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Topic: Paenungulata

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	Paenungulata - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hyraxes in his Paenungulata ("almost ungulates") offered hints that they might be connected to the perissodactyl ungulates— horses and rhinos and kin.
		The most parsimonious cladograms depicted Simpson's Paenungulata as an authentic clade and as one of the most anciently diversified among the placental mammals (Eutheria), that is, among the first group to diversify from the basal placental mammals.
		The molecular evidence suggests that Paenungulata in its turn is part of Afrotheria, an ancient assemblage of mainly African mammals of great diversity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paenungulata (448 words)

	Paenungulata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Paenungulata is a group of remarkable mammals constituting three orders: 1.
		Of the aforementioned orders hyraxes are the most basal,followed by embrithopods,sirenians and desmostylians,with elephants being the crown group.
		Paenungulata is part of Afrotheria,an assemblage of mainly African mammals of great diversity.The other members of this superorder are afrosoricidans (tenrecs and golden moles),elephant shrews (Macroscelidea) and aardvarks (Tubulidentata).
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/p/pa/paenungulata.html (156 words)

	Paenungulata: a comparison of the hemoglobin sequences from elephant, hyrax, and manatee -- Kleinschmidt et al. 3 (5): ...
		Paenungulata: a comparison of the hemoglobin sequences from elephant, hyrax, and manatee -- Kleinschmidt et al.
		Paenungulata: a comparison of the hemoglobin sequences from elephant, hyrax, and manatee
		Paenungulata as one of the most anciently separated branches of Eutheria.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/3/5/427 (312 words)

	Happy Dogs Clup, The biggest dog resource center,breeds,cloths (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Members of these two orders are called the 'true ungulates' to distinguish them from 'subungulates' (paenungulata) which include members from the Proboscidea, Sirenia, and Hyracoidea orders.
		As a result of these discoveries, a new order of Cetartiodactyla has also been proposed to include the members of Artiodactyla and Cetacea, to reflect their common ancestry; however, strictly speaking, this is not necessary, as it is possible simply to recognize Cetacea as a subgroup of Artiodactyla.
		The Macroscelidea and Tubulidentata have recently been united with the Paenungulata in the Pseudungulata.
	www.happydogsclup.com /sdmc_Ungulate (869 words)

	biblio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Contrary to morphological claims, molecular data indicate that the order Perissodactyla (e.g., horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs) is neither part of the superordinal taxon Paenungulata (Sirenia, Proboscidea, and Hyracoidea) nor an immediate outgroup of the paenungulates.
		However, a molecular analysis of 36 protein sequences with a total concatenated length of 7885 aligned amino acids indicates that Perissodactyla is closer to Cetartiodactyla than either taxa is to Carnivora.
		The relationships among Paenungulata, Primates, and the clade consisting of Perissodactyla, Carnivora, and Cetartiodactylaa could not be resolved on the basis of the available data.
	biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr /sitelabo/bibmanager/abstract.php?id_art=63 (176 words)

	Re: Internal Testes (in afrotherians)
		As for Paenungulata and Uranotheria, I believe they are synonymous or nearly so.
		Since ungulates may be a polyphyletic taxon, the term paenungulata may not be very appropriate anyway.
		The true hooves of artiodactyls, perissodactyls, and South American ungulate groups, are probably unrelated to the nail-hooves of uranotherians (pseudungulates), except that both are derived (probably independently) from plesiomophic mammal nails.
	dml.cmnh.org /2000Aug/msg00477.html (314 words)

	A Retroposon Analysis of Afrotherian Phylogeny -- Nishihara et al. 22 (9): 1823 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution
		(A) INT1193: distribution of AfroSINE, ins1, and ins2 indicates monophyly of Afrotheria, monophyly of Paenungulata, and sister group of aardvark and Afrosoricida, respectively.
		Paenungulata, which were supported by 4 and 14 insertions of
		Additional support for Afrotheria and Paenungulata, the performance of mitochondrial versus nuclear genes, and the impact of data partitions with heterogeneous base composition.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/9/1823 (4422 words)

