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Topic: Packet switching

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Switching center

Cell relay

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Paul Baran

Computer network

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Public switched telephone network

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	Packet switching - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Packet switching is used to optimize the use of the bandwidth available in a network, to minimize the transmission latency (i.e.
		Packets are routed to their destination as determined by a routing algorithm.
		Packet switching influenced the development of the Actor model of concurrent computation in which messages sent to the same address may be delivered in an order different from the order in which they were sent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Packet_switching (1116 words)

	Packet switching: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Paul baran (born 1926) was one of the developers of packet switched networks with donald davies....
		Packet switching is used to optimize the use of the bandwidth available in a network and to minimise the latency.
		In telecommunications, message switching was the precursor of packet switching, where messages were routed in their entirety, one hop at a time....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/packet_switching.htm (1487 words)

	The Evolution of Packet Switching
		Packet witching has been so successful, not only in improving the economics of data communications but in enhanang reliability and functional flexibility as well, that in 1978 virtually all mew data networks being built throughout the world are based on packet switching.
		Packet switching technology was not really an invention, but a reapplication of the basic dynamic-allocation techniques used for over a century by the mail, telegraph, and torn paper tape switching systems.
		A packet switched network only allocates bandwidth when a block of data is ready to be sent, and only enough for that one block to travel over one network link at a time.
	www.packet.cc /files/ev-packet-sw.html (6281 words)

	Packet Switching History
		The packet switching concept was first discovered by Paul Baran in the early 1960's, and then independently a few years later by Donald Davies.
		Baran developed the concept of packet switching while a young electrical engineer at RAND when he was asked to perform an investigation into survivable communications networks for the US Air Force, building on one of the first wide area computer networks developed for the SAGE radar defence system.
		Interestingly, the development of packet switching came only a few decades after the development of quantum mechanics in physics, which began when Albert Einstein showed that waves of light could also be described as streams of individual photons.
	www.livinginternet.com /i/iw_packet_inv.htm (849 words)

	Packet Switching
		Packet switching refers to protocols in which messages are broken up into small packets before they are sent.
		Packet switching's main difference from Circuit Switching is that that the communication lines are not dedicated to passing messages from the source to the destination.
		In Packet Switching, different messages (and even different packets) can pass through different routes, and when there is a "dead time" in the communication between the source and the destination, the lines can be used by other routers.
	www2.rad.com /networks/1998/packet/ps.htm (651 words)

	Voip - Voice Over IP - Packet Switching
		Packet switching will open a connection between two systems just long enough to send small pieces of data, as opposed to keeping the connection open for an extended period.
		The packet is passed on to a series of increasingly closer routers to the computer that will eventually receive it.
		Packet switching is complete efficient in allowing networks to route data packets through the least expensive and the least crowded lines.
	www.voip.mn /packet-switching.html (323 words)

	Packet Switching
		Packet switching might be more economical than using private lines if the amount of traffic between terminals does not warrant a dedicated circuit.
		Packet switching might be more economical than dialed data when the data communication sessions are shorter than a telephone call minimum chargeable time unit.
		Data packets move from one DSE to another in a manner that allows packets from many sources and to many destinations to pass through the same internode path in consecutive time sequence.
	www.samhassan.com /PacketSwitching.htm (1765 words)

	packet switching - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about packet switching
		Packet switched networks do not provide a dedicated connection between two locations, as with a circuit switched network.
		Packet switched networks make more effective use of bandwidth than circuit switched networks, and are more resilient to breaks in network links because there are always multiple routes from source to destination.
		The resilience of packet switched networks was important to the US Department of Defense, who funded early packet switching research.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /packet+switching (225 words)

	Broadband Packet Switching Technologies - Computer Books Online
		As soon as a packet arrives at an IP router, the router decides to which output link the packet is to be routed, based on its IP address in the packet overhead, and transmits it to the output link.
		Because of contention by multiple packets destined for the same output port, packets are scheduled to be delivered to the output port in a fair manner or according to their priority levels.
		For the former case, each variable-length packet is segmented into cells at the input ports of the switch fabric and reassembled to that packet at the output ports.
	www.computerbooksonline.com /chapters/broadbdchap.htm (4347 words)

