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Topic: Packet switched network

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	Method of regulating backpressure traffic in a packet switched network - Patent 5475682
		Packets destined for the succeeding switching element are queued in the local buffer memory of the at least one other switching element.
		The longest output queue 415 is primarily responsible for switching element 410 being congested.
		Packets received by the congested element are dropped by the element and subsequently lost.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5475682.html (3835 words)

	Packet switching - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Packet switching is used to optimize the use of the bandwidth available in a network, to minimize the transmission latency (i.e.
		Packet switching influenced the development of the Actor model of concurrent computation in which messages sent to the same address may be delivered in an order different from the order in which they were sent.
		Packet switching is also called connectionless networking, because it is the opposite of circuit switched or connection-oriented networking, although technologies such as MPLS are beginning to blur the boundaries between the two.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Packet_switching (1465 words)

	IP-based Networks: Basics
		The cable network, for instance, first designed for transmitting television to the consumer, can now also be utilized for sending e-mail, surfing the Web or even monitoring a network camera sending live pictures from another continent.
		Then, each packet is sent over the network with every intermediate node and router in the network determining where the packet goes next.
		The best way to ensure that network devices send and receive in compatible ways is to adhere to standardized protocols that define the rules and the manner in which the devices initiate and carry on communication.
	www.axis.com /documentation/whitepaper/ip_networks_basics.htm (2041 words)

	Packets and Packet-Switching Networks (Linktionary term)
		A packet is a unit of data that is transmitted across a packet-switched network.
		In this context, a packet is either a full datagram or a fragment of a datagram (a datagram that has been split into multiple smaller pieces to comply with size restrictions on some networks).
		Packets are broken up into frames for delivery across a network; but, when the frames reach the next router, the packet information is examined by the router and a decision is made about how to forward the packet across the next link.
	www.linktionary.com /p/packet-switching.html (1522 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Wireless telecommunications networks are an adjunct to the PSTN, and depend upon the circuit- switched network of the PSTN for communications with conventional wired telephony devices as well as with mobile devices.
		A speech codec is dynamically-selected as a function of the QoS transmission characteristic of the packet- switched network.
		A network operator can predefine the codec selection parameters, or rules ; those skilled in the art are familiar with rules-based processes for automating the configuration of a network or system, and the principles of the present invention are not limited to any specific selection parameters or rules.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/89163.011122&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3145 words)

	Network Core
		Proponents of packet switching also enjoy pointing out that establishing end-to-end circuits and reserving end-to-end bandwidth is complicated and requires complex signaling software to coordinate the operation of the switches along the end-to-end path.
		Packet loss is analogous to being told by the waiter that you must leave the premises because there are already too many other people waiting at the bar for a table.
		When a packet arrives at a packet switch in the network, the packet switch examines a portion of the packet's destination address and forwards the packet to an adjacent switch.
	www.tele.sunyit.edu /network_core.htm (5015 words)

	Method and apparatus to minimize congestion in a packet switched network - Patent 6970424
		Switching in communications is accomplished using one of two methods: circuit switching and packet switching.
		When the switch receives a packet, the switch checks the port lists and identifies the port that is connected to the Layer 2 address for the destination of the packet.
		Since packets from different data streams are all routed over the same transmission lines, a scheduling method by which to place the packets from the different streams onto the transmission lines is required.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6970424.html (7995 words)

	X.25 and X.121 address, packet switched network, Link Access Protocol Balanced
		X.25 is used in a Packet Switched Network and in 1964 was designed by Paul Baran of the RAND Corporation for use with the Public Data Network (PDN) and unreliable analog telephone services.
		During data transfer, the receiving device (which is the local switch) acknowledges the packet, not the ultimate destination, so that the sending device does not have to wait for the packet to travel the whole network before sending the next one.
		Remote switching is where incoming calls are sent to other switches via tunnelling through TCP and the remote switch routes the call on to the destination.
	www.rhyshaden.com /x25.htm (1212 words)

	Satisfying High Quality Requirements of Videoconferencing on a Packet-Switched Network
		We will refer to a network topology in which a set of Ethernet technology-based LANs is interconnected by a DQDB backbone, trying to exploit the bandwidth saving introduced by the use of best efforts techniques and to maintain the investment of a large community of users.
		The modeled switching devices support a subset of the functionalities described by the IEEE 802.1D standard [11]: the MAC frame filtering and forwarding, and the MAC frame discarding, by which it is possible to certify the switch delay.
		Since devices and network access delays depend in a non-linear manner on their utilization level, in order to fairly distribute loss and delays among devices and protocol entities, it is mandatory to maintain each device utilization level under its critical threshold.
	www.isoc.org /inet97/proceedings/F3/F3_2.HTM (5132 words)

