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Topic: Pacific Fur Company

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	Return of the XY Company
		The XY Company was a Canadian fur trade enterprise that was formed in 1797 by a group of men that were disenchanted with Simon McTavish's leadership of the NorthWest Company.
		Although it had a short life span, the XY Company was a relatively small and innovative company that had a big impact not only on this region but on the fur trade in North America.
		When his crew reached the Pacific Ocean, he wrote on a rock in red ochre: "Alexander Mackenzie, from Canada, by land, the twenty second of July, one thousand seven hundred and ninety three." Traveling primarily by canoe, he reached the Pacific twelve years earlier than Lewis and Clark.
	www.jon-nelson.com /return_of_the_xy_company.asp (1865 words)

	Pacific Fur Company - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Pacific Fur Company was founded June 23, 1810, in New York City.
		Half of the stock of the company was held by the American Fur Company, owned exclusively by John Jacob Astor, and Astor provided all of the capital for the enterprise.
		The fort and all assets in the Oregon Country were sold to the (Canadian) North West Company in October 1813, under duress during the War of 1812.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pacific_Fur_Company (448 words)

	American Fur Company - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		American Fur Company chartered by John Jacob Astor (1763-1848) in 1808 to compete with the great fur-trading companies in Canada—the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company.
		Astor's most ambitious venture, establishment of a post at Astoria, Oreg., to control the Columbia River valley fur trade, was made under a subsidiary, the Pacific Fur Company.
		The American Fur Company strongly influenced the history of the frontier, not only by preparing the way for permanent settlement but by opening Great Lakes commercial fishing, steamboat transportation, and trade in lead.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-amerf1c1.html (424 words)

	A History of Fort Vancouver
		The Hudson's Bay Company, drawing on their years of experience in Eastern Canada, was ambitious to create and maintain a monopoly, overcoming its competitors before they had gotten enough of a toehold to draw upon the financial reserves of the Company.
		Company policy concerning Native groups was variable for many years; the HBC had realized from the beginning that peaceful and sustained relations with Natives were required for successful and secure trading networks, and had attempted to keep to fair trading practices and as little interference in tribal affairs as possible.
		The Company's dual system was described as: respect the natives, treat them fairly, and make no effort to change their beliefs or way of life; but respond with vigor if they harmed property or personnel.
	www.nps.gov /fova/history.htm (2934 words)

	Pacific Fur Company
		The Pacific Fur Company was established on 23 June 1810 and headed by New York fur dealer John Jacob Astor.
		On 6 September 1810 he sent the TONQUIN from New York to the Columbia (arrived 22 March 1811) to inaugurate trade with Indians of the NORTHWEST COAST; in June 1811 Tonquin was taken by Indians, probably in Clayoquot Sound (Vancouver Island).
		In July they dissolved the company and on 16 October 1813 sold everything to the Nor'Westers; Astoria was later renamed Fort George.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0006037 (203 words)

	Oregon Trail Maps South Pass Robert Stuart Astorian Pictures
		Aware of Astor’s plans, the North West Company sent Simon Frazer to establish a presence on the mouth of the Fraser River and David Thompson to the mouth of the Columbia River.
		Pacific Fur Company articles of incorporation were signed in June of 1810.
		Following the 1814 Treaty of Ghent, Astor’s American Fur Company lobbied Congress to pass an act to exclude Canadians from the fur trade in the Louisiana Territory, unless employed by an American company.
	www.thefurtrapper.com /astorians.htm (4083 words)

	American Fur Company - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The company grew to monopolize the fur trade in the United States, and became one of the largest businesses in the country.
		The early operations of the company were often in competition with the great Canadian and British fur trading companies: the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company.
		During its heyday, the American Fur Company was one of the largest businesses in the United States, holding an almost total monopoly of the fur trade in the U.S. The company provided the money for the land investments that catapulted John Jacob Astor to the position of richest man in the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/American_Fur_Company (623 words)

	HistoryLink Essay:John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company establishes Fort Spokane in 1812.
		On September 8, 1810, the first Astorians, as the Pacific Fur Company men were known, sailed from New York in the ship Tonquin, which reached the Columbia in the spring of 1811.
		The traders realized they were competing for the same furs regardless of their physical proximity, and they were often social friends, even if business rivals, who welcomed the companionship.
		The competition between the Pacific Fur Company and the North West Company lasted for only two years until the War of 1812 brought it to an end.
	www.historylink.org /essays/printer_friendly/index.cfm?file_id=5101 (814 words)

