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Topic: Pahlavi alphabet

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	Avestan alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Avestan alphabet, the native name for which is din dabireh or din dabiri, is a writing system developed during the Sassanid era (226-651) to render the Avestan language.
		Alternatively, the need for such an alphabet may have become apparent during the reconstruction of the royal library by Ardashir I (226-241) and Shapur II (309-379), that was said to have been destroyed by the Alexander's troops in 330 BCE (see below).
		Pahlavi script had at most 22 characters (the number varied by region and epoch), and as "Book Pahlavi", the most common form of the script, had only 12 characters representing 24 sounds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Avestan_alphabet (746 words)

	ALPHABET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		ALPHABET (see also WRITING.) By the word alphabet, derived from the Greek names for the first two letters--alpha and beta--of the Greek alphabet, is meant a series of conventional symbols each indicating a single sound or combination of sounds.
		The earliest alphabet consisted of twenty-two letters, and bears a very close resemblance to the earliest Green alphabet from A to T. The symbols in the Greek alphabet from Y to O, or in the numerical alphabet to @, are not found in the Phoenician alphabet.
		The Greek alphabet, with which it was most closely connected, was the Western, for 1he evidence is strongly in favour of the form @ having the value of ch, not ps, in Phrygian, as it certainly has in the Etruscan inscription found on Lemnos in 1886, which is in an alphabet practically identical.
	simplestartpage.com /2301_ALPHABET.HTML (10950 words)

	Pahlavi script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The word Pahlavi, referring to the script of Middle Persian, itself is a borrowing from Parthian (parthau "Parthian" --> pahlaw; the semivowel glide r changes to l, a common occurrence in language evolution).
		The third category of Pahlavi, Psalter script, was used to write down a Middle Persian translation of the Psalter, and it took advantage of some improvements such as the absence of heterograms and further distinguishment of letters.
		For example, the Pahlavi word for "king", shah, was written as MLKA, recognizable as the Aramaic word for "king" cognate with contemporary Arabic malik, but it was intended to be pronounced as shah.
	www.punweb.com /article/Middle-Persian (558 words)

	alphabet Information Center - graffiti alphabet
		An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters — basic written alphabet coloring sheets symbols — each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past.
		In later Pahlavi alphabet activities papyri, up to half of the graffiti alphabet remaining graphic distinctions were lost, and the script could no longer be read as a sequence of letters chinese alphabet at all, but calligraphy alphabet had to be learned as word symbols – that is, as logograms like Egyptian Demotic.
		The theory claims that a greater level of abstraction alphabet beads is required due to the greater economy of symbols in alphabetic systems; and this abstraction needed to interpret phonemic symbols in turn has contributed in some way to the development of the societies which use it.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_A_-_Co/alphabet.html (2270 words)

	Alphabet - FrathWiki
		An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters — basic written symbols — each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past.
		The first alphabet in the wider sense was the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician became the ancestor of all later alphabets.
		Sanskrit has an alphabet of 53 letters, including the visarga mark for final aspiration and special letters for kš and jñ, though one of the letters is theoretical and not actually used.
	wiki.frath.net /Alphabet (2071 words)

	КУБ - Ahad: Распространение алфавитов - Diffusion of Alphabets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Numerous inscriptions in these alphabets are the principal source for the study of those once-flourishing kingdoms, including Sabaʾ (the biblical Sheba), relegated by the rise of Islām to the backwaters of history.
		Derived from the North Semitic script, the Aramaic alphabet was developed in the 10th and 9th centuries BC and came into prominence after the conquest of the Aramaean states by Assyria in the 9thand 8th centuries BC.
		Pahlavi also spelled Pehlevi, writing system of the Persian people from the 2nd century Bc until the advent of Islām (7th century AD); the Zoroastrian sacred book, the Avesta, is written in a variant of Pahlavi calledAvestan.
	www.kub.kz /article.php?sid=7302 (4009 words)

