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Topic: Pack ice

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	Sea ice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs, which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean.
		Pack ice is formed from seawater in the Earth's polar regions, and coverage increases during winter.
		On first year ice, which has a smooth upper surface at the end of winter (except where ridged), the pools are initially very shallow, forming in minor depressions in the ice surface, or simply being retained within surviving snow pack as a layer of slush.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sea_ice (2063 words)

	Antarctic Biome
		Because 90% of sea ice was the inaccessible winter pack ice, scientists spent the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s exploring the winter pack ice's physical and seasonal edges-the fast ice that grows along the Antarctic continent around McMurdo Station and the edge of the pack ice in the ocean in the spring and summer.
		With all the open water around the Antarctic continent, the ice moves north and rarely survives the austral summer, In a few places, such as the southwestern Weddell Sea, 80-90% of the ice survives for at least two years, because it is caught in a gyre formed in the curve of the peninsula.
		Algae growing on the bottom of ice was one thing, but the large concentrations of organisms living in the middle of a column of ice seemed improbable, especially because the scientists thought it was impossible for organisms to multiply quickly enough during the formation of an ice floe to produce the high concentrations found.
	www.riverdell.k12.nj.us /staff/molnar/readantarctic.htm (3448 words)

	IERD - Current Research
		The Arctic ice pack is composed of parcels of first-year and multiyear ice divided by leads and pressure ridges.
		The RGPS velocity grids are implemented by superimposing the velocity grids on a background of the Arctic Basin, placing the 100x100 km model ice pack configuration within the velocity grid, and interpolating the grid velocities to the location of the boundary elements surrounding the model ice pack.
		Once the model pack is configured it is used to simulate the motions of the ice pack within the confines of the model for the time interval covered by the RGPS velocity data, typically 2-3 days.
	www.crrel.usace.army.mil /ierd/hop1/seaice.html (1075 words)

	The Weather Factory - Ice and Icebergs
		But despite the seemingly mundane whiteness of it, on the open ocean there is a floating landscape of pack ice and mountainous icebergs as diverse as any landscape on the planet.
		Unlike the calm surface of a lake, where ice forms in a gradually thickening sheet, the ocean surface is frequently stirred by waves.
		As they are stirred through the sea surface, the crystals give the water a greasy appearance, hence the name "grease ice." Another form that sea ice takes as it grows is shuga, composed of small chunks of ice that undulate on the surface of the water in a sheet.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/savageseas/weather-side-ice.html (720 words)

	Environment News Service (ENS)
		The 3D images of pack ice near the Martian equator were taken by the high resolution stereo camera on board the Mars Express probe.
		The pack ice, which formed on the surface of the sea, drew the attention of Mars Express team.
		Ice is unstable at the surface of Mars because of the low atmospheric pressure, and changes straight from ice to vapor without passing through the liquid state - moving off into the atmosphere.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/feb2005/2005-02-28-04.asp (866 words)

	Minds in Ablation Part Two: Stability of the Arctic Ice Pack: Theory
		If the ice cover were permanently removed, the surface of the Arctic Ocean would be greatly warmed by the heat of the sun, and much of this heat would be transferred to the air above it.
		Ginenthal argues that such warming would melt away the Greenland ice sheet in a comparatively short time, and he goes on to cite various botanical and faunal evidence at great length, some of it from Greenland, intended to emphasize how warm the hypsithermal was.
		Because the model predicts ice thicknesses under present temperatures as little as half what is observed, Semtner felt that the results of this perturbation experiment should be interpreted as "more representative of, say, a 4° C change..."
	www.pibburns.com /smmia2.htm (3063 words)