	Privateline.com: Packet and circuit switching
		These networks rely on telephone lines, of course, but the circuits are so arranged that they retain a permanent connection with their customers.
		Packet Video is promising video clips at 60Kbs over conventional circuit switched cellular radio channels, indeed, they say they are platform independent, that is, their technology will work over whatever radio technology a carrier is using.
		Replacing circuit switched switches with packet switches accross the country would be a monumental task, requiring billions of dollars over years and years.
	www.privateline.com /Switching/packet.html (2416 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The "network" can be compared to a railroad track network with switch yards referred to as "nodes." Prior to 1970 the only way to get a freight train from, say, Los Angeles to Boston was to reserve the entire distance of track for this single train.
		His concept of a packet switching network was radically different from military data networking of the time which usually involved teletype machines used on a private telephone switched network not unlike the telephone company.
		This new idea of a packet switched network would be highly decentralized and would continue to function even when one or several "nodes" were suddenly rendered inoperable.
	www.csun.edu /~hceng028/English/Fa97/sullivan1a.html (1366 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In this context, this core network architecture has come to be known as “All-IP” core network because the data as well as voice services will be provided over a packet switched core network using the IP protocol.
		Network Architecture The network architecture can be divided in two parts to better understand the call flow: Call Origination Call Termination Call Origination: The user (mobile station) that initiates a call is on the call origination part.
		Network: The Network class implements the abstraction of Proxy CSCF and the Serving CSCF.
	www.ece.uic.edu /~skayath/mainreport15.doc (8160 words)

	Vertically-Integrated Primitives for a Bufferless All-Optical Packet-Switched Network \| CITRIS
		It is well accepted that in the long-term future, high-speed, highly efficient optical networks must migrate from being circuit switched to ultimately packet switched.
		One of the key functions for any efficient packet-based network is the ability to avoid contention and blocking by using local buffers at the switching nodes.
		We will demonstrate a new repetition/statistical algorithm code at the packet level in which packets are replicated at the transmitter array and sent along different network paths that will minimize the packet latency.
	www.citris-uc.org /research/projects/vertically_integrated_primitives_for_a_bufferless_all_optical_packet_switched_network (345 words)

	Method and system of providing multi-user access to a packet switched network - US Patent 6891825 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Separate from the issue of transport technology, communication protocols enable network elements to communicate, and thus, are a major consideration in the design of a networking infrastructure.
		Although the present invention is discussed with respect to an ATM data network and DSL access technology, it should be appreciated that one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that the present invention has applicability to other data networks (e.g., frame-based networks) and access technologies (e.g., cable modems and radio networks).
		The signals through the various networks and the signals on network link 521 and through communication interface 519, which carry the digital data to and from computer system 501, are exemplary forms of carrier waves transporting the information.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6891825.html (6259 words)

	Packet-Switched Networks
		Instead of using a dedicated, direct connection between the source and the destination to move information, like a telephone call uses, a packet switched network moves chunks of information (packets) from one point in the network to another, allowing the communications channel to be shared among a number of users.
		Since packets from different modems will all be sent on the same radio channel, and each modem only uses the channel for short intervals, RAM Mobile believes that this interleaving of packets "discourages the isolation of messages within RAM's network" and makes the eavesdropper's task more difficult.
		Packets average 500 bytes in size, and are transmitted to and from one watt transceivers mounted on nearby lightpoles.
	www.decodesystems.com /mt/97aug (1567 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		The Lambda network is a single stage, packet-switched interprocessor communication network for a distributed memory, parallel processor computer.
		Its design arises from the desired network characteristics of minimizing mean and maximum packet transfer time, local routing, expandability, deadlock avoidance, and fault tolerance.
		The network is based on fixed degree nodes and has O(log{sub 2n}) mean and maximum packet transfer distances where n is the number of processors.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=10187400 (169 words)

	NC Exchange - Articles X.25 Packet Switching Network
		The packet switching network was the common name given to the international collection of X.25 providers, typically the various national telephone companies.
		Their combined network had large global coverage during the 1980s and into the '90s, and it is still in use mainly in transaction systems.
		X.25 was developed in the ITU Study Group VII based upon a number of emerging data network projects, such as the research project at the UK's National Physical Laboratory under the direction of Donald Davies who developed the concepts of packet switched networks.
	www.ncexchange.org /88__X25_Packet_Switching_Network.html (814 words)

	Distinct Network Monitor version 5
		Network bandwidth trending based on the statistical samples gathered is now also possible.
		For any specific connection it is able to pinpoint any packet errors it sees by marking these with a fl X. Some packets are marked with a white X; these do not necessarily denote an error but are a warning of packet retransmission and other non-fatal network errors.
		Distinct Network Monitor can capture the traffic that is on the subnet or on the switch segment in case of a switched network as long as the network interface card (NIC) installed in the computer that is running the monitor is able to run in promiscuous mode.
	v5.network-monitor.com (838 words)

