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	Troops of National Air Defense (PVO) - Russian and Soviet Nuclear Forces
		The Troops of National Air Defense (PVO) became a separate armed service in 1948 and were given the mission of defending the Soviet industrial, military, and administrative centers and the armed forces against strategic bombing.
		PVO Strany was reorganized in 1981 and its name was changed to Voyska PVO (Air Defence Troops), but it maintained its status as an independent branch, and the main body of army air defence troops, including the military schools, were annexed to it.
		The Voyska PVO lost its separate command and control system in the reorganization and about half of the fighters and the majority of the flying training system was transferred to the Air Force.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/russia/agency/pvo.htm (2121 words)

	The Soviet PVO (1946-1959)
		It was this move towards greater efficiency that led to the combining of all air defense assets of the Army and Air Force into one unified command.
		The PVO would monitor ten air defense districts that encompassed the whole of the Soviet Union.
		They were very difficult for PVO forces to stop because of their small size and very high altitude.
	www.russianwarrior.com /1947_History_PVO.htm (1188 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Soviet Anti-Air Defense
		Voyska PVO (Russian: Войска ПВО, or PVO Strany until 1981) was the air defense branch of the Soviet military.
		Unlike Western air defense forces, PVO Strany was a branch of the military unto itself, separate from the Soviet Air Force (VVS).
		In a 1981 reorganization, Voyska PVO was stripped of many command and control and training assets, which were given to the Air Force.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Soviet_Anti-Air_Defense (587 words)

	Soviet Anti-Air Defense Biography,info
		In a 1981 reorganization, Voyska PVO was stripped of many command and control and training assets, which were given to the Air Force.
		It seems that after the KAL 007 shootdown of 1984, no-one was willing to give an order to bring Rust's tiny Cessna down, and modernisation programmes within the PVO had led to the installation of radar and communications systems at the state border that could not effectively pass tracking data to systems closer to Moscow.
		In 1998, the force groupings and headquarters of the PVO that had remained within Russia were merged with the Russian Air Force.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_PVO_Strany (444 words)

	Osprey - The Genetrix Balloons
		However, the Soviets possessed other anti-aircraft weaponry with greater reach, all of which was under the command of a separate military branch: PVO Strany, the Anti-aircraft Defence of the Homeland.
		The PVO Strany detected and attempted to destroy the aircraft, indeed they hit the aircraft several times, but it managed to reach landfall in Iran.
		Clearly the PVO Strany had evolved a method of dealing with them, assisted no doubt by the height restriction that had been ordered by the Air Force — the balloons were to fly at a maximum altitude of 55,000 ft (for the 128TT) and 46,500 ft (the 66CT).
	www.ospreypublishing.com /content2.php/cid=239 (3424 words)

	Air Defence in Northern Europe 11
		Prior to the reorganization, Frontal Aviation was organized into sixteen tactical armies, each subordinate to the local commander of a military district in the Soviet Union or the commander of the Group of Soviet Forces deployed outside the Soviet Union.
		The Air Defence Air Force (PVO Strany) became an independent branch in the area of air defence and antiaircraft systems in 1948.
		The Army Air Defence Troops were subordinate to the Military Districts and Groups of Forces in peace-time and to the Front and Army Staffs in wartime.
	www.sci.fi /~fta/russia3.htm (2309 words)

	Roswell Revealed
		Between the East European “Iron Curtain” and the Kremlin lay a bristling network of radar stations, antiaircraft batteries and fighter bases — PVO Strany — the combined Red Air Defense Forces.
		What the 509th had to have was a complete and current blueprint of PVO Strany: the location and capabilities of its radar stations, fighter aircraft and antiaircraft guns.
		PVO Strany tracked the balloons and alerted aircraft batteries and fighter bases.
	www.bewilderingstories.com /issue108/roswell.html (1728 words)

