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Topic: Pahari languages

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Indic

Nepalese language

Nepali language

Pahari

Garhwal

Kumaon

Uttaranchal

Tehri

International Society for Krishna Consciousness

Surya Bahadur Thapa

Krishna

Shambu Tamang

1973

Indic languages

	Pahari – FREE Pahari Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Facts, Pictures, Information!
		Pahari, languages or dialects of the Indic group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Marathi and Singhalese; and the northern or Pahari dialects or languages.
		In the Himalayan foothills of Himachal Pradesh are Grierson's Pahari languages.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Pahari.html (294 words)

	Encyclopedia: Indo-Aryan language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The earliest attestations of the group are in Vedic Sanskrit, the language used in the oldest scriptures of India, the foundational canon of Hinduism known as the Vedas.
		However, although this preserved the integrity of written language for a long time, the spoken language continues to evolve, and by the sixth century, Sanskrit as a spoken language was rare, being by and large replaced by its descendants, the Prakrits.
		Apabramsa was the next modification in the spoken language, in a period broadly lasting from the fifth to the tenth century.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Indo_Aryan-language (535 words)

	Pahari languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Pahari languages, also known as Northern Zone languages, are a group of related Indo-Aryan languages or dialects spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas from Nepal in the east to the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh in the west.
		These languages fall into three groups: an eastern, consisting of the various dialects of Nepali, also known as Gorkhali, Gurkhali, Khaskura, or Parbatiya; a central, spoken in Uttaranchal state, in Kumaon and Garhwal; and a western, spoken in Himachal Pradesh.
		Central Pahari includes three languages, Garhwali, spoken mainly in Garhwal region and the country round the hill station of Mussoorie; Tehri; and Kumaoni or Kumauni, spoken in Kumaon region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pahari_languages (295 words)

	Indo-Aryan Languages - LoveToKnow 1911
		Round it, on three sides, is a band of mixed languages, Panjabi (of the central Punjab), Gujarati, Rajasthani (of Rajputana and its neighbourhood), and Eastern Hindi (of Oudh and the country to its south).
		The alphabet of the Indo-Aryan languages is, on the whole, the same as that of Sanskrit (q.v.), and the system of transliteration adopted for that language is also followed for them.' Some new sounds have, however, developed in the Secondary and Tertiary Prakrits.
		The participles employed are all survivals of the old participles of the present, of the past and (in some languages) of the The origin of the postpositions is discussed in the article Hindostani.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Indo-Aryan_Languages (4187 words)

	Indo-Iranian. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07
		Among the Dardic, or Pisacha, languages are Kafiri, spoken in Afghanistan; Khowar, current in Pakistan; Shina, Kohistani, and Kashmiri, prevalent in Pakistan and N India; and Romany, the language of the Gypsies, spoken mainly outside India.
		These languages share certain distinctive phonetic characteristics, feature the use of pronominal suffixes with various verb forms, and include in their vocabularies a number of words that among the languages of India are usually encountered only in Vedic Sanskrit.
		The principal modern Indic tongues include the Northwest Indic languages Punjabi and Sindhi; the central Indic languages Hindi and Urdu; the East Indic tongues Assamese, Bengali (or Bangla), and Oriya; the West Indic language Gujarati; the South Indic tongues Marathi and Singhalese; and the northern or Pahari dialects or languages.
	www.bartleby.com /65/in/IndoIran.html (1430 words)

	PAHARI (properly Pahar... - Online Information article about PAHARI (properly Pahar...
		PAHARI (properly Pahari, the language of the mountains)
		In Eastern and Central Pahari the verb substantive is formed from the root ach, as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri.
		But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle rcchitas, gone, for in these languages* it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /ORC_PAI/PAHARI_properly_Pahari_the_lang.html (1933 words)

	indo aryan languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The earliest form of Sanskrit recorded is Vedic Sanskrit: the language used in the oldest scriptures of India, notably the Rigveda.
		Apabhransha was the next modification in the spoken language, in a period broadly lasting from the fifth to the tenth century.
		Under the Mughal empire flourishing, Persian was adopted as the language of Indian government.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /indo_aryan_languages.html (504 words)

