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Topic: Pair creation

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	Matter creation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since momentum conservation law prohibits the creation of a pair of fermions out of a single photon, pair creation involves at least two photons or a single photon and one or more fermions.
		It was found that the process of e+e- pair creation dominates in collision of ultrarelativistic charged particles (1).
		Matter creation during the early development of the universe (see Big Bang) is the source of fermionic matter in the visible universe (which consists predominantly of electrons and protons (=hydrogen)).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Matter_creation (390 words)

	Dr. John H. Miller, Jr.
		A model is discussed in which a field E induces the creation, by quantum tunneling, of pairs of oppositely charged solitons and antisolitons in a density wave.
		Pair creation is blocked, for fields below a threshold value ET, because the increase in electrostatic energy would violate energy conservation.
		Coulomb blockade prevents pair creation until the electric field exceeds a sharp threshold value, which can be much smaller than the classical depinning field.
	www.uh.edu /~hts/experiments.html (509 words)

	Discussion and Conclusions. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Vortices are created or annihilated in pairs due to topological charge conservation.
		The pair creation process may change the number of free vortices in the system by one or more.
		For instance, a pair may be created in the neighboring cells of a free vortex, thus making all these vortices bound.
	www.phys.ksu.edu /personal/wysin/life_pre/node9.html (327 words)

	May 18: quark confinement, pair creation, baryongensis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This involves the concept of equilibrium, the balance between particle creation and annihilation.
		During pair production, energy is converted directly into mass in the form of a matter and anti-matter particle pair.
		Any attempt to separate pairs or triplets of quarks requires large amounts of energy, which are used to produce new groups of quarks.
	blueox.uoregon.edu /~karen/astro123/lectures/lec19.html (712 words)

	Particle Decay
		Either description creates a radiation "void" at long-wavelengths, a vacant band on the long-wavelength end of the spectrum where there is little or no radiation pressure--negative radiation pressure.
		In this case, an electron + a neutrino + an antineutrino are created from the remaining photon hole constituents of the muon.
		Pair creation is the "attempt" by the electron and the gamma-ray to decay.
	www.johnkharms.com /decay.htm (5650 words)

	McGraw-Hill AccessScience: Electron-positron pair production
		Electron-positron pair production is an example of the materialization of energy predicted by special relativity and is accurately described by quantum electrodynamics.
		Pair production usually refers to external pair production, in which the positron (positively charged antielectron) and electron are created from a high-energy gamma ray as it passes through matter.
		Electron-positron pairs are also produced from internal pair conversions in nuclei, decays of unstable subatomic particles, and collisions between charged particles.
	www.accessscience.com /Encyclopedia/2/22/Est_224710_frameset.html (156 words)

	Propagator in Relativistic Theory
		In the relativistic case, there are not only the scattering processes, but also the pair creation and annihilation processes shown in figure 6.4.
		Along the way, a pair is produced by a potential acting at 1; the positron of the pair annihilates an initial electron in the field at 3; the electron of the pair propagates up to point 2, where it is destroyed by the potential.
		We see that we need not only the amplitude for an electron to be created, to propagate, and to be destroyed as in the nonrelativistic case, but also the amplitude for a positron to be created, to propagate, and to be destroyed.
	www.phys.ualberta.ca /~gingrich/phys512/latex2html/node75.html (366 words)

	Creation As a Pseudo-Explanation in Current Physical Cosmology
		For historical reasons, the term "creation" is laden with the notion of a creating agency or cause external to the created objects.
		Although scientists are not in the habit of discussing the creation event or the situation prior to it, a lot of research has gone into the discussion of what the Universe was like immediately after its creation.
		Take, for example, the phrases "pair creation" and "pair annihilation," which are familiar from the theory of particle reactions.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/adolf_grunbaum/explanation.html (7165 words)

	Metaworld Page2 CONTINUED
		Pairs of 3He atoms can undergo a similar Bose condensation to that of individual 4He atoms.
		Zero-point motion and vacuum fluctuation +The ground state of relativistic quantum field theory (quantum foam) "empty space" is full of virtual particle-antiparticle pairs +Vibrations of atoms in a crystal, vibrational waves setup in the crystal have particle-like aspects, like photons.
		Solid-state analogue of higgs particle is a cooper pair of electrons, thus higgs particle may not be a genuine elementary particle but a composite.
	interzone.com /~cheung/Page.dir/pg.metaworld2a.html (2611 words)

