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	Pacifism
		Pacifism also describes a stance under particular circumstances, in contrast with those who believe that the criteria have been met for the justification of violence under those same circumstances.
		Pacifism may be adopted as a pragmatic political strategy, in which case its effectiveness is open to debate.
		Non-pacifistic religions, including Judaism, many varients of Christianity and Islam, have usually made no pretense of meaning "pacifism" by their messages concerning the great obligation to pursue peace: typically constructing rules, sometimes very elaborately defined, under which the use of aggression for the establishment and maintenance of justice may be legitimate.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pa/Pacifist.html (0 words)

	Pacifism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes.
		Pacifism covers a spectrum of views ranging from the belief that international disputes can and should be peacefully resolved, to absolute opposition to the use of violence, or even force, under any circumstances.
		Pragmatic (or Consequential) pacifism does not hold to such an absolute principle but considers there to be better ways of resolving a dispute than war or considers the benefits of a war to be outweighed by the costs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pacifism (0 words)

	Pacifism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pacifism is the theory that peaceful rather than violent or belligerent relations should govern human intercourse and that arbitration, surrender, or migration should be used to resolve disputes.
		Pacifism is as much an element of Western thinking as is the notion of Just War Theory, the argument that the state may legitimately or morally bear arms.
		Conditional pacifism from the deontological perspective admits that the enactment of duties cannot be considered in isolation, for they may overlap and hence require a conditional acceptance or a moral weighing.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/p/pacifism.htm (4655 words)

	Pacifism
		Pacifism is a term, derived from the Latin word for peacemaking, that has been applied to a spectrum of positions covering nearly all attitudes toward war.
		Humanist pacifism appealed to such philosophical and theological principles as the common humanity and brotherhood of all persons as children of God, the follies of war, and the ability of rational individuals to govern themselves and their states on the basis of reason.
		Pacifism encompasses many kinds of oppositions to war, deriving support from a variety of overlapping philosophical, theological, and biblical sources, not all of which are explicitly Christian.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txn/pacifism.htm (0 words)

	Pacifism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pacifism is the moral principle that the use of force is wrong for any reason.
		Pacifism is the moral principle that attempts to permanently disarm its practitioners, leaving them helpless and at the mercy of any thug.
		Pacifism requires one to withhold the use of force.
	www.importanceofphilosophy.com /Evil_Pacifism.html (0 words)

	pacifism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		International cooperation and pacifism are closely connected, and pacifists usually advocate international agreements as a way to insure peace.
		Modern pacifism began early in the 19th cent., with peace societies that were formed in New York (1815), Massachusetts (1815), and Great Britain (1816).
		During the 1920s and early 30s pacifism enjoyed an upsurge; the doctrine of nonresistance as applied in India by Mohandas K. Gandhi gained attention and respect for the movement.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pa/pacifism.html (0 words)

	On Churchill's "Pacifism as Pathology"
		Hereafter, pacifism may not be regarded as pathological, but rather, tactical within the framework of pacifist principles.
		This discussion of pacifism's pathological characteristics is perhaps the weakest and pettiest part of his argument, filled with assumptions that are philosophical or theological in nature, and often self-serving and self-congratulatory.
		Ultimately, he only demonstrates every maxim of dedicated pacifism in that the ends are preeminent in the means and that those who live by the sword die by it.
	www.geocities.com /SoHo/9094/pacifismaspathology.html (0 words)

	Pacifism in the Twentieth Centuryby Jonathan F. Vance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pacifism in the Twentieth Century focuses primarily on the movement in Britain and the United States, where it has traditionally been strongest; Challenge to Mars is broader in coverage, describing in a number of essays the weakness of pacifist sentiment outside of the Anglo-American bloc.
		Authors propose various explanations for the weakness of pacifism on the European continent (such as the influence of the church in Italy), but the overriding factor might well be the difficulty of sustaining it in the face of invasion.
		According to Brock and Young, pacifism in most countries was 'a small and seemingly ineffective sect' during the Second World War, in large part because it was difficult to maintain in the face of brutal totalitarian regimes.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/utq/711/brock139.html (0 words)

