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Topic: Pacific white shrimp

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Shrimp

	White Shrimp - General Facts
		White shrimp are harvested primarily in the fall.
		White shrimp is a good candidate for aqua-culture because of its fast growth, adaptability to diverse salinities, and its large size.
		White Shrimp are cultured in tanks or ponds of different sizes and at very different stocking densities, depending on the needs and resourcesof each farmer.
	www.siamcanadian.com /white-shrimp/facts.htm (568 words)

	Seafood Business
		By 2000, shrimp farmers from central to southern China were pulling white shrimp out of their ponds and selling it live at prices that reached as high as $6 a pound during holidays such as the Chinese New Year.
		Although imports from Ecuador, the largest supplier of white shrimp to the U.S. market, were up only slightly through the first five months of 2002, to about 13,000 metric tons, look for a greater increase later this year, as Ecuadoran farmers continue to rebound from their white spot problems.
		The best buys on white shrimp generally come in November, when Mexican processors are most motivated to generate cash from both the wild catch and the farmed harvest (Mexican shrimp farmers in Sinaloa and Sonora have to harvest all their shrimp by November due to colder weather).
	www.seafoodbusiness.com /buyersguide03/issue_wshrimp.htm (1771 words)

	Korea-Us Aquaculture
		Shrimp farming was initially begun in the 1960s in Korea and the farming industry was developed in the 1980s.
		For commercial purpose some shrimp hatcheries began to import SPF broodstock from USA in 2004 and the potential of white shrimp farming is expected to increase in next few years.
		Shrimp larvae are produced once a year (May to June) because of Korean climate.
	www.lib.noaa.gov /korea/main_species/chinesefleshy.htm (2558 words)

	TAURA VIRUS BIBLIOGRAPHY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Later in similar tests, the virus was seen to be infective and harmful to native white shrimps if the size was comparable to that seen for Pacific white shrimp during the disease outbreak.
		Also, the extra effort that researchers were using to keep up with the progress and promise of the new line of Pacific white shrimp continued to show the broodstock to be free of viruses.
		While seed shrimp of infected crops came ultimately from one hatchery near Harlingen, Texas, the shipments to facilities where the large losses became manifest occurred only after the virus disease expressed in the hatchery's adjacent ongrowing ponds.
	lama.kcc.hawaii.edu /praise/taura2.html (1567 words)

	The Hindu Business Line : `Pacific white shrimp imports illegal'
		THE illegal import and cultivation of the exotic white shrimp, which is a native of the Pacific waters of Latin America, is posing a grave threat to Indian aquaculture.
		Reacting to reports that the Pacific white shrimp (P Vannamei) was being cultivated in some pockets of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) has termed all such practices illegal and brought the matter to the notice of the Union Ministry.
		But outbreak of diseases such as the Taura Syndrome, white spot virus and yellow head virus, has been repeatedly decimating the crop in the recent past.
	www.thehindubusinessline.com /2003/06/11/stories/2003061101151100.htm (630 words)

	NOAA Fisheries--Aquaculture and Enhancement for White Shrimp
		The sustainable shrimp aquaculture technologydevelopment efforts were designed to reduce the potential for adverse impacts of shrimp aquaculture on the environment and wild shrimp stocks.
		The mainstay of the shrimp fishery in South Carolina is white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus.
		White shrimp spawn in near-shore waters in the spring.
	www.nmfs.noaa.gov /mb/sk/saltonstallken/penaeus.htm (362 words)

	Shrimp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Examples are the mantis shrimp and the opposum or mysid shrimp, both of which belong to the same class (Malacostraca) as the true shrimp, but constitute two different orders within it, the Stomatopoda and the Mysidacea.
		The usage of the common name "shrimp" also varies: zoologically, all crustaceans belonging to Natantia (or to a corresponding list of families) are called shrimps, but in common usage, especially in relation to cooking, some of the large ones are known as prawns.
		Preparing shrimp for consumption usually involves removing the shell, tail, and "sand vein" (a euphemism for digestive tract).
	www.centipedia.com /index.php?title=Shrimp (636 words)