	SPACE.com -- Ice Packs and Methane on Mars Suggest Present Life Possible (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The newfound pack ice, just five degrees from the equator, might have collected millions of years ago when volcanic tempests and water floods brought it down from nearby areas in the Elysium region of the planet, researchers say.
		Both polar regions of the red planet are capped by large areas of water ice.
		NASA's Mars Odyssey probe found strong evidence for ice embedded in the soil away from polar regions, but scientists are awaiting confirmation of the extent of that ice.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/050222_mars_ice.html (1109 words)

	'Pack Ice' Suggests Frozen Sea On Mars
		A frozen sea, surviving as blocks of pack ice, may lie just beneath the surface of Mars, suggest observations from Europe's Mars Express spacecraft.
		The ice was later covered with volcanic ash, preventing it from sublimating away into the thin atmosphere.
		All of the ice not protected by ash sublimated away, leaving the pack ice plates behind.
	www.rense.com /general63/froe.htm (783 words)

	Ice pack - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For sea ice, such as Arctic ice packs, see Pack ice.
		An ice pack (also called a ice/hot reusable gel pack) is a plastic sac of refrigerant gel or liquid.
		Water (as ice) also has this property, but it expands too much when frozen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ice_pack (119 words)

	[No title]
		Key goals of the Palmer LTER sea ice cruise were to study: (1) processes associated with sea ice formation, (2) linkages between the various stages of sea ice growth and the associated biological, chemical, optical and physical characteristics, and (3) winter abundance and distribution of Adelie penguins in association with sea ice habitat.
		By the end of our second day on this station, a long-period swell was visible in the pack ice, and by the third day at this station the swell had increased such that the 100-500m floes had been broken up into 10-50m floes.
		Ice Station #3 was occupied for 3 days in open pack ice that consisted of gray and gray-white sea-ice with mean thickness of 22cm and floe sizes of 20-100m.
	www.icess.ucsb.edu /lterdatainfo/99jun/text (992 words)

	WET-ICE - First Aid Ice Pack For Sports Injuries
		Studies show that compression is responsible for at least 20 percent of the cooling effect of an ice pack.
		When ice is placed in a plastic bag, the ice sits in an accumulating pool of melt water, causing it to thaw faster.
		Ice in plastic bags has a static interface which reduces it's ability to absorb heat energy because it allows the melt water to build up in the bag.
	www.tksportstraining.com /wetice.htm (2336 words)

	Using Dry Ice To Preserve Your Food.
		Even though oxygen absorbers are easier, I prefer using dry ice to store my foods because it is so much cheaper and as a fumigant it actively kills bugs as well.
		Ice is just a tiny bit whiter than the light blue dry ice.
		You could put the dry ice on the top of the food when powders are being stored, but this would do nothing to get the oxygen out that is mixed in with the powder.
	waltonfeed.com /self/upack/dryice.html (1886 words)

	SVS Science Story: Polar Ice
		One of the features made most clear by their efforts is how the northern ice pack is a dynamic and complex environment, showing seasons much like the rest of the world.
		In spring and summer, the northern ice pack shrinks and in autumn and winter, it grows.
		Were the ice caps to appreciably recede, sunlight that otherwise would have been reflected back into space would get absorbed by the darker, denser mass of ocean and land beneath.
	svs.gsfc.nasa.gov /stories/arctic (996 words)

	Pack ice melting earlier, imperiling polar bear, panel says / Population expected to drop 30 percent in 35 to 50 years (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Seattle -- As the pack ice that is the bedrock of their existence melts because of global warming, polar bears are facing unprecedented environmental stress that will cause their numbers to plummet, according to a report by a panel of the world's leading experts on the species.
		Ice is melting there about three weeks earlier than it did 30 years ago, said Stirling, who has been studying polar bears for 35 years.
		In Alaska, the ice situation appears to be equally grim for polar bears, Schliebe said.
	sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/07/08/MNG95DKPD61.DTL (686 words)

