to victory.
		The POUM does not defend intransigent Bolshevik opposition against the efforts of the petit bourgeois traitors who seek to put the working class under their orders; it submits -– with a bad conscience just like Martov –- to the majority and to the impersonal word 'one’.
	www.revolutionary-history.co.uk /backiss/Vol1/No2/heldpoum.html (7275 words)

	[No title]
		Flnally, when the POUM is outlawed (there is a glimpse of the infamous headline that appeared in the Daily Worker on l9th June 1937: Spanish Trotskyists with Franco) David's militia is forcibly disbanded and its commander arrested - surely to face, like Nin, torture and death.
		The hand-held carnera conveys all the emotion of the street-fighting and the panic caused by a priest firing from the church belfry.
		Orwell's account of the POUM militias is a poignant record (chapter 8) of what it was like to be in Aragon, in "the only community of any size in Western Europe where political consciousness and disbelief in capitalism were more normal than their opposites...
	www.textfiles.com /politics/SPUNK/sp001074.txt (1082 words)

	Chapter 12: The Fight Against the POUM \| libcom.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		For this reason the P.O.U.M. was for a long time a thorn in the flesh of the Stalinists; the more so because the official Communist Party in Barcelona had earlier never been able to show as many as three hundred members, while the great majority of the Catalonian Communists were in the P.O.U.M. organization.
		The P.O.U.M., however, was a foreign factor in the Spanish libertarian movement and was, therefore, never able to strike root among the great masses of the Spanish workers and peasants.
		The government even suppressed the P.O.U.M. paper for a time and under pressure from the Russian embassy excluded the P.O.U.M. from representation in the Committee of Defense of the revolutionary militia, an act which called forth the unanimous protest of all the other revolutionary factions.
	libcom.org /library/the-tragedy-of-spain-rudolf-rocker-chapter-twelve (1265 words)

	Homage to Catalonia
		However as he spends his time with the POUM he is touched by their sympathy, generosity, and zeal while simultaneously being disgusted by the propaganda and military force that the Communist organizations employ against other anti-fascist groups to maintain their dominance.
		The Revolutionary Spirit is high when Orwell joins, and when he is enveloped by it, he is optimistic about the war, but as he sees the increasing suppression of anti-fascist groups by the PSUC (communists) and the result this has (the deterioration of the revolutionary spirit), he is "surprised" and frutstrated.
		Furthermore, the increasingly evident hierarchy would have the indirect effect of sucking power away from Orwell’s POUM as the PSUC’s argument for centrality became stronger, the workers became weaker, and the POUM was stuck somewhere in a precarious middle.
	www.wesleyan.edu /col/comps/orew1.htm (1054 words)

	POUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The P.O.U.M. (Partido Obrero de Unificacion Marxista) was one of those dissident Communist parties which have appeared in many countries in the last few years as a result of the opposition to 'Stalinism'; i.e.
		In the plainest terms the POUM declares it is the enemy of the
		In the Communist and pro-Communist press the entire blame for the Barcelona fighting was laid upon the P.O.U.M. The affair was represented not as a spontaneous outbreak, but as a deliberate, planned insurrection against the Government, engineered solely by the P.O.U.M. with the aid of a few misguided 'uncontrollables'.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /SPpoum.htm (5240 words)

	British Cinema Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The POUM is poorly equipped, and armed with rusted rifle that are almost more dangerous to the user than the target.
		This is where the story begins to parallel George Orwell's "Homage to Catalonia." David begins to witness the Left turning against itself, and the Moscow led communist seizing control of the revolution from the local rebels.
		Throughout the film Blanca fights side by side with male soldiers, but is ultimately forced to put down her rifle, and serve the POUM as a nurse.
	www.msu.edu /user/wigodski/archive/land.htm (495 words)

	Ignacio Iglesias: Journalist at the heart of radical Spain
		In 1938, the POUM leaders (except for Nin, who had been murdered on Stalin's orders) were put on trial.
		His views began to differ from those of the POUM and he wrote several articles arguing that the Soviet Union was now a capitalist state.
		In 1953 he broke with the POUM and took a job with the Congress for Cultural Freedom in Paris.
	www.fundanin.org /eaude3.htm (654 words)

	David Jacobs: The Man Who Saved Orwell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although not definining itself as Trotskyist, the POUM did have foreign Trotskyists, including Harry Milton, fighting in the ranks of its militia units.
		The POUM leader, Andreu Nin, was killed by Stalinists in the wake of the May events in Barcelona.
		Catalonia was the stronghold of both the anarchists and the POUM.
	www.hooverdigest.org /014/jacobs2.html (303 words)

	Revolutionary History
		The POUM was strong in Catalonia, although in most other areas of Spain it made little impact.
		The POUM was capable of left criticisms and consistently refused to carry through a break with the leaders of the CNT and UGT.
		Of course, the POUM proposed radical measures to its Stalinist and bourgeois allies such as an industrial and credit bank, and no compensation to factory owners, but these were rejected and the POUM remained respectfully silent.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /leaders-project/Papers/GB01038-a.xml (798 words)

	1. Land and Freedom
		Soon after this, David takes part in a major offensive against Huesca where only the POUM battalions of the 29th Division (the former Lenin Column) succeed in breaking through to their objectives and wind up isolated when the other assaults are beaten back.
		The film depicts a key moment of this battle when Major Vidal, the POUM battalion commander, putting up desperate resistance, calls for artillery support and none is forthcoming.
		Right after the battle, when the survivors are still tending to their wounded, a Republican unit under the command of the PSUC arrives on the scene with orders to disband the 29th Division.
	www.wpunj.edu /~newpol/issue21/vidal21.htm (1306 words)