	Defending the Kremlin: The First Generation of Soviet Strategic Air Defense Systems 1950-60 by Steven J. Zaloga
		The PVO Strany (National Air Defense Force) did not share this view and its primary requirements were for a system that would be more versatile than the S-25 and able to deal with the many reconnaissance overflights near the Soviet border.
		In addition, the PVO Strany was in the midst of a massive education program to prepare troops and officers to employ the highly sophisticated new S-25 system, and was reluctant to support yet another generation of technology that would be difficult to assimilate.
		The PVO Strany viewpoint was shared by the chairman of the Council of Ministers, V. Malyshev, who won the support of Minister of Defense Georgiy Zhukov to accelerate the S-75 program, over the objections of minister Kalmykov.
	libraryautomation.com /nymas/defendingthekremlin.htm (6307 words)

	Maintaining Friendly Skies: Rediscovering Theater Aerospace Defense
		PVO Strany, the Soviet National Air Defense Force, was founded in 1948 and provided a layered air-defense umbrella over the entire Soviet Union.
		If PVO Strany were guarding an important location, it would position the SA-2 and SA-3 battalions near the protected area and place the SA-5 battalion where it could cover the approaches to the farthest extent possible.
		The Soviets formed an antimissile defense force that was separate from the regular PVO Strany.
	fmso.leavenworth.army.mil /documents/friendlyskies/friendlyskies.htm (7742 words)

	The Cimmerians Airsoft Association -- AAR : MOSCOW BLUE
		APC column carrying SA-6 missiles and radar installations is trapped and disabled by the Norwegian special forces using Capt. Fisher's nefarious plot to use 1000 Kg GBU Paveway bomb as an IED.
		PVO Air Defense are left without armored support and re-supply chain.
		PVO begin withdrawal back towards Suomussalmi and then back to the border, attempting to locate any downed NATO air personnel along their route.
	www.cimmerians.org /AAR_MOSCOW_BLUE.html?asgh=0 (1052 words)

	Военная литература : История войн : Fugate B., Operation Barbarossa
		This branch was organized administratively into PVO zones, each covering the area of a military district.
		Only the fighter units assigned to the air defense of Moscow, Leningrad, and Baku were directed by the local PVO commander, and they, therefore, occupied a special position.
		Elsewhere, the PVO fighter aircraft were subordinated to the air force commanders of the military districts.
	militera.lib.ru /h/fugate/app.html (4218 words)

	Radar v Brdech: riziko nebo zbytečné obavy? :: Letectví.cz :: Letecký informační server (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pojem vzdušný elektronický úder je v různých zemích sice nazýván různě, ale vždy znamená to samé - v první řadě zničit PVO protivníka, tzn.
		Z které strany tedy bude našim lidem v okolí radaru hrozit větší nebezpečí - ze strany radaru, nebo ze strany útočící zbraně?
		Publikování nebo šíření obsahu zpráv ČTK je zakázáno bez předchozího písemného souhlasu ze strany ČTK.
	www.letectvi.cz /letectvi/Article63085.html (3109 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Sea of Okhotsk
		These operations were documented in the book Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage.
		The sea (and surrounding area) were also the scene of the Soviet PVO Strany attack on Korean Air Flight 007 in 1983.
		Korean Air Lines Flight 007, also known as KAL 007 or KE007, was a Korean Air Lines civilian airliner shot down by Soviet jet interceptors on September 1, 1983 just west of Sakhalin island.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sea-of-Okhotsk (1678 words)

	Google Earth Community: Soviet VVS and PVO
		Enclosed is an overview of PVO and VVS has they may habe been at the end of the 80's
		Voyska PVO (or PVO Strany until 1981) was the air defense branch of the Soviet military.
		Length of a landing strip of 2500 meters, width of 44 meters.
	bbs.keyhole.com /ubb/showflat.php/Cat/0/Number/336974/Main/136195 (307 words)