	Indo-Aryan languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The earliest form of Sanskrit recorded is Vedic Sanskrit: the language in the oldest scriptures of India notably Rigveda.
		However although this preserved the integrity written language for a long time the language continues to evolve and by the sixth century Sanskrit as a spoken language was being by and large replaced by its the Prakrits.
		Apabhransha was the next modification in the language in a period broadly lasting from fifth to the tenth century.
	www.freeglossary.com /Indo-Aryan_languages (601 words)

	ブリタニカ・ジャパン - Encyclopædia Britannica A-Z Browse
		Three divisions are distinguished: Eastern Pahari, represented by Nepali of Nepal; Central Pahari, spoken in the north of Uttar Pradesh state; and Western Pahari, found around Simla in Himachal Pradesh state.
		Persian language), which existed from the 3rd to the 10th century and was the official language of the Sasanian empire (AD 226-652).
		Modern knowledge of the language comes from 21 passages dealing with the cult of the deity Ziparwa that appear in the cuneiform tablets found in the ruins of the Hittite archives at Bogazkoy (the ancient Hattusa, in modern Turkey).
	www.britannica.co.jp /azbrowse/p/p4.html (1851 words)

	List of Publications on Language Data (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, the language list of the 1971 census which provides the frame of reference for the present study, was found to be more suitable, for it was the latest as far as language statistics was concerned but more importantly it defined ‘language” in terms of broad demo- and geolinguistic units.
		Excluding foreign languages and a few others of doubtful linguistic status, a total number of 96 languages were surveyed, of which 50 were found to be written and the rest unwritten.
		For the survey fieldwork based on the questionnaire, languages were allotted to territories on the basis of the numerical strength of the mother tongue speakers.
	www.censusindia.net /cendat/language/publications.html (1766 words)

	HimVani.com :: Voice of Himachal :: News, Travel, Jobs, Property, People, Culture, Issues, Weather, Citizen journalism ...
		The classification of the language reveals that six of them belong to the Tibeto-Burman family, three fall in the unclassified category, two are of foreign category, twenty one belong to the Indo-Aryan or its sub-Pahari family.
		According to the ASI survey Pahari language is spoken by the largest of communities, i.e.
		Pahari language has more swaras as compared to Devnagri and there is more dhwani bheda in the vyanjanas of Pahari as compared to Devnagari.
	www.himvani.com /news/2006/10/27/a-snapshot-of-himachali-languages/370/culturemythsreligion/surekha (858 words)

	Character Races: Pahari
		Pahari Lands: Pahari are native to the seas around the Southern islands.
		Pahari can breathe water or air with equal ease in their natural form, but can breathe only in water while in their fish form and only in air while in their human form.
		Spell Resistance: Pahari have SR equal to 11 plus their character level, to a maximum of 16 at 5th level.
	www.aquela.com /roleplaying/Aquela/characters/races/pahari.html (371 words)

	Pahari Shabdkosh
		Pahari shabdkosh is an attempt to provide a peek of the 'boli' used in the kumaon and garhwal regions of uttaranchal.
		Garhwali is the main language (BOLI) spoken in Garhwal.
		Garhwali has a number of dialects which are variations of the main languages: Jaunsari of the people of Jaunsar-Babar and the adjoining tracts, Marchi or Bhotia dialect of the Marchas, Jadhi or dialect of parts of Uttarkashi, Sailani or dialect of parts of Tehri.
	www.paharishabdkosh.com (206 words)

	language
		In addition to the main two languages of Shina and Kohistani, Batochi or Bateri, Chilsio, Gabari, Pashto, Gojri and Pahari languages are spoken in this region.
		The term “Dardic” or “Dadric” is used for Shina and Kohistani languages as identity of the linguistic family.
		Urdu is the medium language in educational institutions and Pashto is taught as an optional subject.
	www.palasvalley.org /palas-language.htm (214 words)