	Partido Obrero de UnificaciÃ³n Marxista - Wikipedia en espaÃ±ol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		CNT, la UGT y los sindicatos autÃ³nomos en una sola central sindical y reunir a todos los marxistas revolucionarios en un solo partido, con el triple objetivo de conseguir, un frente Ãºnico obrero, un sindicato obrero Ãºnico y un partido marxista revolucionario unificado.
		De hecho, la posiciÃ³n de fuerza de Stalin hace que finalmente el POUM sea desalojado, no sin la oposiciÃ³n de la CNT, del gobierno que compartiÃ³ con las demÃ¡s fuerzas de izquierda desde el inicio de la contienda en julio de 1936.
		Se exige la ilegalizaciÃ³n del POUM y se procede a detener a su dirigencia y a sus miembros, que pasan a la clandestinidad.
	www.brujula.net /wiki/POUM (1451 words)

	International Volunteers in the POUM Militias
		The POUM thus favoured maintaining the revolutionary spirit of the militias and opposed the formation of the orthodox Popular Army which they saw as “bourgeois” and central to the assault being launched on the revolution by the Popular Front (14).
		Both the POUM and CNT press continued to blame the passivity on the Aragon front on the deliberate refusal by the Government to send arms and demanded an offensive be launched.
		The claim that the POUM had “deserted” the front as one more example of its treachery was now propagated by the communists and was widely believed both inside and outside of Spain, thus preparing the ground for the subsequent illegalisation of the party and the disbanding of the 29th Division.
	www.fundanin.org /durgan1.htm (13308 words)

	Land and Freedom - reviewed by POUM leader, 1996
		He came to Barcelona and joined the POUM militias because, during the first months when Stalin was practising the policy of non-intervention, the Communist International forbade the sending of foreign militants to Spain.
		From the time of the trial and execution of Zinoviev, Kamenev and Smirnov (which was denounced as a crime only by the POUM), a policy was initiated which planned to eliminate the POUM, to reduce the influence of the CNT, and later, to eliminate Largo Caballero and the Socialist Left.
		The purpose was, as is clearly apparent in numerous documents found in the archives of the Communist International, to establish a ‘democracy of a new type’ or a ‘people’s democracy’ like those which were imposed on the countries of Eastern Europe after the Second World War.
	www.geocities.com /irelandscw/docs-LFReview1996.htm (868 words)

	Jesús Hernández - How the NKVD Framed the POUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The frame-up of the POUM is itself depicted by Hernández as arising exclusively from Stalin’s need to justify the extermination of his opponents within the Soviet Union.
		In 1938, just before the surviving POUM leaders were put on trial for espionage, the Communist publishing house Lawrence and Wishart issued a pamphlet by the French Stalinist journalist Georges Soria entitled Trotskyism In the Service of Franco: A Documented Record of Treachery by the POUM in Spain.
		The POUM was denounced as a Trotskyist organisation by the Spanish Communist Party, and this characterisation is repeated by Hernández.
	www.whatnextjournal.co.uk /Pages/Pamph/NKVD.html (8402 words)

	type_Document_Title_here
		Unofficially, we have discovered that the POUM leftists did not think the time was right for a break with their E.[xecutive] C.[ommittee] and the 'Friends of Durruti' see little advantage to their aims in alliance with the Bolshevik-Leninists.
		In any case the POUM left (Rebull) and the Friends of Durruti (Balius) had a meeting during the May events, but the numerical slightness of both organizations and the refusal by the Friends of Durruti to issue a joint manifesto with Cell 72 ensured that these contacts failed to produce anything practical.
		After the May events, the Group was disowned by the CNT leadership, and although its members were in the end not expelled from the CNT, insofar as the Friends of Durruti always retained a measure of support in the unions' assemblies, they were denied the use of the CNT presses.
	www.spunk.org /texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap10.html (3939 words)

	Poum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For the former Spanish political party POUM, see Workers' Party of Marxist Unification.
		Poum is a commune in the North Province of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean.
		The commune of Poum was created on January 5, 1977 by detaching its territory from the commune of Koumac.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Poum (161 words)

	Keith Hassell: Trotsky and the POUM - RH
		In the intervening period Trotsky upbraided Nin for failing to enter the PSOE (the Spanish Socialist Party) and its union (UGT) whose rank and file were undergoing massive radicalisation in 1934 and 1935.
		Worse even than that – indeed criminal – was Nin’s readiness to accompany President Companys on a tour of Lerida to convince the workers that the powers of the revolutionary committees should be dissolved.
		The September 1936 Red Flag argued that ‘upon the rapid evolution of POUM into a Bolshevik Party depends the fate of the Spanish Revolution’.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/document/spain/spain03.htm (1382 words)

	The Friends of Durruti Group: 1937-1939 - 6. The May Events
		The text had been drafted after that meeting with the POUM Executive Committee at 7:00 P.M. on May 4, by which time the Group and the POUM had agreed upon a defensive withdrawal with no surrender of weapons, and insisting upon assurances that there would be no repression.
		The handbill, endorsed by the POUM, and reprinted in issue No. 235 of La Batalla (on May 6) was not backed by any plan of action and was merely a statement of intent and an appeal to the CNT masses' spontaneity to press ahead with their activities against the encroachments of the counterrevolution.
		The POUM's Executive Committee rejected José Rebull's plan to capture the Generalidad and the buildings still holding out in the city center, on the grounds that this was a political matter, not a military one.
	www.spunk.org /texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap6.html (4678 words)

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