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	Pahlavi - Wikipedia
		The Pahlavi script was used broadly in the Sasanid Persian Empire to write down Middle Persian for secular, as well as religious purposes.
		The word Pahlavi, referring to the script of Middle Persian, itself is a borrowing from Parthian (parthau "Parthian" --> pahlaw; the semivowel glide r changes to l, a common occurrence in language evolution).
		The third category of Pahlavi, Psalter script, was used to write down a Middle Persian translation of the Psalter, and it took advantage of some improvements such as the absence of heterograms and further distinguishment of letters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pahlavi (584 words)

	Persian Literature, an English article
		Pahlavi was used throughout the Sassanian period, though little now remains of what must once have been a considerable literature.
		In India, Persian language and poetry became the vogue with the ruling classes, and at the court of the Moghul emperor Akbar Persian was adopted as the official language; spreading thence and fusing later with Hindi, it gave rise to the Urdu tongue.
		Though existing fragments of Persian verse are believed to date from as early as the eighth century A.D., the history of Persian literature proper begins with the lesser dynasties of the ninth and tenth centuries that emerged with the decline of the Caliphate.
	www.iranonline.com /literature/Articles/Persian-literature (2563 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - PAHLAVI LITERATURE, JEWS IN: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		(="Jerusalem" [Pahlavi, "Aurishalem," in "Dina-i Mainog-i Khiraã," xxvii.
		Allusions to Jewish history are found in two Pahlavi works, the "Dina-i Mainog-i Khiraṭ," which was probably written before the Arabic conquest of Persia, and the "Shatroiha-i Eran," a geographical treatise dating perhaps from the ninth century.
		Of the several hypotheses which might be advanced to reconcile the classical and Pahlavi accounts, it seems most plausible to assume that the Greek versions mentioned the Medes as the Iranians best known to them, while the Pahlavi writings naturally refer to the Bactrians as the representatives of Iran.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=16&letter=P (2598 words)

	AncientScripts.com: Pahlavi
		3rd century BCE to 9th century CE The Pahlavi script was used to record the Pahlavi or Middle Persian language that was spoken in pre-Islamic Iran between 3rd century BCE and 9th century CE.
		Pahlavi evolved from the Aramaic script, and so it retained the right-to-left writing direction.
		The Pahlavi script continued to be written for the next 300 years, but it was slowly phased out by an Arabic-derived alphabet modified for Persian.
	www.ancientscripts.com /pahlavi.html (370 words)

	PAHARI - LoveToKnow Article on PAHARI
		These give little help, however, in comparison with the so-called Pgzand or transcription of PahlavI texts, as they are to be spoken, in the character in which the Avesta itself is written, and which is quite clear and has all vowels as well as consonants.
		The Pahlavi literature embraces the translations of the holy books of the Zoroastrians, dating probably from the 6th century, and certain other religious books, especially the Minoi-Khiradh and the Bundahish.7 The Bundahish dates from the Arab period.
		The difficult study of Pahlavi is made more difficult by the corrupt state of our copies, due to ignorant and careless scribes.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PA/PAHARI.htm (4738 words)

	A Brief History of Persian Literature
		Pahlavi collections of romances, however, provided much of the material for Ferdowsi's Shahnameh.
		After the Arab conquest a knowledge of Arabic became necessary, for it was not only the language of the new rulers and their state, but of the religion they brought with them and -later- of the new learning.
		Though existing fragments of Persian verse are believed to date from as early as the eighth century CE, the history of Persian literature proper begins with the lesser dynasties of the ninth and tenth centuries that emerged with the decline of the Caliphate.
	www.iranchamber.com /literature/articles/history_literature.php (2568 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As the Semitic words were merely a Pahlavi mode of writing their Persian equivalents (just as 'viz.' is a mode of writing 'namely' in English), they disappeared with the Pahlavi writing, and the Persians began at once to write all their words, with their new alphabet just as they pronounced them.
		When Pahlavi writing was in common use this difficulty was probably no more felt by the Persians, than the complexity of Chinese characters is felt as an evil by a Chinese mandarin, or the corrupt system of English orthography by an educated Englishman.
		The oldest Pahlavi manuscript known to be extant, consists of several fragments of papyrus recently found in a grave in the Fayûm district in Egypt, and now in the Royal Museum at Berlin; it is supposed to have been written in the eighth century.
	www.allstarz.org /religioustext/zor/sbe05/sbe0502.htm (15816 words)