	NAS - Species FactSheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Aquaculture of the Pacific white shrimp in the United States began with the studies of Parker et al.
		White shrimp were introduced into Asia for experimental purposes in 1978-79 and for commercial activities in the 1990s.
		The white spot virus (WSSV) has been confirmed in wild shrimp populations in the Gulf of Mexico and there is the possibility that TSV also exists (Jeff Lotz, personal communication).
	nas.er.usgs.gov /queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1212 (961 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News
		They decided to breed shrimp in the disease-free facility in 1998 because shrimp are susceptible to diseases.
		Shrimp farms differ from the institute in that they are uncovered and use salt water to breed shrimp.
		Moss said shrimp farms are built next to the coast because they need fresh salt water to breed the shrimp.
	starbulletin.com /2001/07/31/news/story6.html (542 words)

	Growfish News Article - Wilmot Farm Growing Pacific Shrimp - United States - Oct 1, 2002
		The farmers aim for consistent sizes of shrimp, and if parts of the pond are not fed, then the shrimp in those areas will be smaller because they do not cover wide areas to feed.
		The taste of the marine shrimp grown in the fresh water ponds is very good, though slightly different from the ocean raised shrimp.
		Currie noted that he is not interested in growing popcorn shrimp, where the density is very high, and the crop is harvested and then a new one started.
	www.growfish.com.au /Grow/Pages/News/2002/Oct2002/44002.htm (1527 words)

	Fish meal replacement with feather-enzymatic hydrolyzates co-extruded with soya-bean meal in practical diets for the ...
		Research was reported that examined the potential use of commercial steam-processed feather meal and feathers enzymatically hydrolyzed for 60 or 120 minutes as substitutes for fish meal in diets of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) juveniles.
		The weight gains of the juvenile shrimp fed the hydrolyzed feathers and soybean meal diets did not differ from the shrimp fed the fish meal control diet.
		The researchers concluded that white shrimp may be fed a practical diet containing 20% enzymatically-hydrolyzed feathers and soybean meal extruded in a 2:1 ratio without altering growth or feed conversion.
	www.soymeal.org /worldlitarticles_new/mendozaandcoworkers.html (287 words)

	Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals - 2003
		Shrimp showing these gross signs of acute TS typically have soft shells, an empty gut and are often in the late D stages of the molt cycle.
		During the transition phase (which may be occurring while many shrimp in the affected populations are still in the acute phase and daily mortalities are high), fair to moderate numbers of shrimp in affected ponds show random, multifocal, irregularly shaped melanised cuticular lesions.
		Shrimp in the chronic phase of TS display no gross signs of infection, and histologically the only sign of infection is the presence of prominent LOS, which are spherical accumulations of cells that lack the central vessel of normal lymphoid organ tubules (11, 16, 17).
	www.oie.int /eng/normes/fmanual/A_00047.htm (4766 words)

	shrimp farming
		All are exported to Central America where the shrimp are grown to marketable size (approximately 12 million pounds in 1997) and sold mainly back to the U.S. Texas and the Carolinas have 80% of the successful commercial shrimp hatcheries and farms but only one 4 month growing season.
		Shrimp can be produced in our raceways for under $2.75 per pound and presently bring in excess of $4.75 if grown to full ninety day maturity.
		Shrimp shells and heads discarded when value added processing is accomplished will be processed and recycled into the shrimp feed.
	www.shrimpfarm.net /exesum.html (1575 words)

	Aquaculture: salt concentrations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Species to be investigated n this study include: Pacific white shrimp, fl sea bass, cobia and southern flounder.
		Pacific white shrimp survived and grew at salanities as low as 0.25 g/L.Work continues to more accurately define the environmental ion requirements of both species.
		This work will may provide the knowledge to allow cobia and Pacific white shrimp to be cultured in inland or estuarine areas not before considered suitable.
	www.clemson.edu /scg/aqua/tomasso.htm (299 words)

	Welcome to Caribbean's Best Shrimp!
		Aquaculturally grown Premium White Shrimp are considered by many to be the finest tasting shrimp in the world.
		Our shrimp are environmentally friendly because no nets are used which may kill innocent turtles and other sea life.
		All of our shrimp are packed in HACCP approved processing facilities approved by the United States Department of Agriculture to ensure the highest quality product.
	www.cbshrimp.net (376 words)