	Comparative Placentation
		(1983, 1986) examined the hemoglobin sequences of several mammalian species and thereby identified a monophyletic clade of Paenungulata.
		Kleinschmidt, T. and Braunitzer, G.: The primary structure of hemoglobins of the rock hyrax Procavia habessinica, Hyracoidea): insertion of glutamine in the alpha chains.
		Kleinschmidt, T., Czelusniak, J., Goodman, M. and Braunitzer, G.: Paenungulata: a comparison of the hemoglobin sequences from elephant, hyrax, and manatee.
	medicine.ucsd.edu /cpa/hyrax.htm (3425 words)

	Origin of Sirenians
		Tethyeria appear to have evolved from primitive hoofed mammals known as condylarths, along the shores of the ancient Tethys sea.
		The tethyeria, combined with Hyracoidea (hyraces) form an inclusive group called Paenungulata.
		Paenungulata and Tethytheria (especially the latter) are among the least controversial mammalian orders, with strong support from morphological and molecular research.
	www.edwardtbabinski.us /manatee/sirenians.html (2573 words)

	Figure 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The grey shaded area representing the Late Cretaceous era illustrates the fact that the major placental divergences occurred within this time window.
		The names of basal placental clades (yellow diamonds) and calibration nodes (red stars) referring to Table 1 are indicated (PAE: PAEnungulata, MUR: MURidae, MEG: MEGachiroptera, PER: PERissodactyla, ART: CetARTiodactyla, and CET: CETacea).
		The xenarthran subtree is highlighted in bold and numbering of nodes refers to Table 1.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2148/4/11/figure/F1 (133 words)

	Amazon.com: Paenungulata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		as a hypothetical grouping called "Paenungulata," the evidence is ambiguous.
		Additional support for Afrotheria and Paenungulata, the performance of mitochondrial versus...
		92.0 1.3 (333) ~ Paenungulata 105 6.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Paenungulata&tag=tabularasa0f&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (1046 words)

	Systematic Biology 48(1) Abstracts
		The nature and degree of support and conflict for particular groups were assessed by separate bootstrap and homogeneity tests that were followed by combined analyses of the sequence and morphological data.
		Between orders, strong support (i.e., >95% bootstrap scores) was found for a paraphyletic Artiodactyla (relative to Cetacea) and a monophyletic Cetartiodactyla (Artiodactyla and Cetacea) and Paenungulata (Hyracoidea, Proboscidea, and Sirenia).
		Further resolution will require the integration of more recently published data, the continued sampling of taxa and characters, and the use of more powerful methods of data analysis.
	ag.arizona.edu /systbiol/SSBWeb/issues/48_1/48_1abstracts.html (3546 words)

	Evolutionary Genomics Group
		The Paenungulates form part of the basal eutherian mammalian clade, Afrotheria and comprise species from the orders Sirenia (manatee, dugong, sea cow), Proboscidea (elephant) and Hyracoidea (hyrax).
		Although Paenungulata is well recognized, the relationship between the three orders is uncertain.
		Previous studies have used both morphological as well as molecular data in an attempt to resolve the associations, however a consensus between the different approaches remains elusive.
	academic.sun.ac.za /botzoo/pardini (297 words)

	The interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein gene in therian mammals: Implications for higher level relationships ...
		Among the epitherian superorders, Archonta, Glires, Paenungulata, and Cetartiodactyla have received considerable attention.
		Africana = Macroscelidea + Paenungulata + Tubulidentata; Altungulata
		Several interordinal associations of mammals are emerging as robust including Cetartiodactyla, Paenungulata, and an even larger
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/25/13754 (4121 words)

	AMNH Scientific Publications: Item 2246/5190
		We argue that original descriptions of desmostylians pertaining to these traits are either in error, or have alternative phylogenetic implications.
		Hence, comparisons of these conditions do not exclude desmostylians from the superordinal group Tethytheria (proboscideans and sirenians) or the more inclusive Paenungulata (tethytheres and hyracoids)"--P. Description:
		Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY 10024
	digitallibrary.amnh.org /dspace/handle/2246/5190 (139 words)

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