	Thus Spoke Zoroaster by Jason Vines
		Pahlavi spawned from Old Persian, the only traces of which are rock inscriptions commanded by Darius the Great and later Archaemenian kings, and it evolved into Modern Persian.
		The Pahlavi literature scholars know about today compares to the Bible’s Old Testament in size and deals largely with religion and liturgy.
		Pahlavi prose evidence reveals a rebirth of Iranian poetry, recording that even two Sasanian kings were poets.
	webpages.charter.net /jasonevines/zoroastrianism.htm (1356 words)

	Pahlavi, Reza - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Pahlavi, Reza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		At the time, his country was largely controlled by Soviet forces and after a rising led by Pahlavi succeeded in expelling them and deposing the ruling regime, he became minister of war and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
		All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Pahlavi%2c+Reza (167 words)

	Encyclopedic Theosophical Glossary, Pa-Peq, Theosophical U Press
		Pahlavi was the language of the northeastern people of Iran (Parthians) who ruled over the country soon after the downfall of Ach Achaemenids until 224 AD under the name of Arsacids.
		In later Persian literature, used as the symbol of perfection, and the beauty of the beloved is compared to it.
		It is used in Hindu literature to signify the hells, underworlds, or infernal regions, or the antipodes or Myalba.
	www.theosociety.org /pasadena/etgloss/pa-peq.htm (9482 words)

	[No title]
		Like the scientific literature these writings were subjected to a final redaction towards the close of the Sasanian dynasty and it is this recension that has mainly come down to posterity.
		The importance of the Pahlavi translation of the book of _Kalileh and Dimneh_ for the migration of this collection of tales to the West is well-known.
		We notice that their interest goes beyond that of Pahlavi literature proper and they are important also for the history of the literature of Musalman nations.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/1/2/9/1/12918/12918-8.txt (16633 words)

	Encyclopedia: Middle Persian
		Pahlavi is a term that refers: (1) to a script used in Iran derived from the Aramaic script, and (2) more broadly, to Middle Persian, the Middle Iranian language written in this script.
		The latter is distinguished from the former by, among other things, being written in a different script, the Perso-Arabic script, and by a large number of Arabic loanwords.
		Pahlavi Middle Persian is the language of quite a large body of Zoroastrian literature which details the traditions and prescriptions of the Zoroastrian religion which was the state religion of Sassanid Iran (224 to ca.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Middle-Persian (423 words)

	SalamIran, Culture & Religion, Literature
		The first major literary works are the scriptures of Zoroastrianism and the Pahlavi writing of Parthian and Sassanian Iran, when there was certainly an active literary life.
		But all that we know of it consists of a few indirect references and some brief works in Middle Persian or Pahlavi which were preserved, along with religious books, in the Zoroastrian communities, collections of maxims, a historical romance.
		This literature is undoubtedly the most brilliant expression of the Iranian genius.
	www.salamiran.org /Religion/literature.html (992 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - Search Results for: Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		LITERATURE, MODERN HEBREW: Modern Hebrew..., MODERN HEBREW: Modern Hebrew literature (1743-1904), in distinction to that form of Neo-Hebraic...
		At the present stage of research it is...stage of research it is not possible to arrange the literature of the Jews written in Persian but in Hebrew...385 et seq.; see Jew.
		...PAHLAVI LITERATURE, JEWS IN: In the "Dinkard." The Pahlavi or Middle...JEWS IN: In the "Dinkard." The Pahlavi or Middle Persian literature, extending approximately from the third to the tenth century...and, very guardedly, Mohammedanism.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /search_results.jsp?searchType=1&pageNum=1&search=Literature&searchOpt=0 (391 words)