	Aquafeed.com - Providing News and Information to the Aquafeed Industry
		Shrimp farming throughout the world is still based on the capture of wild shrimp broodstock.
		The study showed that it is possible to increase the ability of shrimp to resist the virus through a targeted selective breeding program, indicating that in time the shrimp farming industry will be able to cope with this deadly virus.
		The title of Gitterle’s dissertation is “Genetic analyses for resistance to White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), harvest body weight and pond survival in the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei”, and his doctoral lecture is entitled “The design of breeding schemes for disease resistance in marine species”.
	www.aquafeed.com /article.php?id=1294§ionid=1 (432 words)

	Domestication & Selection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Identification of genetic population of the Pacific blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris of the Gulf of California, Mexico.
		Structure and polymorphism of ribosomal RNA genes in the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei Aquaculture 159 (3-4): 333-343
		Triploidy induction in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone).
	www.aquaculture.ugent.be /shrimp-cd/genet/genref.htm (602 words)

	Valuable precautions
		March through October is the shrimp season on the Wood Brothers Farm in Gila Bend Arizona.
		By the time, they are ready to be harvested, the shrimp are in the 15 to 30-gram range.
		The shrimp grown on the Gila Bend farm are Paneais Vannamei, a Pacific white shrimp prized for its meaty tail.
	aquaponicslibrary.20megsfree.com /shrimp-az.htm (341 words)

	World Aquaculture Society abstract data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A growth trial was conducted to examine the need for supplemental methionine and the relative nutritional ef?cacy of different methionine sources for Pacific white shrimp, L. vannamei, fed diets in which soybean meal completely replaced ?sh meal and reared under zero-water exchange conditions.
		Samples of 30 shrimp in each tank were weighed after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks and the feed rate adjusted accordingly.
		The orthogonal contrast indicated that the ?nal weight, growth rate, and feed ef?ciency of the shrimp fed the control diet were signi?cantly lower than that of shrimp fed the methionine supplemented diets.
	www.was.org /Meetings/AbstractData.asp?AbstractId=8568 (412 words)

	Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory Assists Shrimp Industry
		There are many hundreds of shrimp disease specialists working with the shrimp farming industry today, and many of these received much of their training directly or indirectly from the APL, including many of the 1,019 who participated in APL courses and workshops.
		The APL remains a leader in shrimp disease research and in the past 1-3 years APL identified, characterized and named two new diseases from penaeid shrimp, as well as demonstrating that TSV, a shrimp picorna-like virus, is not a zoonotic threat to humans as had been incorrectly reported to the CDC by another research group.
		The APL also conducted the primary quarantine on stocks of Pacific white shrimp in Tucson, producing the founder populations of pathogen-free stock that were later propagated and distributed by the Oceanic Institute in Hawaii to domestic broodstock producers and eventually to commercial shrimp farmers throughout the world.
	ag.arizona.edu /impacts/1_6.html (798 words)

	Current Research Projects
		In the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, graduate student Joe Burgents has shown that Vibrio campbellii injected into the abdominal muscle appear in a variety of different tissues within a few minutes.
		The shrimp lymphoid organ, which is very small, appears to be very important in rendering the bacteria harmless.
		This appears to be the case in both the blue crab and the Pacific white shrimp.
	www.cofc.edu /~burnettl/currentresearch.htm (1415 words)

	Exotic shrimp’s resistance to diseases “exaggerated” : QC IMC
		The supposedly disease-resistant qualities of the exotic Pacific white Shrimp (Peneaus vannamei) are “exaggerated” and that it is in fact susceptible to local shrimp viruses.
		A non-government organization in the fishery sector that is monitoring the introduction of the Pacific White Shrimp (Peneaus vannamei) in the country said Wednesday that the supposedly disease-resistant qualities of the species are “exaggerated” and that it is in fact susceptible to local shrimp viruses.
		Arsenio Tanchuling, executive director of Tambuyog Development Center, said that two local shrimp viruses infected the 1,100 vannamei broodstocks that were imported for the experimental trial conducted by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) in the first quarter of this year.
	qc.indymedia.org /mail.php?id=3449 (570 words)