	ESA Portal - ESA keeps vigil on the Antarctic ice pack
		Ice is a good insulator, so it blocks the relatively warm ocean and cool atmosphere exchanging heat.
		Also when seawater first begins to freeze, relatively pure ice is formed as the salt content of the surrounding seawater is increased — this causes the upper layers of seawater to increase in density and sink, a mechanism which drives ocean circulation.
		Although ESA continues to keep a close watch on the ice through ERS-2 and recently launched Envisat satellite radar instruments, the Agency’s ability to chart sea-ice should be increased further by Cryosat an Earth Explorer Opportunity mission set to fly in April 2004, and the ASCAT instrument aboard MetOp in 2005.
	www.esa.int /export/esaCP/ESA6CV66K3D_index_0.html (825 words)

	ESA - Living Planet Programme - CryoSat - ESA's ice mission CryoSat
		Fundamentally, there are two types of polar ice — the ice that floats in the oceans and the ice that lies on land.
		Sea ice is relatively thin — up to a few metres thick, but, it influences regional temperature and the circulation of ocean currents, and consequently the Earth's climate.
		It is the growth and shrinkage of these ice masses that have a direct influence on sea level.
	www.esa.int /esaLP/ESAOMH1VMOC_LPcryosat_0.html (453 words)

	Virtual Antarctica Science: Snow and Ice
		The balance between accumulation through falling snow and the loss of ice by ablation (where the ice goes directly to water vapor), melting and calving icebergs, is of great interest to glaciologists.
		Sometimes the sea ice builds up over successive seasons; when this occurs, the salt is gradually leached from the ice into the surrounding ocean to the point where the water from melted sea-ice is quite drinkable.
		The Ross Iceshelf, a vast table of floating ice as large as France, is gradually being pushed away from the Antarctic landmass.
	www.doc.ic.ac.uk /~kpt/terraquest/va/science/snow/snow.html (1683 words)

	Diversity and Structure of Bacterial Communities in Arctic versus Antarctic Pack Ice -- Brinkmeyer et al. 69 (11): 6610 ...
		arctic pack ice community was suggested by the presence of limnic phylotypes.
		pack ice north of Svalbard and the Fram Strait.
		Bacteria in sea ice and underlying water of the eastern Weddell Sea in midwinter.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/11/6610 (4712 words)

	NOVA Online \| Shackleton's Antarctic Odyssey \| The Weddell Sea (November 15, 1999)
		With no pack in sight, it was clear that we must follow Shackleton into the Weddell Sea.
		It was an exceptionally good year for his journey, an anomaly in the history of ice conditions in waters normally choked with pack as far north as Elephant Island.
		The Shuleykin sailed north in the twilight at 1:00 a.m., retreating from the pack.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/shackletonexped/dispatches/19991115.html (1269 words)

	Sea ice
		The rate at which ice thickens depends on two factors, the difference of air temperature below that freezing point (DT), and the duration of such conditions (Dt), i.e.
		The salt migrates out of the ice when it melts, so that the surface ice becomes potable.
		Therefore sea ice may have a significant effect on global climate, and both the extent and the thickness of sea ice need to be carefully monitored.
	www.das.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap11/sea_ice_basic.html (225 words)

	Polar Meltdown
		Late 1999 was a watershed for Arctic science as a series of important new papers published in the first week of December confirmed that dramatic changes are occurring in the Arctic ice pack.
		A large group of leading sea ice scientists from NASA, NOAA and the UK Meteorological Office ran computer models with and without greenhouse gas emissions, and concluded that the odds that the changes observed in the Arctic ice pack over the past forty years are due to natural variation are less than 0.1 percent.
		The most obvious is the direct increase in global temperature, which made the 1990s the hottest decade in the past 1000 years in the northern hemisphere, and possibly for the Earth as a whole.
	archive.greenpeace.org /climate/arctic99/html/content/factsheets/polarmeltdownfin.html (1296 words)