	M.N. Dhalla: History of Zoroastrianism (1938)
		Pahlavi, and Persian forms by writing Zarathushtra for the first, and Zaratusht for Pahlavi and Zartusht [Zartosht] for Persian as they actually occur in these languages; but I have adopted the more familiar form Zoroaster for general use.
		These are furnished by the Avestan literature, which is followed by the Pahlavi and Pazend [Pazand] works and finally by the writings in Modern Persian down to the end of the eighteenth century.
		Pahlavi was the court language of the Sasanians and it survived the downfall of their empire by at least three centuries.
	www.avesta.org /dhalla/dhalla1.htm (13677 words)

	Pahlavi - Introduction
		Arsacid Pahlavi was the official language of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, which ruled from 250 B.C. to 226 A.D.; it did not die out with the dynasty.
		The Sasanian or Southwest Pahlavi was the official language of the Sasanian dynasty, which ruled from 226 A.D. until the Mohammedan conquest in 652.
		The best texts, then available, of all the known Pahlavi rock-inscriptions had just been collected by Thomas, mostly from the recent copies made by Flandin and Coste; and the bilingual inscription of Shahpuhar I, in a cave at Haji-Abad near Persepolis, was selected by Haug as the most complete and legible of the longer inscription.
	www.farvardyn.com /pahlavi.php (2745 words)

	M.N. Dhalla: History of Zoroastrianism (1938), part 5
		During this period it was that the composition of the Pahlavi treatises was undertaken with renewed vigour.
		The extant Pahlavi works contain quotations from Avestan works that have not come down to us, and this may help to show that the later writers either quoted from memory or that they had access to Avestan works, since lost, when they wrote their Pahlavi treatises; or possibly it may serve to prove both facts.
		In the Pahlavi texts Zaratusht is portrayed as sitting by the side of the Lord and saying to him that the head, hands, feet, hair, mouth, tongue, and even clothes of Ohrmazd resembled his own and therefore he wished to grasp the Heavenly Father with his hands.
	www.avesta.org /dhalla/history5.htm (16929 words)

	Afghanistan Online: Article (Pahlawi/Farsi/Dari)
		Parsi was the official language of the state and the Zoroastrian religion, which is said to be the vehicle of literature later known as Pahlawi.
		Dari, as a spoken language branched to different dialects, the most important of which was Pahlawi, the language of Parthia which had preserved the oral literature of the poetic tradition of Parthia.
		However by the 10th century a tremendous amount of literature was written and translated into Dari.
	www.afghan-web.com /language/farsidari.html (1305 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Avesta
		It owes its origin to a mistaken inversion of the Pahlavi designation Avistak u Zand, a term which probably means "Text and Commentary"; for the word Zand (in the Avesta itself, Zainti) signifies "explanation" and even in the Avesta is applied to the exegetical matter in the text.
		It is supplemented by an extensive Pahlavi literature, consisting in part of translations from the sacred canon and in part of original matter.
		The traditional date in the Pahlavi books places his era between the earlier half of the seventh and the sixth century B. C., or, more specially, 660-583 B. C.; but many scholars assign him to a century, or even several centuries, earlier.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02151b.htm (2086 words)

	Geography of Iran: Persian Sea (Persian Gulf) in the Avesta, Pahlavi texts and the Shahnameh
		From the Pahlavi form of this word, the author knows of two names surviving in today's Iran: "Gudeh-zereh" in Sistan and the "Zeryvaar" Lake in Marivaan of Oraaman in Kurdistan.
		In Islamic culture, the reddening of the apple is attributed to the Canopus.
		However, all Pahlavi literature and religious and cultural writings seen to date has dubbed this sea the Puyitic [14].
	www.iranchamber.com /geography/articles/persian_sea.php (2233 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Theological Aspects of the Avesta
		In this same patristic (Pahlavi) literature we find frequent enumerations of the attributes of Ahura Mazda; thus these are said to be "omniscience, omnipotence, all-sovereignty, all-goodness".
		Of this abode of misery a lively description occurs in the later Pahlavi "Vision of Arda Viraf", whose visit to the Inferno, with the realistic description of its torments, vividly recalls that of Dante.
		According to the Pahlavi sources, this terrible flood will purify all creatures; even the wicked will be cleansed and added to the "new heavens and the new earth".
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02154a.htm (2352 words)

