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Topic: PP (complexity)

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complex number

computational complexity theory

complex analysis

complexity theory

complex plane

Complexity classes P and NP

complexity class

complex conjugate

complex systems

military industrial complex

complex manifold

NP complexity

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	PP - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		pp is the plural form of the abbreviation p.
		PP is a part of the signatory title of a Pope of the Catholic Church.
		pp also is the abbreviation for Platinium Pieces in the MMORPG Everquest.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/PP (264 words)

	Redundant Complexity
		His central interpretative metaphor for biochemical complexity, that of the well-designed mousetrap that ceases to function if critical parts are absent, is undermined by the observation that typical biochemical systems exhibit considerable redundancy and overlap of function.
		An irreducibly complex system cannot be produced directly (that is, by continuously improving the initial function, which continues to work by the same mechanism) by slight, successive modifications of a precursor system, because any precursor to an irreducibly complex system that is missing a part is by definition nonfunctional.
		Redundant complexity is embodied in the discovery that biochemical processes frequently do not involve simple, linear sequences of reactions, with function destroyed by the absence of a given component in the sequence.
	www.asa3.org /ASA/topics/Apologetics/POS6-99ShenksJoplin.html (5559 words)

	Computational Complexity: 09/01/2002 - 09/07/2002
		PP is not much use as a probabilistic class since it would take potentially an exponential number of trials to distinguish accepting from rejecting with reasonable confidence
		Beigel, Reingold and Spielman show that PP is closed under union, a far trickier proof than one would expect using the fact that rational functions approximate the sign function well.
		PP is the prototypical counting class, classes defined in terms of the number of accepting and rejecting paths.
	weblog.fortnow.com /archive/2002_09_01_archive.html (892 words)

	Dan's Publications
		McShea, D.W. A complexity drain on cells in the evolution of multicellularity.
		The complexity and hierarchical structure of tasks in insect societies.
		McShea, D.W. A metric for the study of evolutionary trends in the complexity of serial structures.
	www.biology.duke.edu /mcshealab/McSheaLabPage/pub.htm (344 words)

	Richard Beigel's home page
		The goal of complexity theory is to classify computational problems according to their computational complexity, that is, the minimum amount of resources needed to solve the problem.
		A complexity class is the set of problems solvable by a particular device in a particular computing mode with a particular amount of certain resources.
		The Complexity of Modular Graph Automorphism,'' in STACS, LNCS 1373, pp.
	www.cis.temple.edu /~beigel/long.html (3694 words)

	Breadth-First Maximum Likelihood Sequence Detection: Basics
		However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.
		The problem of performing breadth-first maximum likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) under given structural and complexity constraints is solved and results in a family of optimal detectors.
		Some general complexity reductions exemplify those associated with the VA approach.
	www.comsoc.org /comm/private/1999/feb/208_47comm02-aulin.html (701 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Calling the Shots: Immunization Finance Policies and Practices (2000)
		The increasing complexity of the immunization schedule necessitates intensive surveillance and records management for young children, especially for vulnerable populations who may not have a regular source of health care and are therefore at greatest risk of low immunization coverage.
		This complexity is likely to increase during periods of reform and realignment within the health care delivery system; thus, greater oversight and monitoring are required to ensure that disparities in immunization coverage rates do not grow.
		Despite the increasing change and complexity affecting the national immunization effort, the incidence of VPDs has decreased, and important objectives for national coverage were partially met in the 1990s.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309070295/html/66.html (568 words)

	[No title]
		The complexity of economic systems ranges from small group subsistence at the most primitive level, through economies based on trade and commerce, to mass production and retail economies-the most complex.
		A typical continuum of increasing complexity would be: tribal government, tribal confederation, the feudal kingdom, the centralized kingdom, and the modern nation-state.
		Residential patterns vary in complexity in a similar continuum: from societies based on spatially distinct kinship groupings, to those based on the village, the town, the city, the metropolis, and finally the megalopolis.
	www.cbmw.org /resources/books/clark/chapter17/chapter17footnotes.html (2680 words)

	PS 793
		The goal is to discover new principles about the dynamics of complex systems, especially complex adaptive systems that are typical of social processes.
		Complexity of Cooperation, Chapter 3 on coping with misperception and misunderstandings in the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma..
		The Santa Fe Institute is the world center for the study of complexity.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~axe/PS793.htm (2820 words)

	Graph Algorithms Publications
		Complexity of k-Pairwise Disjoint Shortest Paths in the Undirected Hypercubic Network and Related Problems, (with F. Serena) Proceedings of the 14th IASTED International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems PDCS '02, (2002), MIT Cambridge, MA, 61 -- 66.
		Complexity Aspects of Map Compression, (with H. Bodlaender and T. Kloks), Proceedings of the Data Compression Conference, April 1991, pp.
		Complexity of Data Compression for Colored Maps, (with H. Bodlaender and T. Kloks), ALCOM Workshop on Data Structures, Graph Algorithms, and Computational Complexity, Berlin, Germany, October 1990.
	www.cs.ucsb.edu /~teo/publications/GRAPH.html (1102 words)