	Greatest Inventions-- The Alphabet
		Sanskrit is written in an alphabet of 53 letters, including the visarga mark for final aspiration and special letters for kš and jñ, though one of the long els is theoretical and not actually used.
		Latin alphabet to write all of its own words, but certain letters (such as K, X and W) are retained for the purpose of writing "foreign" words.
		Santali alphabet, an indigenous true alphabet of India, appears to be based on traditional symbols such as "danger" and "meeting place", as well as pictographs invented by its creator.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/alphabet.htm (2709 words)

	Pahlavi language - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		PAHLAVI LANGUAGE [Pahlavi language] or Pehlevi language, member of the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Pahlavi is the form of the Persian language that followed Old Persian and preceded Modern Persian.
		Reza Pahlavi Urges EU to Invest in the Process of Change in Iran; Declares Regime Change in Iran as Imminent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-pahlavil.html (246 words)

	Alphabet information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The term "alphabet" is used by linguists and paleographers in a wider and a narrower sense.
		The earliest known alphabet in the wider sense is the Wadi el-Hol script, believed to be an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician became the ancestor of or inspiration for all later alphabets; the first alphabet in the narrower sense was the Greek alphabet.
		In later Pahlavi papyri, up to half of the remaining graphic distinctions of these twelve letters were lost, and the script could no longer be read as a sequence of letters at all, but instead each word had to be learned as a whole – that is, they had become logograms as in Egyptian Demotic.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Alphabet (2603 words)

	Alphabet - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		In later Pahlavi papyri, half of the remaining distinctions were lost, and the script could no longer be read as a sequence of letters at all, but had to be learned as word symbols – that is, as logograms like Egyptian demotic.
		In a perfectly phonological alphabet, the phonemes and letters would correspond perfectly in two directions: a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling.
		The only modern national alphabets that cannot be traced to it directly are the Georgian, Armenian, and Maldivian scripts, although there are ongoing debates that, for example, Armenian may derive from the Pahlavi alphabet.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=670 (2336 words)

	Pahlavi script - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The word Pahlavi, referring to the script of Middle Persian, itself is a borrowing from Parthian (parthau "Parthian" → pahlaw; the semivowel glide r changes to l, a common occurrence in language evolution).
		Middle Persian Pahlavi script was derived from Aramaic independently, although Inscriptional MP Pahlavi is quite similar to Inscriptional Parthian Pahlavi.
		After the fall of the Sassanids, the Pahlavi script, as well as Middle Persian language, was preserved by the Zoroastrian clergy and scholars and was used to compose new pieces of literature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pahlavi (602 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Pahlavi
		The Pahlavi script was used to record the Pahlavi or Middle Persian language that was spoken in pre-Islamic Iran between 3rd century BCE and 9th century CE.
		Pahlavi evolved from the Aramaic script, and so it retained the right-to-left writing direction.
		The Pahlavi script continued to be written for the next 300 years, but it was slowly phased out by an Arabic-derived alphabet modified for Persian.
	www.ancientscripts.com /pahlavi.html (390 words)

	Introduction
		As the Semitic words were merely a Pahlavi mode of writing their Persian equivalents (just as 'viz.' is a mode of writing 'namely' in English), they disappeared with the Pahlavi writing, and the Persians began at once to write all their words, with their new alphabet just as they pronounced them.
		When Pahlavi writing was in common use this difficulty was probably no more felt by the Persians, than the complexity of Chinese characters is felt as an evil by a Chinese mandarin, or the corrupt system of English orthography by an educated Englishman.
		The oldest Pahlavi manuscript known to be extant, consists of several fragments of papyrus recently found in a grave in the Fayûm district in Egypt, and now in the Royal Museum at Berlin; it is supposed to have been written in the eighth century.
	www.sacred-texts.com /zor/sbe05/sbe0502.htm (16058 words)