	.:SAKSIVC: Vedic Literature: Sandhya Mantrās: The Japa of the Gāyatrī Mantra:.
		One pair of her hands have conch shankha and the wheel chakra symbolising the creation by the Word.
		The second pair carries the mace and the axe representing her forces to battle the demons.
		In another pair, she carries the bowl of madhu, the wine of Delight, ananda, the secret of creation.
	www.vedah.com /org/literature/sandhyaMantras/gayatriMantra.asp (556 words)

	Untitled Document
		It is furthermore possible to calculate that a photon can’t create an electron positron pair without one more particle (nucleus nearby) that carries some momentum away.
		The students understand that the photon was emitted by the electron with two consequences: the photon itself produced later an electron positron pair; the electron lost energy and momentum.
		Depending on time and curriculum teachers can give more information about the probabilities for photons to occur pair creation or Compton effect (may be even photo effect is included to this discussion) depending on photon energy or/and surrounding material.
	teachers.web.cern.ch /teachers/archiv/HST2005/bubble_chambers/BCwebsite/lesson07.htm (936 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - Nonlinear Bound-Free Pair Creat
		We study e–e+ pair creation in the collision of a heavy nucleus with an intense x-ray laser, where the produced e– is simultaneously captured into the K shell of the projectile nucleus.
		The parameters of the colliding system are chosen such that the absorption of at least two photons from the laser wave is required in order to surmount the energy threshold of the reaction.
		According to our results, the process of nonlinear bound-free pair creation could become observable by the aid of the upcoming x-ray laser facilities.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2003/37/publZIM.html (143 words)

	The Pseudo-Problem of Creation in Physical Cosmology
		As Lovell sees it, "the major issue" between the competing steady-state and big bang models of the universe is "whether creation is occurring now and throughout all time in the past and in the future, or whether the fundamental material of the universe was created in its entirety some billions of years ago" (pp.
		The relevant creation argument proceeds from the premise that there is a question as to where everything came from, or of "how" the world came into being, or as to who or what caused everything.
		For example, in the case of the so-called "pair creation" of a particle and its anti-particle, such as a positron and an electron, their rest-mass formation as such occurs by conversion of other forms of energy such as a gamma ray into them.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/adolf_grunbaum/problem.html (8513 words)

	Cadence - Print Document
		New differential pair interactive routing allows users to route the two nets of a differential pair—simultaneously adhering to differential pair rules while utilizing bubble, hug or shove modes.
		An automatic differential pair generator allows a user to generate a set of differential pairs based upon the naming convention they may use with their nets to indicate a differential pair.
		New differential pair interactive routing allows users to route the two nets of a differential pair simultaneously adhering to differential pair rules while utilizing bubble, hug or shove modes.
	www.cadence.com /printfriendly.aspx?xml=/products/si_pk_bd/allegro/release (3297 words)

	Miracles of the Qur'an - Modern Science Reveals New Miracles of the Qur'an
		Glory be to Him Who created all the pairs: from what the earth produces and from themselves and from things unknown to them.
		While "male and female" is equivalent to the concept of "pair," "things unknown to them," as expressed in the Qur'an, bears a broader meaning.
		It is Allah Who created the heavens with no support-you can see them-and cast firmly embedded mountains on the earth so that it would not move under you, and scattered about in it creatures of every kind.
	www.miraclesofthequran.com /scientific_35.html (364 words)

	Electron
		Fig.1 This bubble chamber picture shows some electromagnetic events such as pair creation or materialization of high energy photon into an electron-positron pair (green tracks), the Compton effect (red tracks), the emission of electromagnetic radiation by accelerating charges (violet tracks) (bremsstrahlung) and the knock-on electrons or delta ray (blue tracks)
		The processes of electro-positron annihilation into photons pairs and of pair creation by photon are of interest both theoretically and experimentally.
		It can be seen that the electron on the left side of the Compton process can be replaced by its antiparticle, the positron, on the other side of the interaction resulting pair annihilation.
	teachers.web.cern.ch /teachers/archiv/HST2002/Bubblech/mbitu/electron-positron.htm (473 words)

	Numerical Treatment of Lepton Pair Production
		In particular, a copious amount of electron-positron pairs is expected to be produced at each of the interaction regions at RHIC.
		The purpose of this project is to use the T3E to solve numerically the time-dependent Dirac equation that describes the production of electron-positron pairs in relativistic heavy ion collisions.
		The solution on a grid will give a direct visualization of the pair-creation process as the collision between the ions evolves in time, providing a powerful nonperturbative treatment for an inherently difficult problem.
	www.nersc.gov /news/annual_reports/annrep98/belkacem.html (503 words)