	Applied Mathematics Letters. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Farahmand, A. Grigorash, Expected density of complex zeros of random hyperbolic polynomials, Applied Mathematics Letters 15 (4) (2002) pp.
		Ducomet, A.A. Zlotnik, Remark on the stabilization of a viscous barotropic medium with a nonmonotonic equation of state, Applied Mathematics Letters 14 (8) (2001) pp.
		P.P. Choudhury, An Information Theoretic Model of a Reliable Computer Network, Applied Mathematics Letters 12 (2) (1999) pp.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/08939659/viewer.htt?viewtype=keywords&rangeselected=22 (617 words)

	Winter 2004: Central Business Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The point is that this issue emerges from a complex series of interactions, which nicely illustrate its subject.
		He argues that the science of complexity promotes the use of patterns for analysis and design in contrast to earlier, and perhaps now obsolete, step-by-step analyses of organizational requirements.
		The market is a complex system frequently in a state of self-organized criticality, and in recent years the expanded number of investor roles, nodes in the investment network, have heightened this state.
	www.busn.ucok.edu /cbreview/04win (1257 words)

	Publications
		The complexity of resolution refinements, Buresh-Oppenheim, J., and Pitassi, T., To appear in LICS, 2003.
		The complexity of Analytic Tableaux, Arai, N., Pitassi, T., and Urquhart, A., Proceedings of ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing, 2001.
		The complexity of the Hajos Calculus, Pitassi, T. and Urquhart, A., SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, Volume 8, Issue 3, 1995.
	www.cs.toronto.edu /~toni/publications.html (1229 words)

	LoBue: Enterprise Evolution: Recommended Reading
		Complex systems thinking applied economics: observations of situations in which products and services generate increasing returns (rather than the traditional decreasing margin) over time.
		Lissack and Roos write simply and clearly suggesting that ideas from complexity science are not "complicated," they are in fact the "next common sense." They expand on this seemingly counter-intuitive theme in a book that discusses many real world business cases while inter-weaving a number of concepts from complexity and cognitive science.
		We think those who are familiar with complex systems theory will find this book provides an excellent case in point, de Geus just didn't have the benefit of the complex systems vocabulary to describe it.
	www.lobue.com /enterprise_evolution/knowledge_reading.html (2341 words)

	C. Papers in Journals
		Optimal precision in the presence of uncertainty, Journal of Complexity 1, 1985, pp.
		A propositional modal interval logic, Journal of the ACM 38:4, 1991, pp.
		The effect of bounding the number of primitive propositions and the depth of nesting on the complexity of modal logic, Artificial Intelligence 75:2, 1995, pp.
	www.cs.cornell.edu /home/halpern/node11.html (1431 words)

	Complexity Measures for Rule-Based Programs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Software complexity measures are quantitative estimates of the amount of effort required by a programmer to comprehend a piece of code.
		This paper presents a collection of software complexity measures that were specifically designed to quantify the conceptual complexity of rule-based programs.
		These measures are divided into two classes: bulk measures, which estimate complexity by examining aspects of program size, and rule measures, which gauge complexity based on the ways in which program rules interact with data and other rules.
	csdl2.computer.org /persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/trans/tk/&toc=comp/trans/tk/1994/05/k5toc.xml&DOI=10.1109/69.317699 (672 words)

	[No title]
		The Generalized Kolmogorov Complexity and Duality in Theory of Computations, Notices of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1982, v.
		Complexity of Parallel Algorithms and Computations, Notices of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1982, v.
		Complexity measures in the axiomatic theory of algorithms, Methods of design of applied intellectual program systems, Kiev, 1992, pp.
	www.math.ucla.edu /~mburgin/res/compsc/Site3Co.htm (276 words)

	Publications:
		Complexity of Fragmentable Object Bin Packing and an Application, Computers and Mathematics with Applications, pp.
		Complexity of Scheduling in High Level Synthesis, VLSI DESIGN, pp 337-346, vol.
		Complexity of Scheduling 2-Operation Chains and Some Other Related Scheduling Problems, Proceedings of the Fourth National Seminar on Theoretical Computer Science, IIT Kanpur, INDIA, pp.
	www.geocities.com /SiliconValley/Lab/3006/cv/pubs-list.html (495 words)

	On (n,n-1) Convolutional Codes With Low Trellis Complexity
		We show that the state complexity profile of a convolutional code C is the same as that of the reciprocal of the dual code of C in case that minimal encoders for both codes are used.
		With this permutation, we are able to find many (n, n-1) binary convolutional codes which are better than punctured convolutional codes of the same code rate and memory size by either lower decoding complexity or better weight spectra.
		A. Kot and C. Leung, "On the construction and dimensionality of linear block code trellises", in IEEE Int.
	www.comsoc.org /comm/private/2002/jan/37_50comm01-tang.html (453 words)