	Pahlavi - Introduction
		The Sasanian or Southwest Pahlavi was the official language of the Sasanian dynasty, which ruled from 226 A.D. until the Mohammedan conquest in 652.
		The Sasanian alphabet being less ambiguous in pronunciation, the orthography of any well-identified word in the inscriptions is a better authority for the reading of its counterpart in the manuscripts than the so-called tradition of the Parsis, especially in the case of Semitic words.
		In the mean time the modern Persian alphabet had been invented, and the use of Pahlavi was then soon confined to the Parsi priests, who seem to have continued to make additions to some Pahlavi works, such as the Bundahish, till the end of the eleventh century.
	www.farvardyn.com /pahlavi.php (2751 words)

	Iranian Scripts: Avestan Alphabet
		Many of the letters are derived from the old Pahlavi alphabet of Persia, which itself was derived from the Aramaic alphabet.
		The Avestan alphabet was replaced by the Arabic alphabet after Persia converted to Islam during the 7th century CE.
		The alphabet is written from right to left, in the same way as Syriac, Arabic and Hebrew.
	www.iranchamber.com /scripts/avestan_alphabet.php (102 words)

	PAHLAVI, or PEHLEVI - Online Information article about PAHLAVI, or PEHLEVI
		These give little help, however, in comparison with the so-called Pazand or transcription of Pahlavi texts, as they are to be spoken, in the character in which the Avesta itself is written, and which is quite clear and has all vowels as well as consonants.
		littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e.
		Thus pus, " son," is written 'nn instead of nnn; posh, " before," is written nnnip, but in the usual Pahlavi it is ']'17='}'y.,}.from the same source with the other Pahlavi alphabets (the old Aramaic), has quite different forms.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /ORC_PAI/PAHLAVI_or_PEHLEVI.html (2572 words)

	Iranica.com - NYBERG, Henrik Samuel
		Some years later, Nyberg's investigations on Zurwanism in Pahlavi texts were somehow completed by two articles which Widengren wrote on North-western traditions attested in Pahlavi texts based on the Avesta (Widengren 1967a and 1967b, see also Widengren 1975:431-32).
		Nyberg was moved to edit the Pahlavi texts relevant to the calendar by the publication of the Mid-Pers.
		Also he deliberately chose to omit the Pahlavi translations of existing Avestan texts, since he correctly considered them too difficult, and their language too unnatural for a beginner.
	www.iranica.com /articles/ot_grp5/ot_nyberg_20041020.html (4405 words)

	MavicaNET - Avestan Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Avestan alphabet was created in the 3rd century AD for writing the hymns of Zarathustra (a.k.a Zoroaster).
		By the 3rd century CE an alphabet was created to write down the hymns.
		The alphabet was modelled on the Pahlavi script which recorded Middle Persian (3rd century BCE to 9th century CE), and which in turn was derived from Aramaic.
	www.mavicanet.com /lite/fra/18410.html (279 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Opinion, Persian script should not be replaced by Latin variety
		Another benefit of changing the alphabet is that Persian-speaking peoples would be able to easily learn Western European languages, which use the Latin script and dominate international business and travel.
		Whatever one's opinion of the invasions, the Pahlavi-Sassanid alphabet, was, fortunately or unfortunately, lost to the Arabic script, because this language and its alphabet were used in the Qur'an, the Islamic holy book.
		Another reason cited for a change in the alphabet is related to economic development in an increasingly global workplace.
	www.iranian.com /Opinion/Jan99/Persian/index.html (1195 words)

	Frye. Heritage of Persia
		In one Pahlavi source, the Kar Namak of Ardashir, or his 'book of deeds', it is related that Sasan was a shepherd of King Papak who ruled in the city of Istakhr near Persepolis.
		In the beginning of the fifth century the present Armenian alphabet was devised mainly to propagate the Christiar religion in that land.
		It is a pity that this alphabet did not replace the incomplete Pahlavi alphabet, with its great deficiency of letters to represent sounds, for the Middle Persian language.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/fryeheri.html (10494 words)