	Fur Traders and Mountain Men (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In the spring of 1813, John George McTavish of the North West Company arrived at Fort Astor with news of the War of 1812.
		During the peak fur trapping years, around 100,000 beaver pelts were being consumed annually for the production of men's top hats, and in the 1830s the Hudson's Bay Company made a concerted effort to trap out the beaver population in Montana and Idaho, the last great concentration of the animals within legal reach of Americans.
		Furs were sold or traded for traps, guns, ammunition, knives, tobacco, and liquor (at $64 a gallon!), all of which had to be brought from St. Louis.
	www.endoftheoregontrail.org /road2oregon/sa03furs.html (932 words)

	The War of 1812 and the Oregon Country (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This Canadian company was based in Montreal and worked primarily in the waters around the Great Lakes and to the south and west of them, although they had fur post all across North America (Francis 50-53; Morrison 35-38).
		One of the lands the North West Company was interested in was the region west of the Rocky Mountains, an area that was known as the Oregon Country.
		It was believed by many in the fur trade that the lands from the Rocky Mountains to the west contained the last substantial holdings of beaver and other fur bearing animals in North America.
	members.tripod.com /umbrigade/articles/oregon.html (4258 words)

	PBS - THE WEST - Events from 1800 to 1820
		John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark expedition who remained in the West as a fur trader, explores the Wyoming country and an area he calls "Colter's Hell," which is thought to be the geyser and hot springs country of present-day Yellowstone Park.
		Astor's Pacific Fur Company establishes Fort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River.
		John Jacob Astor's Pacific Northwest outpost, Astoria, is sold to the North West Company shortly before it is formally captured by a British warship in the War of 1812.
	www.pbs.org /weta/thewest/events/1800_1820.htm (1513 words)

	Retail - Early History
		Pacific Fur Company; Fur trade--Oregon; Overland journeys to the Pacific; Astoria (Or.).
		Annals of Astoria: The Headquarters Log of the Pacific Fur Company on the Columbia River, 1811-1813.
		The Museum of the Fur Trade http://www.furtrade.org/ The non-profit museum's three galleries discuss the fur trade from early colonial days to the present century.
	www.kipnotes.com /RetailEarlyHistory.htm (2785 words)

	Northwest Fur Traders
		The first company to set up a trading post on the Pacific Northwest coast was the Pacific Fur Company.
		Employees of the fur companies seldom trapped the animals themselves.
		Later he joined the Canadian company known as the Northwest Fur Company, and in 1800 he started out on a trip to locate the best overland route to the Pacific Ocean.
	www.oregonpioneers.com /marion/traders.htm (1045 words)

	WowEssays.com - Oregon Fur Trade
		The Oregon Fur Trade In 1808 Simon Fraser, employed by the Northwest Company, made his way across the Rockies and came down what is known now as the Fraser River to the Columbia.
		John Jacob Astor found the American Fur Company in 1808, The Pacific Fur Company in 1810 and the South West Company in 1811.
		The American Fur Company had command on the fur trade in the Rockies and the Hudson’s Bay Company had command on the fur trade in the Pacific Northwest.
	www.wowessays.com /dbase/ad1/eac306.shtml (531 words)

	Fort Astoria
		Thus, the initial actions of the Pacific Fur Company at the fort are crucial in order to understand how Astoria evolved into a symbol of American westward expansion.
		The men of the Pacific Fur Company were also of various nationalities.
		Astoria was meant not to be the sole outpost of the Paific Fur Company's far western ventures.
	history.sandiego.edu /gen/st/~kalenius/fort.htm (692 words)

	John Clarke
		of the N.W.C. At the amalgamation of the N.W.C. with the Pacific Fur Co. Clarke declined to re-enter the N.W.C., and at
		Pacific Fur Co During his term with the Pacific Fur Company he led the second expedition to Fort Astoria, Washington State in 1812.
		In 1812 John Jacob Astor and his Pacific Fur Company sent John Clarke from the mouth of the Columbia River to established a post in the same neighborhood as Spokane House on the Spokane River in Washington State; in opposition to James McMillan of the Northwest Fur Company.
	www.rootsweb.com /~qcmtl-w/ClarkeJohn.html (2606 words)

	John Jacob Astor
		By 1809 the North West Company was back to their old ways by sending explorers to the west after a few years of inactivity.
		However, in July 1810, when the plan was aready in action, the North West company accepted his deal and sent David Thompson to meet the Astorians with a partners in cooperation plan.
		By 1797, though, the various Russians dealing in furs merged to form the United American Comapny, and in 1799 Emperor Paul formed a twenty year monopoly with the fur traders under the name of the Russian American Comapany.
	history.sandiego.edu /gen/st/~kalenius/john.htm (1683 words)

	AMERICAN FUR COMPANY. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		chartered by John Jacob Astor (1763–1848) in 1808 to compete with the great fur-trading companies in Canada—the North West Company and the Hudson’s Bay Company.
		Astor’s most ambitious venture, establishment of a post at Astoria, Oregon, to control the Columbia River valley fur trade, was made under a subsidiary, the Pacific Fur Company.
		See G. Nute, Calendar of the American Fur Company’s Papers (1945); B. DeVoto, Across the Wide Missouri (1948); H. Chittenden, The American Fur Trade of the Far West (3 vol.; 1902, repr.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/am/AmerFC.html (278 words)