	Positrons in Charge: e^+e^- in Astrophysics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The X-ray and gamma-ray spectra of active galactic nuclei and X-ray transients are probably determined by pair creation in accretion disk coronae.
		Positron creation determines the rest mass flux, speed, and photon emission from relativistic jets in radio galaxies, blazars and Galactic fl hole candidates such as GRO J1655-40.
		The mechanism of positron creation varies depending on the strength and topology of the pulsar magnetic field, and the spin period of the neutron star.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v27n4/aas187/S118001.html (258 words)

	Programming Languages -- Spring '98 -- Reduction in Lambda Calculus
		The second element of the pair resides in the next location.
		A pointer of this kind contains an env association which is a pair of a variable name and a pointer.
		There are two operations that allocate heap space: closure creation and pair creation.
	www.cis.upenn.edu /~bcpierce/courses/311/hw/hw6honors.html (636 words)

	Creation of the Universe - Harun Yahya
		Although the concept of ''pair'' or "couple" commonly stands for male and female, the statement of ''from things unknown to them'' has wider implications.
		The British scientist Paul Dirac, who proposed that matter is created in pairs, was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1933.
		This discovery, called ''parité'', maintains that matter is paired with its opposite: anti-matter.
	www.creationofuniverse.com /html/science_16.html (180 words)

	Atomic, Molecular & Optical Sciences: Projects: Ali Belkacem
		A signature of vacuum-assisted photo-ionization is given by the simultaneous detection of a K-vacancy and a positron emitted.
		A second possibility, the 2p binding energy may be shifted as a result of highly transient excited states of Si created by the laser.
		In the next step we plan to use a gas target (Ne, Ar and Xe) and a COLTRIMS to discriminate between the two competing mechanisms (pair creation on the nucleus and pair creation on the electron) that contribute to the vacuum-assisted photo-ionization cross section.
	www.lbl.gov /LBL-Programs/CSD/research/AMOS/projects/belkacem.html (1538 words)

	Is Dark Energy+Matter product of quantum particle-pair creation? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Because Dark Matter is the sum of all quantum particle-pair creations that do not result in annihilation, there could be many classes of particles involved.
		If quantum particle-pair creation is truly the source of Dark matter, then the occasional annihilation of neutral anti-particles should be detectable.
		Gravity is equated with space-time, and a new particle mass jumping out of the quantum field would contribute new gravity, and therefore new space-time, to the quantum continuum upon which the universe lies.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?threadid=108965 (1124 words)

	15.5 release highlights
		The Differential Pair project overhauls and adds new technology and functionality for differential pair creation, routing, editing, constraint management, and DRC checking.
		This has created a difficult challenge for package designers charged with the task of routing these differential nets in a timely manner while keeping an eye on package complexity and cost.
		Cadence's new Differential Pair routing tools directly address this challenge by providing a number of capabilities, including tandem differential routing, group slide, heads-up display, differential pair calculator, differential constraints, and new routing options.
	www.cadence.com /products/si_pk_bd/release.aspx (1955 words)

	Re: Pair creation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		I have been told by email that: >> (1) This is a false premise, it could not result a proton/anti-proton >> pair.
		In web page http://charm.phy.albany.edu/higheng.html it is stated that "At CESR, electrons and positrons annihilate through a virtual photon to form u-ubar, d-dbar, s-sbar, c-cbar, b-bbar, and quark-antiquark pairs as well as to e+e-, m+m-, and t+t- lepton-antilepton pairs.
		The strongly interacting quark-antiquark pairs cannot be seen as free particles.
	www.lns.cornell.edu /spr/2001-05/msg0032821.html (243 words)

	Ben Svetitsky's papers online
		We present a summary of the present status of efforts to solve the problem in which pairs are produced in a strong electric field, are accelerated by it, and then react back on it through the counter-field produced by their current.
		Last, we note the status of extensions to (i) the problem with three space dimensions; (ii) the fermion case; (iii) the formulation in terms of boost-invariant variables (as desirable for the quark-gluon plasma); and (iv) transport equations derived in a fundamental and consistent fashion.
		We investigate the mechanism of pair creation in scalar QED from spatially homogeneous strong electric fields in 1+1 dimensions.
	giulio.tau.ac.il /~bqs/online.html (4532 words)

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