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	Pahlavi script - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The word Pahlavi, referring to the script of Middle Persian, itself is a borrowing from Parthian (parthau "Parthian" → pahlaw; the semivowel glide r changes to l, a common occurrence in language evolution).
		The word originally referred to the language spoken by the Parthians, and later came to be applied to the script used to write Middle Persian, which was derived from the Aramaic alphabet.
		The third category of Pahlavi, Psalter script, was used to write down a Middle Persian translation of the Psalter, and it took advantage of some improvements such as the absence of heterograms and further distinguishment of letters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pahlavi (578 words)

	Middle Persian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the classification of the Iranian languages, the Middle Period includes those languages which were common in Iran, from the third century B.C. (the fall of the Achaemenids) up to the seventh century A.D. (the fall of the Sasanians).
		One of these languages is Pahlavi or the Zoroastrian Middle Persian or which is a continuation of the Old Persian.
		Pahlavi Middle Persian is the language of quite a large body of Zoroastrian literature which details the traditions and prescriptions of the Zoroastrian religion which was the state religion of Sassanid Iran (224 to ca.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Middle_Persian (434 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Pahlavi
		Pahlavi language PAHLAVI LANGUAGE [Pahlavi language] or Pehlevi language, member of the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Pahlavi is the form of the Persian language that followed Old Persian and preceded Modern Persian.
		Persian language PERSIAN LANGUAGE [Persian language] member of the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Indo-Iranian languages).
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Pahlavi (609 words)

	Pahlavi - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah (1919-1980), shah (king) of Iran (1941-1979), whose programs of modernization and Westernization, combined with his...
		Pahlavi, Reza Shah (1877-1944), shah of Iran (1925-41), born in Savad Kouh, Māzandarān Province.
		Pahlavi entered the Iranian army as a youth, and...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Pahlavi.html (72 words)

	Persian Literature, an English article
		Pahlavi was used throughout the Sassanian period, though little now remains of what must once have been a considerable literature.
		Though Pahlavi continued to be spoken in private life, Arabic was dominant in official circles for a century and a half.
		In India, Persian language and poetry became the vogue with the ruling classes, and at the court of the Moghul emperor Akbar Persian was adopted as the official language; spreading thence and fusing later with Hindi, it gave rise to the Urdu tongue.
	www.iranonline.com /literature/Articles/Persian-literature/index.html (2563 words)

	Old Persian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Old Persian also known as Aryan language, is the name given to the an ancient Persian tongue by the Achaemenid King of Kings (Shahenshahs).
		It is classified in the group of Western Iranian languages, subgroup of Indo-Iranian languages (and thus the Indo-European languages).
		This language was used in the inscriptions of the Achaemenid Emperors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Persian_language (606 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Pahlavi
		The Pahlavi script was used to record the Pahlavi or Middle Persian language that was spoken in pre-Islamic Iran between 3rd century BCE and 9th century CE.
		Pahlavi evolved from the Aramaic script, and so it retained the right-to-left writing direction.
		The Pahlavi script continued to be written for the next 300 years, but it was slowly phased out by an Arabic-derived alphabet modified for Persian.
	www.ancientscripts.com /pahlavi.html (390 words)

	iranian.com: Farid Parsa, Language
		Now whether the Avestan language was an already existing dialect or invented by a group of people in order to record the Zoroaster's revelation is a matter for debate among scholars.
		But one thing is for sure that Avestan language was a dead language and something had to be done about it if the faith had to be preserved and spread.
		The languages spoken in the east were not mutually intelligible with the languages spoken in southwest and northwest or even within their own group.
	www.iranian.com /Parsa/2004/December/Language (2422 words)

	Iran The Persian Language - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		It is the language of government and public instruction and is the mother tongue of half of the population.
		It was the official language of the Sassanid Empire and of the Zoroastrian priesthood.
		Modern Persian is a continually evolving language that began to develop about A.D. Following the Arab conquest of the Sassanid Empire in the seventh century and the gradual conversion of the population to Islam, Arabic became the official, literary, and written language, but Persian remained the language of court records.
	www.photius.com /countries/iran/society/iran_society_the_persian_language.html (746 words)

	Pahlavi - Introduction
		Arsacid Pahlavi was the official language of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, which ruled from 250 B.C. to 226 A.D.; it did not die out with the dynasty.
		The Sasanian or Southwest Pahlavi was the official language of the Sasanian dynasty, which ruled from 226 A.D. until the Mohammedan conquest in 652.
		To the period of the Sassanian editing of the text belongs the Pahlavi translation and interpretation of the Avesta.
	www.farvardyn.com /pahlavi.php (2751 words)