	PyroManiac: Go ahead. Make my day.
		That sort of pacifism is based on a jejune approach to Scripture and an absurd misapplication of some commandments that are clearly meant to govern how we respond to everyday interpersonal conflicts—not capital crimes and acts of war.
		Pacifism, he was convinced, was the central message of Christ's life, and His death on the cross was designed to be a vivid portrayal of the turn-the-other-cheek philosophy.
		One passage in the NT debunks the sort of pacifism you are defending: Romans 13:4, which expressly grants governments and rulers a right to bear the sword to execute wrath on those who do evil.
	phillipjohnson.blogspot.com /2005/10/go-ahead-make-my-day.html (0 words)

	Pacificism Empowers Terrorism by Carter Laren -- Capitalism Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The essential idea of pacifism is the total and complete abstinence from violence, and two corollary rules of action arise from this: 1) Abstain from the initiation (unprovoked use) of force against another individual, and 2) Abstain from the use of force in self-defense (provoked use).
		If she does nothing to defend herself, she promotes the destruction of pacifism by willfully allowing her attacker (obviously a non-pacifist) to annihilate the ideal (a pacifist).
		Racism is clearly wrong, but pacifism doesn't hold a monopoly on that idea.
	www.capmag.com /article.asp?id=1128 (0 words)

	War
		It is not violence in all its forms that the most challenging kind of pacifist objects to; rather, it is the specific kind and degree of violence that war involves which the pacifist objects to.
		This criticism is that pacifism amounts to an indefensible “clean hands policy.” The pacifist, it is said, refuses to take the brutal measures necessary for the defense of himself and his country, for the sake of maintaining his own inner moral purity.
		Another objection to pacifism is that, by failing to resist international aggression with effective means, it ends up rewarding aggression and failing to protect people who need it.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/war (0 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for pacifism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		pacifism PACIFISM [pacifism] advocacy of opposition to war through individual or collective action against militarism.
		Although philosophical and religious pacifism is almost as old as war itself, organized efforts to outlaw war date only from the middle of the 19th cent.
		From religious outsiders to insiders: the rise and fall of pacifism in the Churches of Christ.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/09742.html (0 words)

	Material Pacifism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pacifism redefined itself gradually during the turbulent 1930s, when events challenged and fragmented the confident postwar peace movement.
		The present essay is concerned with three material manifestations of religious pacifism between World War I and the Vietnam period: Protestant peace iconography, international-friendship items, and a phenomenon I call whole-life pacifism.
		Whole-life pacifism, as it developed in the form of rural cooperative living, was inescapably material; was indeed embedded in material things.
	www.materialreligion.org /journal/appelbaum/appelbaum.html#iconography (0 words)

	A Practical Christian Pacifism
		A striking example of the pervasiveness of pacifism in the early church is the fact that Tertullian and Origen—church fathers who stood at opposite poles regarding the relation of faith to philosophical reasoning—each wrote a tract supporting Christians’ refusal to join the military.
		Pacifism is not synonymous with "passivism": the pacifist rejection of war is compatible with a great many measures for defense against aggression.
		If pacifism rests on a trust that people have a natural capacity and an irrepressible tendency to resolve their differences justly and harmoniously, then pacifism is a delusion, and a dangerous one.
	www.religion-online.org /showarticle.asp?title=115 (0 words)

	AKMA’s Random Thoughts: Pacifism and Ethos
		As we shared observations about the book and a review of it, we reached the point of noting how odd it is that “pacifism” has become identified as “opposition to war,” when it is much more a matter of living in a particular, nonviolent way.
		Someone who says that pacifism is cheap when you don’t actually have to participate in war or face harsh consequences for your refusal, may not have considered sufficiently the cost of trying to live a life characterized by aiming at harmony and cooperation in a culture overwhelmingly defined by competition, rivalry, and conflict.
		Pacifism is more than not serving in the army: it’s living as an emissary of peace in exile in a land of contentiousness.
	akma.disseminary.org /archives/001639.html (0 words)

	pacifism - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Pacifism, opposition to war and other violence, expressed either in an organized political movement or as an individual ideology.
		Pacifism: I do not believe in moral issues being…
		I do not believe in moral issues being settled by physical force.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /pacifism.html (0 words)