	O'Reilly Network -- Subspace Networks: Hiding Circuit Switched Networks in a Packet Switched Network
		In this article, I describe a straightforward trick that can be used to embed circuit switched networking within packet switched LAN hardware, and do so in such a way that applications can be unaware that this is going on behind the scenes.
		TCP/IP networks were never designed to operate as circuit switched networks, which is the main reason why it has been difficult to implement QoS.
		I am coining the phrase "subspace networking" to describe this, because the router will drop down to establish a lower level connection to an end point, or intermediate router, and in effect bypass standard Internet routing for most or all of the route.
	www.oreillynet.com /pub/a/etel/2006/11/14/subspace-networks.html (1487 words)

	What is packet switching? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Refers to protocols in which messages are divided into packets before they are sent.
		Once all the packets forming a message arrive at the destination, they are recompiled into the original message.
		Packet switching is more efficient and robust for data that can withstand some delays in transmission, such as e-mail messages and Web pages.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/P/packet_switching.html (385 words)

	Widely Used Packet Switched Data Network Protocols (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The most widely used network access protocol which has been defined to interface a DTE to a packet switched data network is X.25 (however X.25 can be used on private networks as well, it isn't limited to PDNs).
		In fact, X.25 is a set of three protocols used to define the connection between the DTE and the data network.
		The network layer is concerned with the reliable transfer of the transport layer messages and with the multiplexing of one or more virtual circuits to a single physical link.
	www2.rad.com /networks/1994/packet/packet02.html (199 words)

	packet-switched network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A network that consists of a series of interconnected circuits that route individual packets of data over one of several routes, offering flexibility and high reliability.
		A packet-switched network may also be called connectionless because it contains many different possible connections and routes that a packet might take to reach its destination.
		The term often refers to networks using the international standard X.25.
	www.coffeycountyks.org /Terms/2461HTML-2157.html (63 words)

	Document Action: 'Structure-aware TDM Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network (CESoPSN)' to ...
		A URL of this Internet-Draft is: http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-pwe3-cesopsn-07.txt Technical Summary This draft extends the work described in RFC4553 by describing one method of encapsulating structured (NxDS0) Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) signals as pseudo-wires over packet-switching networks (PSN).
		It also enhances resilience of CE devices to effects of loss of packets in the PSN.
		The structured method described in this draft uses a structure locking mechanism in which there is a constant relationship between a particular DS0 circuit and the position in which the corresponding information is carried in the PW payload.
	www.ietf.nl /mail-archive/web/ietf-announce/current/msg03119.html (514 words)

	Internet and Related - Open Site
		Historically, internets began with Paul Baran's study, which proposed the idea of a packet switched network.
		These networks evolved and expanded from United States to throughout the world, and these inter-connected networks all using the same TCP/IP protocol are considered to be what the Internet is.
		The Internet is essentially an infrastructure that allow computers to link together through a sets of computer networks.
	www.open-encyclopedia.info /index.php/Computers/Internet (439 words)

	Techdirt:Sprint Starts Conversion To Packet-Switched Network
		Sprint today became the first of the big-name US carriers to begin converting their circuit-switched networks to packet-switched networks.
		Of course, this is going to take some time - and they don't expect to complete the conversion for another 12 to 15 years.
		The question that remains to be seen, though, is how much control they're going to look to exert over the system - and how much they'll allow other people to hook into their network.
	www.techdirt.com /articles/20030527/106247_F.shtml (163 words)

	Business Wire: $55 Million Growth Investment Launches Packet-s... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Raviant Networks, a premier architect of packet-switched, carrier-grade network solutions, today launches a new corporate identity and announces it has attracted $55 million in growth capital.
		"The integration of voice and data networks is essential to meeting the growing bandwidth demands of telephone companies, large enterprises, and small to medium-sized businesses," said William Sprague, managing director of Crest Communications Holdings LLC.
		Raviant Networks builds packet-switched, carrier-grade network solutions for telecommunications carriers, network element providers, and Fortune 500 companies seeking to increase revenues and market value in the new economy.
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:64774001&... (683 words)

	End-to-End Scheduling in Real-Time Packet-Switched Networks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This paper presents the budgeted-weighted-round-robin (BWRR) algorithm for scheduling the transmission of hard-real-time messages in a packet-switched network.
		In addition, with the BWRR algorithm, the necessary buffer space at each switch is predictable and can be fixed at system configuration time.
		The per switch delay and required buffer space provided by the BWRR algorithm are significantly less than those provided by previous methods.
	csdl2.computer.org /persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/proceedings/&toc=comp/proceedings/icnp/1996/7453/00/7453toc.xml&DOI=10.1109/ICNP.1996.564891 (224 words)

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