	Packet Switching (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The fundamental difference in packet communication is that the data is formed into packets with a pre-defined header format (i.e.
		The implication is that packets belonging to other messages may be sent between the packets of the message being sent from A to D. This provides a much fairer sharing of the resources of each of the links.
		At the time packet 1 is sent from B to C, packet 2 is sent from A to B; packet 1 is sent from C to D while packet 2 is sent from B to C, and packet 3 is sent from A to B, and so forth.
	www.erg.abdn.ac.uk /users/gorry/course/intro-pages/ps.html (407 words)

	Howstuffworks "What is a packet?"
		Each packet is then sent off to its destination by the best available route -- a route that might be taken by all the other packets in the message or by none of the other packets in the message.
		The header of each packet is 96 bits long and the trailer is 32 bits long, leaving 896 bits for the payload.
		Each packet's header will contain the proper protocols, the originating address (the IP address of your computer), the destination address (the IP address of the computer where you are sending the e-mail) and the packet number (1, 2, 3 or 4 since there are 4 packets).
	computer.howstuffworks.com /question525.htm (728 words)

	Packet Switching
		Another advantage of packet switching is the ability to route data units over any route, rather than a fixed route.
		Packet switching is favored over circuit switching for many different reasons.
		It is more reliable than circuit switching because if a particular circuit in the network should fail, the routers in the network simploy route data units over different circuits, taking a different route altogether.
	www.tekelec.com /ss7/protocols/switching2.asp (387 words)

	Packets and Packet-Switching Networks (Linktionary term)
		In this context, a packet is either a full datagram or a fragment of a datagram (a datagram that has been split into multiple smaller pieces to comply with size restrictions on some networks).
		Think of a packet as an envelope in which the destination address is written on the outside of the envelope and data goes inside.
		Packets are broken up into frames for delivery across a network; but, when the frames reach the next router, the packet information is examined by the router and a decision is made about how to forward the packet across the next link.
	www.linktionary.com /p/packet-switching.html (1522 words)

	Privateline.com: Packet and circuit switching
		Two words: packet switching, a fundamental, elemental change between how wireless was delivered in the past and how it will be presented in the future.
		Packet Video is promising video clips at 60Kbs over conventional circuit switched cellular radio channels, indeed, they say they are platform independent, that is, their technology will work over whatever radio technology a carrier is using.
		Replacing circuit switched switches with packet switches accross the country would be a monumental task, requiring billions of dollars over years and years.
	www.privateline.com /Switching/packet.html (2658 words)

	Networks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The routes that the packets pass, are not chosen according to an algorithm which finds the shortest path between the source and the destination, but each node chooses randomly to which one of its connected nodes to pass the packet.
		Due to the nature of the net, the packets are ensured to reach the destination.
		These messages are broken into packets which are numbered serially and colored in the same color as their source node.
	www2.rad.com /networks/1998/packet/sim.htm (375 words)

	Packet Switching (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Each packet includes source and destination address information so that individual packets can be routed through the internetwork independently.
		So far, packet switching looks considerably like message switching, but the distinguishing characteristic is that packets are restricted to a size that enables the switching devices to manage the packet data entirely in memory.
		Packet switching, therefore, routes packets through the network much more rapidly and efficiently than is possible with message switching.
	www.measureup.com /testobjects/MS_NetEss/5a65c07.htm (127 words)

	Network and System Concepts for Optical Packet Switching
		Photonic packet node interfacing functions must avoid any interference with the content and bit rate/coding of the payload in order to keep the transparency, which is a key issue of the optical packet concept.
		The only modifications to be made concern optical buffers, where the length of the delay lines must be adapted to the switched packet duration, and the control of the matrix, which depends directly on the header format and packet duration.
		Then each packet payload is transferred to a new wavelength consistent with the delay line to which the packet has been assigned by the central control.
	www.comsoc.org /ci/private/1997/apr/Renaud.html (5339 words)

	packet switching - Webopedia.com
		Refers to protocols in which messages are divided into packets before they are sent.
		Once all the packets forming a message arrive at the destination, they are recompiled into the original message.
		Packet switching is more efficient and robust for data that can withstand some delays in transmission, such as e-mail messages and Web pages.
	itmanagement.webopedia.com /TERM/P/packet_switching.html (206 words)