	MiG-25: mig 25 foxbat, 25 31 foxbat foxhound mig mig
		Although the XB-70 Valkyrie was cancelled before the new Soviet aircraft, which carried the bureau designation "Ye-155" (or "Е-155"), reached the prototype stage, it seemed that the Ye-155 would still be a useful addition to the PVO Strany air defense interceptor force for use against reconnaissance targets like the SR-71 Blackbird.
		On 6 September, a PVO pilot, Lt. Viktor Belenko, defected to the West, landing his MiG-25P 'Foxbat-A' at Hakodate Airport in Japan.
		Although Belenko's aircraft was eventually returned to the USSR, it was first carefully dismantled and analyzed by the Foreign Technology Division (now the National Air and Space Intelligence Center) of the United States Air Force, at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio.
	advantacell.com /wiki/MiG-25 (2920 words)

	Soviet Military Aviation -- Summary
		The Ground Forces (Sukhoputnye voiska), Air Forces (VVS), Air Defense Forces (Voyska protivovozdushnoy oboronystrany, PVO), Strategic Rocket Forces (RVS) and the Navy (VMF), were all under the control of the VGK (Verkhovnoye Glavnokomandovaniye = Supreme High Command) of the USSR, and were basically of equal importance.
		The PVO [or P-VO] (Protivo-Vozdushnoi Oborony = National [Homeland] Air-Defense Forces), combined PVO-Strany (Strategic ADF) and PVO-Voysk (Ground Forces ADF) since 1978.
		The PVO apparently also had its own transport and liason units.
	www.ais.org /~schnars/aero/ussr.htm (556 words)

	Tactical Air Defense: a Soviet--U.S. net assessment
		PVO Strany* is one of the five services that constitute the Soviet Armed Forces For a more complete comparison of U S and Soviet strategic defense, see Major Tyrus W Cobb.
		At the front the Air Defense Directorate (PVO Voisk) will coordinate early warning, tactical AD employment, and direct air-intercept operations from the ground (GCI).* On the whole, AD operations in the Soviet forces appear to be much more centralized, rigid in terms of execution, and lacking in flexibility.
		Given the traditional Soviet emphasis on the air defense role for its fighters, the numerically impressive interceptor inventory is not surprising.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1979/mar-apr/cobb.html (7646 words)

	Revealing the Roswell Cover-up
		Between the East European “buffer zone” and the Soviet capital lay a sprawling network of radar stations, antiaircraft batteries and fighter bases - PVO Strany - the combined Red Air Defense Forces.
		Had James Bond been for real, not 700 007s could put a dent in the massive undertaking - a complete, current and accurate blueprint of PVO Strany from the East German border to the gates of Moscow.
		Its strengths and weaknesses, its reaction time, the number of interceptors and the skills of its pilots and antiaircraft gunners.
	www.scifidimensions.com /Apr05/roswellcoverup.htm (1749 words)

	anekdoty, zlobodnevnye :: 06 fevralya 2003
		V otvet na vopros ne bylo li uchenii PVO Uktainy v den' gibeli Kolumbii, soobshaem, chto sovetskie sputniki pri s'eme ih s orbity vzryvayutsya avtomaticheski.
		Prezident Ukrainy Leonid Kuchma otricaet prichastnost' gosudarstvennyh PVO k padeniyu "Kolumbii".
		Posle katastrofy shatla "Kolumbiya", komissiya po rassledovaniyu prichin avarii v pervuyu ochered' zaprosila dannye o poslednih manevrah PVO Ukrainy.
	www.anekdot.ru:8084 /an/an0302/f030206.html (667 words)

	The Cimmerians Airsoft Association -- AAR : FREEDOM STRIKE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Therewas indication that a Ukrainian PVO Strany (Air Defence component) officer assisted Bosnian Serb forces in shooting down 2 German Av-8B harriers in the summer of 1995 in Eastern Bosnia.
		On Mt. Majevica, while historical details are sketchy, the German GSG had eliminated a "foreign operated antiaircraft installation." This was a "fl bag" job because Ukrainian forces were a part of UNPROFOR in Sarajevo.
		About two days afterwards, Ukrainians reported that one of their colonels "Chekanin" and his staff were shot on a checkpoint manned by the Serbs, interestingly all of the staff was from the PVO (AA) component of the Ukrainian 2nd Mechanized Batt.
	cimmerians.com /AAR_FREEDOM_STRIKE.html (490 words)