	Pahlavi language -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		From 1926 until 1979 Iran was ruled by two shahs of the Pahlavi Dynasty.
		Shah was the old title of the kings of Persia (now Iran), and, when expanded into shahanshah, it means “king of kings.” The two Pahlavi kings were Reza Shah Pahlavi and his son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi.
		The reign of the Pahlavis ended in 1979, when Islamic fundamentalists led by the Ayatollah...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9057999 (855 words)

	Pahlavi - Pahlavi translations of Avesta texts
		The Pahlavi Yashts have probably not yet been all seen by Europeans, but there is little reason for supposing that Pahlavi versions of even half the Yashts are now extant, and some of those which are extant may be comparatively modern.
		Of the Pahlavi Nyayishes, the Atakhsh Nyayish, 7-16, occurs in L12, and it is found complete, to the extent of about 1000 words, in a modern MS.
		It contains about 60 Avesta and 350 Pahlavi words, and is partly about departed souls, and partly refers to the distress of fire at the approach of the demon Az, and the waking of men to their duties by early cock-crowing, in despite of the fiend of lethargy.
	www.farvardyn.com /pahlavi1.php (3541 words)

	About (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although Pahlavi / Parsik is considered as one of the major dialects of the Middle Persian languages, its resemblance to the Modern Persian (Farsi/ÙØ§Ø±Ø³Û) written and spoken today is more profound than to its predecessors, Old Persian and Avestan.
		The Pahlavi scribe, however, wrote YKTBWN-tan, but assuredly never so read it: to him YKTBWN, though a significant inflected word in Aramaic, was a logogram or ideogram standing for napish-, to which he then added the appropriate Persian termination.
		Another curious, and, in this instance, valuable feature of the Pahlavi script was that in the case of a Persian word recognised at that time as compound and capable of analysis, each separate element was represented by a Semitic [Aramaic] or Huzvarish equivalent.
	www.sfu.ca /~rastinm/about.html (1229 words)

	IL&S: Middle Persian Language & Scripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Middle Persian, also known as Pahlavi, was the official language of the Sasanian empire (226-652 AD).
		Coins with inscriptions in Pahlavi from the era of the Persian kings (circa 2nd century BC) still remain.
		The major part of Pahlavi literature is religious, including translations from and commentaries on the Avesta.
	www.iranianlanguages.com /midiranian/midpersian.htm (639 words)

	The Doctrine of After Life in Avesta and Pahlavi: by Dr. Pallan R. Ichaporia
		The doctrine of life after death is well elaborated in the Avesta and further clarified in the Pahlavi literature.
		At the dawn of the third night the soul of the sinner passes through the filthy place, full of stench along with the blowing of the considerable putrefied wind from north, and which is also extremely foul, like of which the sinner had never inhaled.
		The important point of difference between the Vendidad passage 19 and rest of the Avesta and Pahlavi is very profound (and generally not known to many Zoroastrians).
	tenets.zoroastrianism.com /after33.html (2517 words)

	Persian Language & Literature
		A great name in Persian literature & Iranian political circuit.
		The most outstanding and famous woman writer of fiction in Persian literature.
		One of the most famous woman in the history of Persian literature.
	www.iranchamber.com /literature/literature.php (383 words)

	Iranica.com - HAMEÚSTAGAÚN
		Bibliography: Raháim ¿Afifi, Asa@tÂir wa farhang-e Ira@n dar neveætaha@-ye Pahlavi, Tehran, 1374 ˆ./1995, pp.
		Gert Klingenschmitt, "Avestisch h™@memiia@saite@ und Pahlavi hmystk÷n," Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 30, 1972, pp.
		with commentary, The Pahlavi Riva@yat Accompanying the Da@desta@n ^ De@n^g, 2 vols., Copenhagen, 1990.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f6/v11f6037.html (667 words)

	THOMAS, ST - Online Information article about THOMAS, ST
		This hymn was translated into the Greek Acta, along with the rest of the work (Bonnet, pp.
		It is one of the most remarkable pieces in Syriac literature, and has been edited separately by A. Bevan, Texts and Studies, v.
		A metrical English version is given in F. Burkitt's Early Eastern Christianity, p.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /THE_TOO/THOMAS_ST.html (1004 words)

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