	Pahlavi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The word Pahlavi, refering to the script of Middle Persian, itself is a borrowing from Parthian (''parthau'' "Parthian" --> pahlaw; the semivowel glide r changes to l, a common occurence in language evolution).
		Book Pahlavi, a smoother script in which letters often attached to form comliacted ligatures, was probably adapted later.
		After the fall of the Sasanians, the Pahlavi script, as well as Middle Persian language, was preserved by the Zoroastrian clergy and scholars and was used to compose new pieces of literature.
	pahlavi.iqnaut.net (691 words)

	Pahlavi language words still used in central Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Pahlavi Ashkani language, a branch of Middle Persian which was spoken in the Parthian era, has almost been forgotten but a few words of the original language are still heard in Abynaeh.
		The people of Abyaneh have retained some words of the Pahlavi Ashkani language, but one can not say they are speaking the language in its original form, he added.
		Middle Persian is a language that developed around 300 B.C., shortly after the end of the Achaemenid era, and is divided into Pahlavi Ashkani and Pahlavi Sassani.
	www.mehrnews.ir /en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=155232 (335 words)

	Arabic Language History
		Greek, the language used to preserve the most important canonical scriptural tracts of Christianity, the New Testament writings, had been already long been established as the pre-eminent language of culture and education in Mediterranean pagan society when it was co-opted by Christian scribes.
		If the Semitic languages can be generally said to share certain phonological (having to do with word sound) and morphological (having to do with word structure and formation) characteristics, they also appear to have developed certain similarities in the rhetorical and stylistic structure of their written records.
		Hebrew was deliberately revived in the twentieth century as spoken language by a dedicated group of teachers and intellectuals who worked against great odds to turn it from a liturgical language to the responsive vehicle for a living culture, one that could meet all life's needs, from the lowest to the highest.
	www.indiana.edu /~arabic/arabic_history.htm (5852 words)

	Persian Language - Pahlavi Era of Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Pahlavi, which survived for at leas the first three centuries of the Islamic era, is itself a descendant of Old Persian the official language of the Achaemenian dynasty, though influenced by other Middle Persian languages, notably Parthian and Soghdian.
		The only other Persian language from this early period is Avestan, the language of the Zoroastrian nan scriptures, and presumably that spoken by the Prophet Zoroaster himself.
		Persian is the most important Islamic language after Arabic, having served as the main literary and cultural language of territories as far apart China and Turkey.
	www.sedona.net /pahlavi/language.html (322 words)

	Islam and poetry in Iran
		The official language of Iran during the Sasanian dynasty, and in the Zoroastrian religious establishment, was Pahlavi-Parsi.
		Language became a sanctuary where the past history of Iran was celebrated so as to maintain national identity.
		The language of religion was that of government and the language of government was alien to the language of the people of Iran.
	www.iran-bulletin.org /art/Islam_and_poetry_in_Iran.html (4675 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Pahlavi language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		PAHLAVI LANGUAGE [Pahlavi language] or Pehlevi language, member of the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Persian nationalism and the campaign for language purification.
		Islamic 'newspeak': language and change in revolutionary Iran.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/Pahlavil.asp (246 words)

	Language of Azeri People and Pan-Turkism
		Relying on what Ibn Muqaffa' said, he opined that Dari was the language of courtiers while Farsi was the language of priests and scientists and the language of people of Fars; Khuzi was the language that kings and dignitaries used in their intimate talks.
		Dari is the language of cities in Madaen and courts of kings.
		Undoubtedly, the dialect of Azeri Pahlavi was spoken in Azerbaijan until the advent of Safavid period, but it became obsolete in villages and cities since the middle of the Safavid period and only remained in hard-to-pass regions.
	www.iranchamber.com /people/articles/language_azeri_people_pan_turkism.php (2289 words)

	Language of Azeri People and Pan-Turkism
		The language spoken in Azerbaijan is one of the dialects of the Persian language, which was known to us as Azeri tongue.
		Pahlavi is attributed to Pahleh, which includes five regions of Isfahan, Rey, Hamedan, Mah, Nahavand and Azerbaijan.
		Masoudi believed that Pahlavi, Dari and Azeri were of the same origin and combination of their works was the same and all of them were considered among Farsi dialects.
	iranchamber.com /people/articles/language_azeri_people_pan_turkism.php (2289 words)

	iranian.com: Fouad Kazem, Persian today
		Persian is an old Indo-Iranian language in the larger family of Indo-European languages which includes Hindi, English, Urdu, French, Russian, Spanish, German, etc. Today it is the official language of Iran (Persia), Afghanistan, and Tajikstan.
		It was the language of the Hakhamaneshid, the Persian Empire of Cyrus and Darius.
		English, a Germanic language at its base, became a half Latin language in its vocabulary, because of Roman and French invasions of the last 2000 years.
	www.iranian.com /Opinion/2005/January/Persian (2597 words)