	Ethnologue report for India
		Considered to be dialects of one language with Chaudangsi and dialects in Chhanguru and Tinker districts of Nepal.
		A separate language from Muria, Maria of Garhichiroli, Dandami Maria, and Koya.
		Languages and dialects in the Western Hindi group are Hindustani, Haryanvi, Braj Bhasha, Kanauji, Bundeli; see separate entries.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=IN (7519 words)

	Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Shop
		Modern knowledge of the language comes from 21 passages dealing with the cult of the deity Ziparwa that appear in the cuneiform tablets found...
		It is classified as belonging to the eastern branch of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family of languages.
		Palaungic languages are spoken primarily in Myanmar (Burma) and secondarily in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Yunnan province in China.
	www.britannica.co.uk /britannica_browse/p/p3.html (1886 words)

	Jammu & Kashmir: Distribution of Languages
		Among the Indo-European languages, Kashmiri, Shina, and several other local tongues (spoken over much of the Northern Areas and in a small portion of Kargil district) form a distinct Dardic group, whose area of dominance also extends across the northern part of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan and into northeastern Afghanistan.
		Also within the Indo-European family are several locally dominant languages, most notably Gojri, the language spoken by the Gujar and Bakerwal pastoral communities, and various dialects collectively grouped under the designation "Pahari" (i.e., of the mountains).
		In interpreting the accompanying map and the foregoing table an important caveat is in order: the transitions from one language area to another do not normally follow administrative boundaries.
	www.kashmirstudygroup.net /awayforward/mapsexplan/languages.html (419 words)

	Indo-Iranian Languages
		This language is primarily spoken in the region of Gujarat in northwestern India, near the Pakistani border.
		This language is the official language of Bangladesh, with a population of roughly half the United States, and it is also spoken in northeast India near Bangladesh, including the city of Calcutta.
		This is the language spoken by the inhabitants of the well-known region of Punjab, in northwest India.
	members.tripod.com /misterhaynes/indoir.htm (2187 words)

	Language in India
		Gojri is spoken in an area socio-culturally dominated by Urdu and is surrounded by the speakers of Western Pahari dialects such as Punchi (a dialect of Lahndi), Dogri, Panjabi, Kashmiri (a language of Dardic group), etc., and cannot be free from their influence.
		Thus, some similarities of Rajasthani with Pahari languages may be ascribed to the influence of the language of the Gujjars on their speech.
		Besides, it may be noted that there is intermixture of features/elements in the various languages due to the contact established between them which makes it difficult to distinguish between the native elements and the borrowed ones.
	www.languageinindia.com /april2002/jcsharmagojri.html (1813 words)

	Indo-Aryan languages - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hindustani (mixture of Urdu & Hindi) was replaced by 'Hindi' as the official language of India, and soon Perso-Arabic words began to be excised from the official Hindi corpus, in a bid to make the language more 'Indian'.
		Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region (Handbook of Oriental Studies / Handbuch Der Orientalistik - Part...
		Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language (Brill's Indological Library, V. Theoretical Perspectives on Word Order in South Asian Languages (Center for the Study of Language and Information - Lecture Notes)
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /indic_languages.htm (597 words)

	Bhojpuri language resources
		Bhojpuri is a dialect of Hindi, the official language of India, which is spoken as mother tongue mainly in western part of the state of Bihar and...
		Bhojpuri is a dialect of Hindi, the official language of India, which is spoken as mother tongue mainly in western part of the state of Bihar and eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) and...
		Bhojpuri is a popular regional language spoken in northeastern India in the western part of state of Bihar, the northwestern part of Jharkhand, and the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh, as well as an adjoining area of southern plains of Nepal.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Bhojpuri.html (1361 words)

	Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -
		Three divisions are distinguished: Eastern Pahari, represented by Nepali of Nepal; Central Pahari, spoken in the north of Uttar Pradesh state;...
		Min-chia is the Chinese (Wade-Giles) name for them; they call themselves Pai, or Po, in their own language, which has been classified in the Yi group of the Tibeto-Burman languages.
		The region was originally a hunting ground reserved for the Mongols and was not opened for legitimate colonization by the Chinese until 1902; it is now an area of extensive agriculture, with pastoral activities...
	www.britannica.com.au /britannica_browse/p/p4.html (1565 words)

	Oriya language resources
		...language Oriya language Pali Punjabi language Romany language - the language of Gypsies Sindhi language Singhalese language Urdu Dardic languages : Dameli language Domaaki language Gawar-Bati language Kalasha...
		Oriya (official language of Orissa) Punjabi (official language of Punjab) Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil (official language of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry) Telugu (official language of Andhra Pradesh) Urdu (official...
		Of all the languages spoken in northern India, Oriya appears to be the least influenced by Persian and Arabic.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Oriya.html (1532 words)

	BhashaIndia.com :: Nepal – The Voices of the Mountains
		Nepali is generically called "Khaskura" by most natives who speak the myriad variants of this language and passes under various name, such as "Gorkhali" or "Gurkhali" (literally, the language of the Gurkhas) and "Parbatiya" (literally, the language of the mountains).
		Nepali is the easternmost of a family of languages known as the Pahari languages, a group of related languages spoken across the lower elevations of the Himalaya range, from eastern Nepal through the Indian states of Uttaranchal and Himachal Pradesh.
		The Nepali language also engendered an appropriately succinct literary culture during the second half of the nineteenth century, which included the "Adhyatma Ramayana" by Sundarananda Bara in 1833, "Birsikka", an anonymous collection of folk-tales, and the native form of the "Ramayana" by Bhanubhakta.
	www.bhashaindia.com /Patrons/LanguageTech/Nepal.aspx (826 words)

	Languages of Indus Kohistan
		In addition to the main two languages of Şiņa and Kohistani, Batochi or Bateri, Chilsio, Gabari, Pashto, Gojri and Pahari languages are spoken in this region.
		The term of Dardic or Dadric is used for Şiņa and Kohistani languages for the sake of linguistic identity.
		This language is spoken on the west bank of Kohistan in Bankhar, Dober, Jijal, Pattan, Kehal, Seo, Razqa and Khandia valley.
	www.geocities.com /razwal/languages_of_kohistan.htm (1350 words)

	Pahari Research \| Find Pahari Articles \| Encyclopedia.com: FREE Online Dictionary, Encyclopedia, Articles And Pictures!
		The India Mark II hand pump, which was scattered throughout the country by the 1970s, was an invention truly democratic in nature.
		The threat was given from a rally of the Pahari Chhatra Parishad (PCP), a students organization of the hill...
		Moreover, in the B region, the M. cervicolorand M. pahari sequences are embedded within the cluster of the sequences...
	www.encyclopedia.com /topic/Pahari.aspx (723 words)

	Indo-Aryan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hindustani (mixture of Urdu and Hindi) was replaced by 'Hindi' as the official language of India, and soon Perso-Arabic words began to be excised from the official Hindi corpus, in a bid to make the language more 'Indian'.
		Most people speak a blend of the two, a dialect known as Hindustani.
		Transliteration of Indic Languages and Scripts - Dr. Anthony Stone's Page
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indo-Aryan (512 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Indo-Iranian, pt. 2
		You have reached the second page on Indo-Iranian languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		Kashmiri is the principal language of the state of Kashmir.
		The language is written in Gurmukhi script, which was invented by the second guru, in the 16th century, and is based on devanagari.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/indirn2h.htm (1158 words)

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