	Avesta Summary
		This fact, together with the problems connected with the writing system employed (derived from the Pahlavi alphabet, of Aramaic origin) and with the manuscript tradition, means that the study of the Avesta is philologically among the most difficult and complex.
		Pahlavi versions were, consequently, necessary for an understanding of the text, which was thus strongly influenced by a relatively late exegetical tradition (in any case, not earlier than the Sasanid period).
		These commentaries from the early Sassanid era were not intended for use as theological texts by themselves but for religious instruction of the (by then) non-Avestan-speaking public.
	www.bookrags.com /Avesta (2987 words)

	Culture of Iran
		A major innovation was the creation of a new Avestan alphabet by adding more letters into the Pahlavi alphabet of the mid-Sassanian period.
		The Pahlavi reign was the best period with respect to religious and cultural freedoms and Zoroastrians with other religious minorities prospered and for the first time the Iranian Zoroastrian community did as good as or better than the Parsi community in India.
		Pahlavis promoted ancient pre-Islamic Persia and new archaeological evidence with numerous studies, translations and first class work by qualified researchers produced groundbreaking literature in understanding Zoroastrianism.
	www.cultureofiran.com /zoroastrianism.php (5611 words)

	Hobson Jobson Dictionary
		The language of Western Persia in the time of the Achaemenian kings, as preserved in the cuneiform inscriptions of Persepolis, Behistun, and elsewhere, is nearly akin to the dialects of the Zend-Avesta, and is characterised by a number of inflections agreeing with those of the Avesta and of Sanskrit.
		Besides the alphabet, however, which they could use for spelling their own words, they transferred a certain number of complete Semitic words to their writings as representatives of the corresponding words in their own language.
		As the Semitic words were merely a Pahlavi mode of writing their Persian equivalents (just as 'viz.' is a mode of writing 'namely' in English), they disappeared with the Pahlavi* writing, and the Persians began at once to write all their words with their new alphabet, just as they pronounced them" (E.
	dsal.uchicago.edu /cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:735.hobson (790 words)

	Dusharm, Dream of Persia - MIDDLE IRANIAN Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Arsacid Pahlavi was the official language of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthi4, which ruled from 250 B.C. to 226 A.D.; it did not die out with the dynasty.
		It is represented in some bilingual inscriptions alongside the Sasanian Pahlavi, where it is often called Chaldaeo-Pahlavi or Parthian; by the parchment manuscripts of Auroman; and by certain Manichaean texts from Turfan (IV).
		Among the earliest traces of Pahlavi, however, are certain legends in Greek characters on coins of Indo-Scythic rulers of the Turuka dynasty in northwestern India, belonging to the first two Christian centuries.
	www.dusharm.com /content/view/19/1 (490 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Avestan
		Due to lingusitic change, fluency in Avestan as spoken a thousand years earlier was deteorating, and hence the need to write the language became increasingly apparent.
		By the 3rd century CE an alphabet was created to write down the ancient Avestan language.
		The Avestan alphabet was modelled on the Pahlavi script, which in turn was derived from Aramaic.
	www.ancientscripts.com /avestan.html (266 words)

	Iranica.com - GRUNDRISS DER IRANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE
		Oddly enough, and quite arbitrarily, Salemann used the square Hebrew script for transcribing the Pahlavi alphabet, though this procedure is no more accurate an interpretation of the original writing system than is the use of Latin or any other script.
		Despite the title of this chapter, West treated all the written sources of so-called "Pahlavi;" that is, he also included the coin legends and the Sasanian inscriptions, with their "two dialects of Pahlavi" (as was then the prevailing opinion), "usually called Chaldaeo-Pahlavi [correctly: Parthian] and Sasanian Pahlavi" (p.
		His detailed survey of the Pahlavi literature is still of value nowadays, since a great deal of the data given can be found nowhere else in such fullness.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f4/v11f4007.html (4980 words)

	Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters—basic written symbols—each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past.
		(See Middle Bronze Age alphabets.) The Egyptians aleady had an Alphabet as part of their hieroglyphic script, but only used purely alphabetic writing when transcribing foreign names.
		The Aramaic alphabet, which evolved from Phoenician in the 7th century BC and was used by the Persian Empire, is the ancestor of nearly all of the modern alphabets of Asia.
	alphabet.iqnaut.net (2278 words)

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