	The fall of pacifism: Just as generals tend to fight the last war, so do pacifists.
		Pacifism is about to be discredited more thoroughly than it has been for over half a century.
		The ethos of pacifism deserves credit for the fact that today, unlike in 1914, the reluctance to go to war is, fortunately, almost universal.
		Pacifism is the left wing 'version' of American non-interventionism (America First) that sprung from the Mid-West (Prairie Populism) and a lasting belief that the First World War was caused by Wall Street Bankers (namely, JP Morgan.) Henry Ford claimed it was the 'Jews' and sadly, Lindbergh got caught up in that mode of thinking.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/848518/posts (0 words)

	Dialogue on Christian Pacifism & <Just War>: Biblical & Social Factors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The position labeled "Christian pacifism" is the more moderate position that war is forbidden for Christians and the Church during the "church age" (and thus potentially also for "Christian governments", although this is the point at which Quakers and post-Yoder Mennonites part ways with traditional Mennonites and the German Brethren groups).
		Pacifism is at most to be regarded as an ascetic virtue, and not all Christians (and certainly not all non-Christians) are obligated to submit to every form of asceticism.
		The only pacifism that can withstand this biblical counter-argument is the purely individual one thaat makes no claim on anyone else or on society by appealing to bogus "absolutes" which cannot be defended from Scripture.
	ic.net /~erasmus/RAZ145.HTM (0 words)

	Ciao!: On pacifism
		If we assume that people are entitled to their own personal, ethical decisions, then pacifism cannot be the determined policy of a political state.
		All the moral principles that coincide w/ pacifism (respect of the individual, freedom of conscience, etc.) are destroyed along w/ the state.
		The right of free exercise of conscience demands that pacifists grant those who are willing to fight in their own defense (and also in the defense of the pacifists) that right.
	www.centellas.org /miguel/archives/000090.html (0 words)

	FT December 2002: Pacifism Redux (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Cole makes Yoder’s pacifism appear to be constituted by individual pacifists in enclaves of the similarly minded, rather than the presence of a global community of followers of Jesus opposed to the use of force on behalf of, or in opposition to, particular nations precisely because it is transnational.
		Cole’s claim, the pacifism of the messianic community does not seek to "build on the liberal–humanistic pacifism that is already widespread." Yoder was at least as critical of liberal pacifism as Niebuhr.
		In other words, the message of messianic pacifism finds a ready home in those who have already accepted certain beliefs of a liberal–humanistic persuasion (e.g., that the use of force is out of step with the moral and spiritual progress of humanity).
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0212/correspondence.html (0 words)

	Just War and Pacifism: A "Pacifist" Perspective in Seven Points
		But the implication still remains that pacifism is a coherent position the core of which is the same in spite of its many varieties.
		As I see it, Catholic pacifism is rooted in the gift of peace that Christ gave to his disciples on the night before he died (John 14:27) and gave to them again, so to speak, in a renewed and more powerful form in the upper room, with the greeting "peace" (John 20:19-20).
		This story leads to my third point which is that there is a continuity between just war and pacifism, in that when the just war tradition is faithfully theorized and practiced, it calls for a politically disruptive witness on the part of its practitioners.
	www.cjd.org /paper/baxpacif.html (0 words)

	Final Thoughts on Pacifism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As I have defined pacifism, it would be perfectly consistent for police to respond to the scene.
		Some of my readers were puzzled that I had defended pacifism, shortly after writing a pamphlet that discussed the advantages of private (versus government) military defense.
		Some people accept that pacifism is a viable strategy, but only if the pacifist relies on the (defensive) violence provided by others.
	www.lewrockwell.com /murphy/murphy57.html (0 words)