	The Seattle Times: Local News: Pack ice confounds adventurers
		ANCHORAGE — A helicopter airlifted two adventurers from drifting sea ice in the Bering Strait, ending their attempt to be the first to cross the strait to Siberia and back.
		For eight days, Dansercoer and Henkels were skiing across moving ice floes, trying to travel west, but a southern current sent their ice deeper into the open Bering Sea.
		Slushy ice and gaps of open water routinely confronted them as they drifted uncontrollably off course, each hauling 265 pounds on their sleds.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/localnews/2002235097_bering08m.html (576 words)

	Ice pack or cold pack
		Use the ice pack for up to 15 minutes at a time.
		Ice bags or bags of frozen peas are inexpensive, last 10 to 20 minutes, and mold well to your body.
		Cold packs (vinyl-coated silica gel) are lightweight, mold to your body, and last for 20 to 30 minutes.
	www.webmd.com /hw/health_guide_atoz/tr2864.asp (171 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Mars pictures reveal frozen sea
		The dust fell through the water and on top of the pack ice, which explains why the pack ice is a different hue to the area around it."
		The water that formed the sea in the southern Elysium, five degree north of the equator, appears to have originated beneath the surface of Mars, erupting from a series of fractures known as the Cerberus Fossae.
		This underground ice is thought to be the major reservoir for water on Mars today.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/4285119.stm (812 words)

	MacGyver Tip: Dishwashing liquid ice pack - Lifehacker
		An ice pack was recommended but one of our friends gave us a great tip.
		Or you can purchase flexible gel cold packs that perform the exact same function, are reusable for many many years, have no chance of leaking unless abused, and cost damn near the same as the wasted dishwashing liquid + freezer ziploc.
		When my mother had her knee surgery, she was told to use the rubbing alcohol ice pack as opposed to the one you mentioned on Amazon.
	www.lifehacker.com /software/macgyver/macgyver-tip-dishwashing-liquid-ice-pack-151727.php (491 words)

	Rubbermaid Blue Ice Mini Freezer Pack Review at Epinions.com
		They are the perfect size for the boys coolers and lunch packs when they go on field trips and are light enough that they don’t dread having to carry them around with them.
		Some of the packs may ‘sweat’ a little but other than that, it is a pretty clean and dry event.
		Make sure you allow the freezer packs to thaw completely before you pack them away for the winter [if you do pack them away] so that you can make sure they are clean, free of sweat and don’t have a funky smell to them.
	www.epinions.com /content_100223782532 (1210 words)

	Pure Pack Ice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Our ice can be purchased at over 800 retail locations in the area.
		Pure Pack recently opened a remote location in Jasper, Alabama to better serve customers in the northwestern Alabama region.
		Pure Pack is a member of the Southern Ice Exchange to assure the standards of high quality.
	www.purepackice.com (129 words)

	eBay - ice fishing pack, Fishing, Hunting items on eBay.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Ice Fishing lures Mitzi Ditzis 4 packs Asst NIP
		Ice Fishing lures Pearl Mitzi Ditzis 4 packs Asst NIP
		Ice Fishing lures Assorted Mitzis Wigglers 6 packs NIP
	search-desc.ebay.com /search/search.dll?query=ice+fishing+pack&... (501 words)

	Relating arctic pack ice stress and deformation under winter conditions
		Together, thermodynamic and dynamic processes determine the thickness distribution of the ice cover on polar oceans, which governs the exchange of energy between the atmosphere and the ocean.
		The objective is to make a first step toward using these data sources for evaluating sea ice dynamics models by assessing whether the stress signal can be qualitatively linked to the regional-scale (10–100 km) deformation activity.
		Four case studies are presented, each with distinguishing characteristics: consolidation of the seasonal ice zone against the Alaskan coast (5–7 December 1997); advancement of the consolidation zone into the perennial ice pack (11–13 December); extreme divergence (14–17 January); and consolidation of the pack against Wrangel Island and the Siberian coast (20–23 February).
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002/2000JC000477.shtml (250 words)

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