	Voyageurs NP: The Environment and the Fur Trade Experience: 1730-1870 (Chapter 1)
		By 1821, Astor's American Fur Company was prepared to compete with the Hudson's Bay Company for the Upper Mississippi fur trade.
		The American Fur Company established posts at Grand Portage, Rainy Lake, Vermilion Lake (not to be confused with Little Vermilion or Crane Lake), and Warroad during the winter of 1822-23.
		The Hudson's Bay Company's trader in charge of the Rainy Lake District in 1822-23 was Dr. John McLoughlin, a capable administrator with prior experience in the region.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/futr/ch1d.htm (1160 words)

	Pacific Fur Company Summary
		In 1810-12 Hunt lead a party called the Astorians—named after their sponsor, John Jacob Astor—up the Missouri River and across the continent in an effort to establish a fur trading station at the mouth of the Columbia River.
		In 1811, the company established a trading post at Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River.
		The Indians onboard gathered their furs and left the ship.
	www.bookrags.com /Pacific_Fur_Company (740 words)

	First Fort Langley
		For these hauls furs and goods were traditionally baled into 90 pound pieces for packers to carry over the many portages.
		The cannon roared and the flimsy cedar houses splintered and collapsed.
		The punishment doled out by the company was unfair; however, it in the long run undoubtedly resulted in fewer whites and Indians being killed.
	www.fortlangley.ca /langley/1bfort.html (2319 words)

	The American Fur Trade
		The organizational growth of the company during the next 26 years would be a major study in itself, yet it is necessary to note certain stages, subsidiary companies, and personalities along the way.
		Although the Pacific Fur Company lost out to British traders on the Pacific coast during the War of 1812, Astor solidified his position at the same time in the Great Lakes area through another subsidiary, the South West Company (i.e., southwest of Montreal).
		Two opposition companies, Bernard Pratte and Company and the Columbia Fur Company, were particularly successful in keeping Astor's men restricted pretty much to the role of buyers at St. Louis.
	www.electricscotland.com /history/articles/american_fur.htm (13854 words)

	Fur Trapping/Trading - Historically and Today
		Fur trapping season in Washington State opened November 11 in Eastern Washington and opens November 18 on the west side of the state.
		To his chagrin he was beat to the task by Astor's Pacific Fur Company who'd already settled at the mouth of the Columbia River.
		The North West Company then built a new fort a mile upstream on the Columbia in 1817, which became the property of the Hudson's Bay Company.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/washington_state/47296 (574 words)

	PHS - History of Biowarfare
		In the spring of 1811, two Indians, a man and a woman, appeared at the Pacific Fur Company's post at the mouth of the Columbia River.
		But for the inhabitants at the Pacific Fur Company, this was a minor concern-the real problem with Qànqon was that he claimed to be able to infect others with smallpox.
		Nearly two hundred years after Qànqon's appearance at the Pacific Fur Company, the fear which he evoked is still very much with us.
	lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov /apdb/phsHistory/resources/biowar/biowar01.html (243 words)

	HUDSON Case
		This eventually led to the chartering of the Russian American Fur Company in 1799 by Czar Paul I, which granted the company mercantile and administrative control of Russia's ill-defined American possessions.
		With the helpof the Royal Navy they were able to grab the Pacific Fur Companies holdings on the Columbia river and thus establish themselves as competitors with the Americans and Russians.
		With such vigor and in such large numbers did the British and Americans enter the Northwest fur trade that by the second decadeof the nineteenth century the sea otter was almost driven to extinction.
	www.american.edu /TED/hudson.htm (1396 words)

	Grays Harbor, Washington (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In the late 1780s, the Boston Fur Company was formed to trade sea otter fur with Pacific Northwest Indians.
		Also, at the turn of the century, John Jacob Astor formed the Pacific Fur Company.
		This made the three trading companies in the region: the Pacific Fur Company, Boston Fur Company, and the English Hudson's Bay Company.
	members.aol.com /Gibson0817/gray.htm (441 words)

	Clackamas County Oregon History, 1800 to 1843
		Agent James Keith of the Northwest Fur Company dispatched a party of 25 to restore peace but the Indians refused to accept compensation for the death of their chief.
		One of the fur company party was wounded in a night attack during the voyage back to Ft. George (formerly Ft. Astor).
		The British government ordered the Northwest Fur Company to be absorbed by the Hudsons Bay Company, franchised to control all fur trade west of the Rockies and north to Russian Alaska.
	www.usgennet.org /alhnorus/ahorclak/timeline1.html (6422 words)

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