	The Paradox of War and Pacifism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pacifism: The principal support for the view that the Bible advocates pacifism comes from Christ's Sermon on the Mount.
		Pacifism, on the other hand, misidentifies the morality of the individual with the justification for (or morality of) the behavior of the state.
		The problem of the paradox of war and pacifism in the Bible, and its resolution, may lead to a better analysis of the Christian's responsibility to the state.
	www.leaderu.com /socialsciences/clark.html (0 words)

	MyJewishLearning.com - Ideas & Belief: Pacifism in Jewish Law
		Difficult as it is in our current society to take a stand against pacifism as a societal or individual moral philosophy, it is clear that the Jewish tradition does not favor pacifism as a value superior to all other values or incorporate it as a basic moral doctrine within Judaism.
		It is simply untenable to claim that, as a matter of theoretical ethical duty, Jewish law perceives pacifism as the ideal response to evil in all circumstances.
		Thus it is crucial to emphasize that the Jewish tradition does not reject pacifism as a practical response to immorality or evil.
	www.myjewishlearning.com /ideas_belief/warpeace/War_Peace_TO/War_Pacifism_Broyde.htm (0 words)

	BBC - Religion & Ethics - The Ethics of War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		There are several different sorts of pacifism, but they all include the idea that war and violence are unjustifiable, and that conflicts should be settled in a peaceful way.
		Many believe that pacifism is more than opposition to war.
		It's important to see the difference between the morality of pacifism as it applies to an individual, and the application of that morality to the behaviour of a nation-state.
	www.bbc.co.uk /religion/ethics/war/pacifism.shtml (0 words)

	Can a Christian be a pacifist
		In the great wisdom of God, it has to be deeply mixed with the other areas of the Christian walk such as love for others, rejection of the world, and trusting God in all matters concerning our lives.
		Jesus appears to teach pacifism when he told his disciples: ‘Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God...
		Pacifism can not be separated from other areas of the life of a disciple.
	www.anabaptistchurch.org /pacifist.htm (0 words)

	A Theonomic Defense of Pacifism
		Anyone attempting to prove that Biblical Law requires pacifism must come to grips with the fact that the United States of America may well be the most violent nation on earth.
		"Pacifism" comes from the Latin word for "peace." This might be considered a prima facie case for pacifism in itself.
		And once again, even if the passage seemed to teach exactly what opponents of pacifism said it did, the whole system of ethics taught by Jesus would be negated by one passage.
	members.aol.com /XianAnarch/pacifism (0 words)

	Lawrence Rosenwald - Paper
		Pacifism refuses to face the problem of government and pacifists think always as people who will never be in a position of control, which is why I call them irresponsible.
		The forms of pacifism they devised during the war did not for the most part expose them to the challenges faced by soldiers, and did not therefore cultivate the virtues that Orwell found lacking in pacifism as a way of life.
		The history of pacifism includes a tradition of voluntary poverty, poverty chosen at least in part because pacifists have in fact have found out where their incomes come from, and then striven to be bound as little as possible to those sources.
	www.wellesley.edu /Peace/Rosenwald/orwell.html (0 words)

	neo-neocon: The varieties of pacifism (Part IIA): the conflicted Quaker history
		Although pacifism is a basic tenet of Quaker belief--the thing that most often comes to mind when the word "Quaker" is brought up in conversation among non-Quakers--by no means do Quakers universally agree as to its dimensions and scope.
		This second type of pacifism embraces the idea that courts and the UN and treaties and disarmament will usher in the era of the lion lying down with the lamb, and among Quakers it is connected with the mission to work as social activists to hasten the arrival of that day.
		Quakers in their pacifism have a special call to be a sort of harbinger of the world to come, when war will no longer be necessary.
	neo-neocon.blogspot.com /2005/10/varieties-of-pacifism-part-iia.html (0 words)

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