	Jack Lutz - papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		John M. Hitchcock, Jack H. Lutz, and Elvira Mayordomo, The fractal geometry of complexity classes, in the Complexity Theory Column (L.A. Hemaspaandra, ed.), SIGACT News 36 (2005), pp.
		John M. Hitchcock, Jack H. Lutz, and Sebastiaan A. Terwijn, The arithmetical complexity of dimension and randomness, ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, to appear.
		David W. Juedes and Jack H. Lutz, Kolmogorov complexity, complexity cores, and the distribution of hardness, in O. Watanabe (ed.), Kolmogorov Complexity and Computational Complexity, Springer-Verlag, 1992, pp.
	www.cs.iastate.edu /~lutz/papers.html (1112 words)

	Papers of Frederic Green
		Pollett, On the complexity of quantum ACC, Boston University CS Dept. preprint BUCS-TR-2000-003, and in arXiv.org, report quant-ph/0002057.
		Pollett, under the title "Counting, fanout and the complexity of quantum ACC," appeared in Quantum Information and Computation 2 (2002), pp.
		Green, Computational Complexity, survey article in The Encyclopedia of Microcomputers, Volume 24, Supplement 3, (1999), pp.
	aleph0.clarku.edu /~fgreen/papers/papers.html (594 words)

	Information Processing Letters. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Igor E. Shparlinski, Linear complexity of the Naor-Reingold pseudo-random function, Information Processing Letters 76 (3) (2000) pp.
		L.J. García-Villalba, A. Fúster-Sabater, On the linear complexity of the sequences generated by nonlinear filterings, Information Processing Letters 76 (1-2) (2000) pp.
		Meidl, A. Winterhof, On the linear complexity profile of explicit nonlinear pseudorandom numbers, Information Processing Letters 85 (1) (2003) pp.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/00200190/viewer.htt?viewtype=keywords&rangeselected=66 (525 words)

	Richard Edwin Stearns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		To Juris Hartmanis and Richard E. Stearns, in recognition of their seminal joint research which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory.
		In their paper "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms," (Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, vol.
		The paper sparked the imagination of many computer scientists and led to the establishment of complexity theory as a fundamental part of the discipline.
	www.cs.albany.edu /profiles/res.html (395 words)

	[No title]
		Topics include introductions to set- and information-theoretic multivariate relations, model representation, simulation; decision analysis, optimization, game theory, complexity, regulation and control, and complex adaptive systems.
		The course content derives both from “classical” general systems theory, cybernetics, and operations research as well as from more contemporary systems research which is organized around the themes of nonlinear dynamics, complexity, and adaptation.
		Requisite variety and its implications for the control of complex systems, Ashby, 1958 (14 pp); Science and complexity, Weaver, 1948 (8 pp); Complexity and system descriptions, Rosen, 1977 (6 pp); New perspectives on complexity, Prigogine, 1985 (10 pp)
	www.oit.pdx.edu /~sysc/classes/511w04.htm (475 words)

	Daniele Micciancio's Publications
		Generalized compact knapsaks, cyclic lattices, and efficient one-way functions from worst-case complexity assumptions - Manuscript 2004 (Prelim.
		The complexity of the covering radius problem (with V.
		Generalized compact knapsaks, cyclic lattices, and efficient one-way functions from worst-case complexity assumptions.
	www.cse.ucsd.edu /~daniele/papers.html (543 words)

	Math 167: Proof Complexity
		A general introduction to the complexity of propositional proofs.
		Another introduction to propositional proof complexity, along with bounded arithmetic and its connections to propositional proof complexity.
		Lower bounds for the polynomial calculus and the Groebner basis algorithm, ECCC 1997 and Computational Complexity, 8(2) (1999), pp.
	www.math.ucsd.edu /~sbuss/CourseWeb/Math267_2002W (442 words)

	Communication Complexity of Simultaneous Messages
		The SM model is a restricted version of the CFL game in which the players are not allowed to communicate with each other.
		We prove lower and upper bounds on the SM complexity of several classes of explicit functions.
		A lemma establishing a tradeoff between average Hamming distance and range size for transformations of the Boolean cube might be of independent interest.
	epubs.siam.org /sam-bin/dbq/article/37594 (371 words)

	Alon Orlitsky - Publications
		A spectral lower bound technique for the size of decision trees and two-level and/or circuits, Y.
		Lower bounds on threshold and related circuits via communication complexity, V.
		On edge-colored interior planar graphs on a circle and the expected number of RNA secondary structures, A.
	fleece.ucsd.edu /~alon/pub.html (1078 words)

	Computational Complexity and Optimal Algorithms for Fixed Points (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		We review recent worst case complexity results for approximating fixed points of contractive, nonexpanding and expanding functions that satisfy Lipschitz condition with respect to the second and infinity norms.
		The complexity of the problem is exponential for expanding functions and the residual error criterion [1].
		For the infinity norm case, nonexpanding bivariate functions and the residual error criterion we present an optimal complexity Bisection-Envelope (BEDFix) algorithm [7,8].
	www.nd.edu /~cam/seminars/sikorski.htm (377 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		’,2(¾ZþþþþÙBOOKS Axelrod, Robert M. The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration (Princeton Studies in Complexity).
		Complexity: The Emerging Science at the End of Order and Chaos.
		Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Proceedings Vol.
	www.rit.edu /~amleie/kevin/books_articles.doc (325 words)

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