	Monitoring Water Quality during Shrimp Production (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The YSI 85 is being used in outdoor hatchery tanks at Pacific Larval Centre to determine dissolved oxygen and salinity levels.
		Pacific Larval Centre also uses the YSI 85 Handheld Instrument during a critical step in shrimp transport.
		The YSI 85 Instrument is used to verify that oxygen levels are adequate to maintain the shrimp's life during shipment.
	www.ysi.com /extranet/EPGkL.nsf/447554deba0f52f2852569f500696b21/d50cbf71df7c32ef852569e7005bfc20!OpenDocument (256 words)

	The Manila Times Internet Edition \| BUSINESS > White shrimp imports should undergo rigid tests, says NGO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In its letter to Secretary Yap, Tambuyog Development Center said that shrimp being imported by Agri Fisheries World Inc. for its experimental trial be subjected to disease analysis by the BFAR to avoid the spread of the prawn virus.
		The new shrimp species must finish two years of experimental trials, as required by the law, and if found to free from any pathogens, it could be allowed to be commercialized.
		The Pacific White Shrimp, also known by its scientific name, Peneaus vannamei, originated from South America and is now being cultured in several Asian and Southeast Asian countries.
	www.manilatimes.net /national/2005/mar/19/yehey/business/20050319bus6.html (469 words)

	Kauai Garden Island News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Scientists at OI and Ceatech breed specific-pathogen-free (SPF) shrimp, which are shrimp that have been tested throughout their life and found to be free from nine critical viral pathogens that are harmful to shrimp.
		Ceatech employs an intensive shrimp farming technology that makes use of lined round ponds to grow shrimp, whereas the farm in Texas uses traditional, coastal earthen ponds and less intensive production rates.
		The shrimp under evaluation were bred to perform well in super-intensive production systems, and the evaluation will determine how well suited they are for production under these two conditions.
	www.kauaiworld.com /articles/2003/08/31/business/bus03.txt (703 words)

	Brave New Shrimp - Message
		The shrimp spend their juvenile through adult lives in a controlled environment, in water with salinity about 1/35th that of the ocean.
		Once the shrimp are captured in the net, they go into a bath of icy water, and the shock of immersion kills them.
		The food, which is grain based, must sink to the bottom because shrimp, unlike catfish, normally feed at the bottom of the pond rather that at the top.
	www.bravenewshrimp.com /press.htm (2073 words)

	Growfish - Gippsland Aquaculture Industry Network (GAIN)
		The collaboration between OI, a not-for-profit research facility located on O‘ahu, and Ceatech, a commercial shrimp farm located on Kaua‘i, will evaluate the performance of these shrimp under commercial conditions for the future benefit of shrimp farmers in Hawai‘i and across the United States.
		The Institute developed the technology for producing SPF shrimp and created the first major population of disease-free shrimp in the world.
		Research on marine shrimp at The Oceanic Institute is funded in large part by the U.S. Department of Agriculture through the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, whose goal is to expand the nation's shrimp farming industry, reduce the $3.2 billion trade deficit from imported shrimp, and reduce U.S. dependency on foreign products.
	www.growfish.com.au /content.asp?contentid=567 (592 words)

	Abstracts: Shrimp Program
		Tolerance and Heritability of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to High Concentrations of Ammonia, Brad J. Argue*, Paulo R. Zogbi, Anthony D. Montgomery, Clete A. Otoshi, Keith T. Nagamine, Fernanda R.O. Calderon, and Shaun M. Moss.
		Shrimp Research Activities at the Oceanic Institute, Shaun M. Moss*, Brad J. Argue, Clete A. Otoshi, Fernanda R.O. Calderon, and Oscar L. Hennig.
		Shrimp Pond Water Improves the Performance of a Lower Protein Feed During Nursery Production of the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.
	www.oceanicinstitute.org /_oldsite/research/abstracts_shrimp.html (468 words)

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