	About (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It is suggested that the Old Persian (ÙØ§Ø±Ø³Û Ø¨Ø§Ø³ØªØ§Ù) language (language of the Achaemenid dynasty in Iran) descended (chronologically) from the older Iranian languages (namely Avestan [Ø§ÙØ³ØªØ§ÛÛ]).
		Pahlavi / Parsik is considered as one of the major dialects of the Middle Persian languages and its resemblance to the Modern Persian written and spoken today is more profound than to its predecessor (i.e.
		(Molavi's profound Masnavi is indeed the Qur'an in Pahlavi.)
	www.sfu.ca /~rastinm/about.html (1325 words)

	FanFiction.Net : Dictionary & Thesaurus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The script in which the Pahlavi language was written.
		It was in use from the 3d century (and perhaps earlier) to the middle of the 7th century, and later in religious writings.
		Ancient Persian of the 3rd to 10th centuries is also called Pahlavi, and modern Persian is also called Farsi.
	www.fanfiction.net /dictionary.php?word=Pahlavi (144 words)

	Armenian language - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Armenian is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian people in the Armenian Republic and also used by the Armenian Diaspora.
		The written language of that time, called classical Armenian or Grabar pronounced kuh-ra-par, remained the Armenian literary language, with various changes, until the 19th century.
		For example, the Armenian language has the letter "t" (թ) as in "tiger", the letter "d" (դ) as in "develop", and another letter which is a cross between the two as in "fatter" (տ).
	www.voyager.in /Armenian_language (1019 words)

	Gathas and Translation
		Though the Gathas are in a dead language, the Pahlavi and Sanskrit renderings of the past, and modern studies of philology have paved the way for a still better understanding of their message.
		Commentaries of the Quran in Arabic and Persian and its renditions in pure Persian of the 10th century CE are fully patterned on the Pahlavi translation and commentaries of the Avesta.
		The Pahlavi rendition of the Gathas, because of its artificial syntax, is difficult to grasp, and the same holds true about earlier Quranic renditions.
	www.zoroastrian.org /GathaSongs/Gathas_and_Translation.htm (4833 words)

	Avesta An Introduction
		Once Persian was the dominant cultural language from Turkey on the Mediterranean Sea to the Chinese borders in Central Asia and the Indian Sub-continent.
		It was the Pahlavi renderings on which the latter priests relied to expound the religion, because Avesta, as the name “a+vista” reveals, had become an “unknown” and mystical divine language no more understood by the people, including the Sassanian and post-Sassanian priests.
		Gahanbars in Pahlavi and Persian, they are thanksgiving ceremonies and feasts at the close of each agricultural season corresponding to the climate of the Iranian Plateau.
	www.zoroastrian.org /articles/Avesta_An_Introduction.htm (2633 words)

	Dari Language Project :: Dari (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Literally, “language of the infidels,” Gabri is the name which was bestowed by Iran’s Muslim conquerors upon the language spoken by those few members of Iran’s historically Zoroastrian majority who neither fled nor converted following the Muslim invasion of Iran in the seventh century.
		The language studied by the Dari Language Project is not the Persian dialect spoken in Afghanistan, though it, also, is called Dari by its speakers.
		Originally, Dari was the official spoken language of the Sasanian court and bureaucracy, which approximated the official written language, Pahlavi (Middle Persian).
	www.darilanguageproject.org /dari.htm (358 words)

	Iran Daily (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		TEHRAN, Dec. 6--In addition to modern languages, the holy QurÕan has also been translated into the archaic language of Pahlavi, a dialect of Persian spoken during the Sassanid era.
		Pahlavi language was common during the second half of the first century AH.
		According to Cultural Heritage News, the oldest translation of the holy book was done in the early years of the advent of Islam in Iran into a language known as Arab-Sassanid which was a unique language and was spoken in Isfahan.
	www.iran-daily.com /1383/2158/html/art.htm (1378 words)

	Denkard ('Acts of Religion') Book 3
		But as the correct pronunciation was generally forgotten and as Pahlavi characters glide into, and are mistaken for, one another, an attempt was made, at a date long subsequent, to fix the pronunciation, by writing down under the words in Pahlavi characters in the Máliknámé Asúri, their pronunciation in Zand characters.
		As regards the pronunciation of words of Iranian origin, where the pronunciation of Pahlavi words derived from the Zand is altered from the original owing to mistakes arising from the similarity of form of the letters of the alphabet, I have restored the correct pronunciation, after comparing the word with its original Zand root.
		This word is used in Pahlavi as a translation or equivalent of the expression 'Varenya daeva' used in the Avesta, and denotes, "evil passion," or, "the invisible principle of evil passion."
	www.avesta.org /denkard/dk3s1.htm (13675 words)

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