	CNN - 1965: The promise of packet switching - July 6, 1999
		Packet switching breaks big chunks of data into smaller units, called packets.
		The packets are transmitted individually using the fastest route available on the network.
		Packet switching is also cheaper because you can build networks out of less reliable parts because the overall system is far more reliable than any of its pieces, Baran says.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/computing/9907/06/1965.idg (1004 words)

	Packet Switching
		A packet is a block of user data, together with a protocol header which includes address and administration information, to be delivered to the correct destination by the switches or routers in the network.
		The main difference in Packet Switching from Circuit Switching is that the communication lines are not dedicated to passing messages from the source to the destination.
		Packet Switching is more efficient and robust for data that is bursty in its nature and can withstand delays and jitter in transmission, such as e-mail messages and Web pages.
	www.networkdictionary.com /networking/ps.php (512 words)

	LEARN THE NET: Glossary: Packet/Packet Switching
		A packet is a chunk of information sent over a network.
		Each packet contains the address of origin, the address of its destination, and information about how to reunite with other related packets.
		This process allows packets from many different locations to co-mingle on the same lines and be sorted and directed to different routes by special machines along the way.
	www.learnthenet.com /english/glossary/packet.htm (77 words)

	Lawrence Roberts Home Page
		It shows that packet switching would work, whereas until the ARPANET was built in 1969, most communications experts claimed that packet switching would never work.
		It was at this meeting that Wes Clark suggested the use of mini-computers for network packet switches instead of using the main frame computers themselves for switching.
		Telenet proved that packet switching was far more economic than the telephone network for data.
	www.packet.cc /internet.html (1738 words)

	How is packet-switching technology different from circuit-switching? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The term ``packets'' refers to the fact that the data stream from your computer is broken up into packets of about 200 bytes (on average), which are then sent out onto the network.
		That is, the packets from many different sources can share a line, allowing for very efficient use of the fixed capacity.
		With current technology, packets are generally accepted onto the network on a first-come, first-served basis.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jmm/papers/FAQs/node19.html (130 words)

	Virtual circuit packet switching with IP
		When a packet arrives at the first MPLS router, also called ingress Label Edge Router (ingress LER) of the MPLS domain, the source and destination IP addresses of the packet are analyzed and the packet is classified in a Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC).
		All packets from different sources but entering the MPLS domain through the same LER, and bound to the same egress LER, can be assigned to the same FEC and therefore the same virtual circuit.
		Two packets that enter the MPLS domain through the same LER and going to the same destination can use different sets of links so as to achieve load balancing, that is, put the same amount of traffic on all links hereby distributing the load of traffic on each link.
	www.cs.virginia.edu /~mngroup/projects/mpls/documents/thesis/node9.html (1779 words)

	Course Technology--InfoWeb: Packet Switching
		Packet switching is a technique that divides a message into smaller units, sends those packets to their destination by the best route available, and reassembles the packets at the receiving end.
		users/gorry/eg3561/intro-pages/ps.html includes diagrams that make the packet switching process easy to understand, along with a discussion of the details.
		If you find it easier to understand and retain information that you listen to, as opposed to read, Circuit Switching versus Packet Switching at www.seas.upenn.edu/~tcom500/over2/cs_vs_ps.html includes an audio file of a 15-minute lecture.
	www.cciw.com /content/packet.html (314 words)

	Define packet-switched - a definition from Whatis.com - see also: packet-switching, packet switching
		Packet-switched describes the type of network in which relatively small units of data called packets are routed through a network based on the destination address contained within each packet.
		Breaking communication down into packets allows the same data path to be shared among many users in the network.
		Contrasted with packet-switched is circuit-switched, a type of network such as the regular voice telephone network in which the communication circuit (path) for the call is set up and dedicated to the participants in that call.
	searchnetworking.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci212737,00.html (351 words)

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