	F-16.net :: View topic - PVO interceptors
		No dogfighting by we interceptor pukes, and at the time, a flight of Vipers would have kicked serious butt.
		The PVO used a lot of stern conversions and few HO tactics during the 60's and 70's.
		As better BVR missiles came on line, I am sure they used cut-off profiles if they had a clear indication the tgt was a bandit.
	www.f-16.net /f-16_forum_viewtopic-t-1810.html (377 words)

	[No title]
		The Russian military hopes to upgrade the Mi-24 with new weapons, rotor blades, fire control systems, and night vision systems, but these plans may suffer due to shortage of funds.
		: The most numerous Soviet fighter of the 1980s, which served as the mainstay of the fighter aviation of the VVS and also served in large numbers with the Air Defense Forces (PVO Strany).
		The MiG-23 shown here carries a rather unusual combination of weapons, with the relatively ineffective R-23 (AA-7 'Apex') air-to-air missiles being carried under its wing glove pylons, and 32-round 57mm unguided rocket pods under the fuselage.
	www.geocities.com /pmj6/gallery.htm (1350 words)

	Anti-aircraft Encyclopedia Article @ Saluted.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Most western militaries integrate air defence purely with the traditional arms of the military (i.e.
		This is in contrast to some (largely communist or ex-communist) countries where not only are there provisions for air defence in the army, navy and air force but there are specific branches which deal only with the air defence of territory, for example, the Soviet PVO Strany.
		The USSR also had a separate strategic rocket force in charge of nuclear ICBMs.
	www.saluted.net /encyclopedia/Anti-aircraft (3934 words)

	Genetrix, WS-461L, and Chaika: Cold War Balloons and Balloon Fighters
		The SM-9V went into limited production as the MiG-19SV, with a maximum speed of Mach 1.336 and a service ceiling of 62,340 ft (19,000 m).
		It was issued to selected PVO regiments stationed near likely intelligence targets.
		The AM-9BF pushed the metallurgical and thermal limits of the AM-9 engine to the very limit, yet produced only a few hundred pounds of additional thrust.
	worldatwar.net /chandelle/v4/v4n1-2/balloons.html (4266 words)

	F-16.net :: View topic - Russian Air-to-Air tactics - Radar first, then heat seeker
		In fact, until the 80's, the PVO Strany used basic stern attacks with an immense amount of control by GCI.
		Actually, the missiles fired against the KAL-007 B-747 both missed but, close enough damage the flight controls that it took over eight minutes to drop from thirty-seven thousand feet down to approximately eight thousand feet when it erupted into a massive ball of flames.
		Ripple fire was standard Soviet tactics for PVO fighters for 30 years.
	www.f-16.net /index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=viewtopic&p=70472 (2519 words)

	U2 Meteor PR19 Incerlik Secret Planes Military Intelligence
		The U-2’s cover had been well and truly broken, and its CIA/USAF operators could not really be seen to be operating the aircraft in even a semi-covert role, and thus Lockheed’s masterpiece was limited to "Weather Rights" or the HASP air sampling role that the USAF had been carrying out for some time.
		The twelve PR19s, however, had not been disclosed to the world at large, even if the PVO Strany were only too aware that something had been giving them a hard time after their success with the Powers’ flight.
		The plan therefore was that 13 would deploy to various overseas bases and carry out peripheral missions in order to continue at least a token coverage of the Soviet developments that had been disclosed during the previous four years.
	www.avhub.net /MI_u2meteorpr19incirlik.htm (7815 words)

	[No title]
		The designation for the system changed as it evolved through its operational development period.
		In 1957, the first operational PVO-Strany (Voyska Protivovozduchnoy Oborony Strany - Troops of the National Air Defence) S-75 missile regiments of three six-rail launcher battalions were formed with one of the initial deployments near the strategically important city of Sverdlovsk.
		On 1 May 1960, the Sverdlovsk units fired a total of 14 V-750 missiles against a Lockheed U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft flown by Gary Powers of the CIA.
	www.pakdef.info /pakmilitary/army/sam/sa2guideline.html (3257 words)

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